Understanding Marsha Norman

CHAPTER 1

Understanding Marsha Norman

Perhaps prompted by an interviewer’s question (Beattie 292), American playwright Marsha