Schuman report on Europe: State of the union 2020

The State of the Union, 2020, Schuman Report on Europe is a collective work created on the initiative of the Robert Schuman Foundation within the meaning of Article 9 of Law 57-298 of 11 March 1957 and Article L. 113-2 paragraph 3 of the Intellectual Property Code.

Original texts in French translated into English: Helen Levy

Layout: North Compo

Cover: M Graphic Design

Cover image: MUDAM, Luxembourg city (Alamy)

Copyrights: Editions Marie B/collection Lignes de repères

ISBN: 9791093576824

This digital document has been produced by North Compo.

Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Disclaimer

Have contributed to this book

By way of preface - A new narrative for Europe

1 - Political issues

The governance of the European Union - Alain LAMASSOURE

The European Prosecutor's Office: hopes and challenges - Laura Codruta KÖVESI

2020, a new start for Europe? - Pascale JOANNIN

Appointment of the Commission: a broad interpretation of the rules of the Treaty - Jean-Guy GIRAUD

German Fears, Fear in Germany - Hélène MIARD-DELACROIX

Results of the Elections in 2019 - Corinne DELOY

2 - Economic issues

European unity makes us stronger: Joining efforts for a more competitive European industry - Peter ALTMAIER, Bruno LE MAIRE

The challenges underlying artificial intelligence: in which way is Europe's approach geopolitical? - Thierry BRETON

The multi-annual financial framework 2021/2027: to be the beacon - José Manuel FERNANDES

Which monetary policy for the ECB? - Emmanuel SALES

A European Strategy for Cities - Fabienne KELLER

Targeting the price of carbon in Europe: a vital strategy for the success of the energy transition - Edmond ALPHANDERY

Competition Policy and Industrial Policy: for a reform of European Law - Bruno DEFFAINS, Olivier D'ORMESSON, Thomas PERROUD

3 - Europe's International Position

What Does Europe Stand for in the World? - Wolfgang SCHÄUBLE

Rethinking the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy, development in particular: a matter of urgency - Joachim BITTERLICH

Mediterranean Sea: a paradigm of contemporary conflicts - Jean CASABIANCA

Finally, Europe is paying attention to its Defence: a true awakening - Patrick BELLOUARD

The French concept of maritime security: a global vision at the service of Europe - François ESCARRAS and Juliette LOESCH

4 - The European Union seen through statistics - Olivier LENOIR, Emma LOIGNON

Contents - Maps

1957-2020: European Integration

The European Union on 1st February 2020

Territories of Europe 2020

The EU overseas territories

1. Political Issues

Citizens’ trust

The European Public Prosecutor’s Office

German fears

Political Europe in 2020

Women’s Europe

The European Parliament in 2020

2. Economic Issues

Largest European urban areas

The 13 largest cities in the world in 2030

A project of common European interest for the battery value chain

3. The International Standing of Europe

Territorial claims in the Mediterranean Sea

Defence policy in Europe

World Security: European Union intervention and participation

Defence policy

Maritime issues of the European Union

France’s global maritime presence

4. The European Union seen in statistics

Extra-community exports and imports

Internal migration

External migration

Economic growth in Europe

Euro map

World monetary policy

The Euro, a global reserve currency

Inequalities and Poverty in Member States

The attractiveness of the European university system

The EU Budget

Member States’ Environmental Performance Index

Share of renewable energy in the Member States’ mix

Greenhouse gas emissions

Water stress in the EU Member States

Disclaimer

The main part of this fourteenth edition of the State of the Union, Schuman Report on Europe 2020, was completed before the outbreak of the pandemic caused by the Covid-19 virus. The contributors and experts who were kind enough to entrust us with their articles have therefore not taken into account its impact and consequences.

Despite this, we have chosen not to deprive you of their analyses which, because of their quality, can be detached from current events. The present digital version of this book is therefore dated February 2020.

Pascale Joannin

March 31, 2020

Have contributed to this book

Texts

Edmond Alphandéry

Minister of the Economy from 1993 to 1995, Edmond Alphandéry was Chairman of EDF and then Chairman of CNP Assurances (1998-2012), as well as Director of ENGIE and Chairman of its Strategic Committee (2010-2019). Founding Chairman of the Euro50 Group, which monitors issues concerning the European currency, he launched a Task Force in 2018 on the price of carbon in Europe to combat climate change. He is a graduate of Sciences Po and is agrégé in political economy. He taught for many years at the Panthéon-Assas University, where he is now Professor Emeritus.

Peter Altmaier

German Minister of Economics and Energy since March 2018, Peter Altmaier has been a former official at the European Commission (1990-1994), and became a member of the Bundestag’s Committee on Justice in 1994. He acted as spokesman for the CDU/CSU parliamentary group in the Bundestag in the first parliamentary committee of inquiry (2002-2003), legal adviser to the CDU/CSU parliamentary group (2004-2005), Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of the Interior (2005-2009), Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (2012-2013) and Head of the Federal Chancellery (2013-2018), Minister for Special Missions and Government Coordinator for Refugees (2015-2018).

Patrick Bellouard

General Engineer (1st class armament (2S)). Since 2015, Patrick Bellouard has been President of the EuroDéfense-France Association, whose Bureau he has belonged to since 2013. He was Director of the OCCAR-EA (Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation – Executive Administration) from 2008 to 2013 and chargé de mission to the Prime Minister for the inter-ministerial coordination of the Galileo programme from 2004 to 2008. Head of the DGA’s aeronautical programmes department from 1999 to 2004, he was also an auditor at the Centre des Hautes Etudes Militaires (CHEM) and the Institute for Higher National Defence Studies (IHEDN - 48th session).

Joachim Bitterlich

Ambassador e.r. and former European diplomatic and security advisor to German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, Joachim Bitterlich was Executive Vice President International Affairs of Veolia Environnement from 2003 to 2012, Chairman of the group’s activities in Germany from 2009 to 2012. He is a member of the Board of Directors of public and private institutions. Chairman of the German-French Economic Circle (DFWK) and member of the independent commission of historians at the German Ministry of Food and Agriculture, lecturer at the ESCP Paris, he is co-founder of the Rhineland Club and member of the Scientific Committee of the Robert Schuman Foundation.

Thierry Breton

European Commissioner for the Internal Market since December 2019, Thierry Breton was Chairman and CEO of the Atos Group from 2009 to 2019, he was also Director of Strategy and Development, then Chief Executive Officer of Bull (1996-1997), Chairman and CEO of Thomson Multimedia (1997-2002) and then of France Telecom (2002-2005). He was French Minister of the Economy, Finance and Industry from 2005 to 2007. He taught Leadership and Corporate Responsibility at Harvard University from 2007 to 2008.

Admiral Jean Casabianca

An atomic engineer and graduate of the Ecole Navale, Admiral Jean Casabianca sailed mainly on submarines but also on surface ships before ending his career on board in 2002 as deputy commander of the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle. A graduate of the Ecole de Guerre, he served for three years as Chief of Staff of the Naval School and the Poulmic School Group. Auditor of the 55th session of the Centre des Hautes Etudes Militaires and the 58th session of the Institute for Higher National Defence Studies (IHEDN), he was appointed Head of the Military Cabinet of the French Minister of Defence and corresponding senior defence and security official. He has been Major General of the Armed Forces since 1 September 2018.

Bruno Deffains

Lecturer in Law and Economics at the University of Paris II-Panthéon-Assas, Bruno Deffains is a Chair of the digital division of the Lawyers’ Club and Director of the Centre de Recherches en Economie et Droit (CRED). He has taught at several universities (Yale, Columbia, Liverpool, Montreal, Berlin, Amsterdam). He is a member of the Trade Practices Review Commission and the National Consultative Commission on Human Rights. He directs the Master’s degree course in Business Law and Economics at Panthéon Assas University, as well as the DU "Digital Transformation of Law and Legaltech and the Summer School organized with Yale Law School and ESSEC Private Law and Economics".

Corinne Deloy

A graduate of the Institute for Political Studies in Paris and holder of a DEA in Political Science from the University of Paris I – Panthéon Sorbonne, Corinne Deloy was a journalist on the French newsmagazine Le Nouvel Obs, the General Secretary of the Foundation for Political Innovation (Fondapol) and at present is Studies Manager at the Centre for International studies (CERI-Sciences Po). She is the author of the European Elections Monitor for the Robert Schuman Foundation.

Olivier d’Ormesson

Lawyer specialised in competition law, Olivier d’Ormessson a has been a member of the deliberating body of the French competition Authority (2014-2019). He worked in Brussels for 15 years and for 4 years in New York. He began his career in Paris with the law firm Gide Loyrette Nouel. He became the partner in charge of the Brussels office, and then of the New York office in 1989, before returning to Brussels in 1992. Seven years later, he joined Linklaters, firstly in Brussels, and then in Paris, in 2003, as the partner in charge of the competition and EU law team. Olivier teaches competition law courses at the leading French academic institutions: Sciences-Po, Paris 2-Assas University and HEC-Paris.

François Escarras

After studying History and Political Science, François Escarras joined the school of the Commissariat de la Marine in 1995. He has held various positions on board Navy ships. He then specialised in the fields of human resources. From 2013 to 2016, he held the position of Defence Attaché at the French Embassy in Lisbon. Since June 2018, he has been deputy ministerial coordinator for maritime security at the French Ministry of the Armed Forces. He is a graduate of the Joint Staff Course at the Institute of Higher Military Studies in Lisbon.

José Manuel Fernandes

MEP (EPP, PT) since 2009, member of the Budgets Committee, José Manuel Fernandes is the European Parliament’s negotiator for the Multiannual Financial Framework 2021-2027, in particular on the reform of own resources. Between 2014 and 2019, he was rapporteur for the EU budget, the InvestEU programme and the European Fund for Strategic Investments (EFSI). He chairs the Delegation for relations with the Federative Republic of Brazil. He was Mayor of Vila Verde from 1998 to 2009. He holds a degree in Systems and Computer Engineering from the University of Minho.

Jean-Guy Giraud

With a degree in Higher Education from Paris I Law School, Sciences-Po Paris and Johns Hopkins University (SAIS Washington DC), Jean-Guy Giraud followed a European career from 1973 to 2009, notably within the European Parliament: associate of Altiero Spinelli, member of various Presidents’ cabinets, Director of Committees and then of the Liaison Office in Paris. He headed the secretariat of the Court of Justice (Registrar) and then that of the European Ombudsman (Secretary-General). He has collaborated with the European Movement International and was President of the Union of European Federalists – France. Since 2016, he has kept a European news blog (https://www.lesamisdutraitedelisbonne.com)

Jean-Dominique Giuliani

Chairman of the Robert Schuman Foundation and President of ILERI (School of International Relations). Jean-Dominique Giuliani was Chief of Staff for the President of the French Senate, René Monory and was also a Director at the SOFRES. He was formerly Special Advisor to the European Commission and a member of the Supervisory Board of the television channel Arte. He co-authors The Permanent Atlas of the European Union, Mari B editions (2nd edition, 2018). He is the author of The Big shift, Ecole de Guerre editions, 2019, Pour quelques étoiles de plus. . . Quelle politique européenne pour la France? Lignes de repères editions, 2017.

Pascale Joannin

General Manager of the Robert Schuman Foundation. Former auditor of the 56th session of the Institute for Higher National Defence Studies (IHEDN), Pascale Joannin is the co-author of the Permanent Atlas of the European Union, Marie B editions, (2nd edition, 2018). She is the author of L’Europe, une chance pour la femme, a Robert Foundation Schuman Note, no 22, 2004. She has published many studies on European issues.

Fabienne Keller

A graduate of Polytechnique and the University of Berkeley, Fabienne Keller began her career at the French Ministry of Finance and at the Crédit Industriel Alsace and Lorraine. She was a departmental and regional councillor and was Mayor of Strasbourg from 2001 to 2008. After her term as Senator from 2014 to 2019, she was elected Member of the European Parliament (RE, FR) in May 2019. Very committed to urban issues, she is particularly involved in fragile neighbourhoods, with the National Council of Cities, which she co-chairs, and the URBAN Intergroup in the European Parliament, of which she is the Vice-President.

Laura Codruta Kövesi

Former chief prosecutor of Romania’s National Anticorruption Directorate (DNA), a position she held from 2013 until July 2018, Laura Codruta Kovesi is the first European Public Prosecutor. Between 2006 and 2012 she was the Prosecutor General of Romania, attached to the High Court of Cassation and Justice. She holds a PhD in Law, a title awarded by the Order no. 3818 from April 26th, 2012, of the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports, following the presentation of the doctoral thesis entitled Combating Organized Crime through Criminal Law Provisions.

Alain Lamassoure

A graduate of Sciences Po and ENA, Alain Lamassoure, began his career as an Advisor to the Court of Auditors. Minister for European Affairs (1993-1995), Minister for the Budget and Spokesman of the French Government (1995-1997), he was a Member (MP) of the National Assembly from 1986 to 1995 and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1989 to 1993 and from 1999 to 2019. He was a former Member of the European Convention. He chaired the Committee on Budgets (2009-2014) as well as the special committees on tax rulings (TAX 1 and 2) and was rapporteur on the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB). He is currently the Chairman of the Foundation’s Scientific Committee.

Bruno Le Maire

A graduate of the Ecole Normale Supérieure, an agrégé de Lettres Modernes, a graduate of Sciences Po Paris and a former student of the ENA, Bruno Le Maire began his career as an advisor to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 2002, he became strategic affairs advisor to the Minister of Foreign Affairs and then advisor to the Minister of the Interior in 2004. In 2005, he became advisor, then director of the Prime Minister’s office from 2006 to 2007. In June 2007, he was elected Member of Parliament. He was appointed Secretary of State for European Affairs (2008-2209) then French Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries (2009-2012). Since May 2017, he has been French Minister of the Economy and Finance.

Juliette Loesch

Policy officer for South-East Asia, Juliette Loesch is the referent person for the French Defense Strategy in the Indo-Pacific at the Directorate General for International Relations and Strategy of the French Ministry of the Armed Forces. Previous to this post, she worked as consultant for peace and development NGOs in the Philippines. She holds an MA in International Relations from Sciences-Po Aix and an MA in International Law from Aix-Marseille University.

Hélène Miard-Delacroix

University professor of German history and civilization at Sorbonne University since 2008, Hélène Miard-Delacroix is specialised in contemporary Germany. A graduate of the Ecole Normale Supérieure, she trained at the Sorbonne, Sciences Po Paris and the University of Freiburg im Breisgau. A member of UMR 8138 SIRICE, her research focuses on Germany in international relations, the history of the Federal Republic and Franco-German relations, including, among her many publications, "Le défi européen. Histoire Franco-allemande de 1963 à nos jours " (Presses du Septentrion, 2011). She is a member of the scientific council of leading German research institutions.

Thomas Perroud

A graduate of HEC and Sciences Po Paris, Thomas Perroud holds a doctorate in law from the Panthéon-Sorbonne University. He also holds an MPhil and a PhD from Warwick Law School. He is a lecturer in Public Law at the Panthéon-Assas University and a member of the Centre d’études et de recherches de sciences administratives et politiques (CERSA). He is also regularly invited to teach and conduct research at Yale where he was Deputy Director of the Comparative Administrative Law Initiative, at Berlin (Humboldt University), at Oxford University (Saint John’s College) and at the Universities of Rome 2 and 3, and at Bocconi. His areas of research are comparative public law and public economic law.

Emmanuel Sales

Chairman of the Financière de la Cité since 2005, Emmanuel Sales has been a former student of the Ecole Normale Supérieure (Ulm) and holds an agrégation in philosophy.

Wolfgang Schaüble

After studying law and economics at the Universities of Freiburg and Hamburg, Dr. Wolfgang Schäuble received his doctorate in 1971. He has been a member of the German Bundestag since 1972, where he was Secretary of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group from 1981 to 1984, Chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group from 1991 to 2000 and Vice-Chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group for foreign and security policy from 2002 to 2005. Minister with special responsibilities and Director of the Federal Chancellery from 1984 to 1989, he was Minister of the Interior from 1989 to 1991 and from 2005 to 2009, then Minister of Finance from 2009 to 2017. A member of the CDU’s Federal Executive Committee, he was Chairman of the CDU from 1998 to 2000. Since 24 October 2017, he has been President of the Bundestag.

Statistics

Olivier Lenoir

A student at the École Normale Supérieure (Ulm), Olivier Lenoir is studying for a master’s degree in applied economics and public policy. He completed his training with a research placement on the European institutions at La Sapienza in Rome. He is also an active member of the Geopolitical Studies Group.

Emma Loignon

A student at the Ecole Normale Supérieure (Ulm), Emma Loignon holds a Master’s degree in Applied Economics and Public Policy. She completed her training at Columbia University, New York.

Charts

Pascal Orcier

A former student of the ENS de Lyon, associate professor and doctor in geography, specialist in Baltic countries, cartographer, Pascal Orcier is a teacher of European classes at the Beaussier high school in La Seyne-sur-Mer (83) and in preparatory classes at the Stanislas high school in Cannes (06).

By way of preface

A new narrative for Europe

Jean-Dominique GIULIANI

There isn’t a single place where one cannot read or hear questions about Europe, its imperfections, its slowness, and its – all too often – foretold end. For a long time, criticised by the people, it is now coming more under fire of the European elites, who do not see its possible development without further European level transfers of competences and therefore without loss of power on their part. In 2019, a majority of citizens voted in the European elections. Public opinion surveys show a rise in people’s confidence and real expectations regarding the European dimension.

Never before, however, within national political classes, governments and the Council of the European Union, which brings together its representatives, have doubts been so strong about the relevance of the European Union and its policies. It is customary to seek re-inspiration for Europe, to rediscover the European dream, with a real nostalgia for the beginnings of Europe as a community. There has even been a call for a new narrative, like the lyrics of a forgotten song.

All of this is a little out of sync with reality, to the point that one wonders if it is not the certainty of decline that drives the critics.

At the age of 70, the European integration certainly needs a facelift, if not a reinvention, which many politicians chase after without any precise ideas. Indeed, the Union is entering a new era, which requires new objectives and certainly new means. It certainly does not deserve many of the hasty judgements that have been made about it. It can only be judged in the long term, in the light of history. And from this point of view, its past successes, despite its present difficulties, give rise to some hope for a new start. Its first chapter was a long-disputed, but now unquestionable success. It needs a new narrative that corresponds to a new moment in the history of the planet.

After a glorious phase of construction, the 21st century indeed witnesses it getting off to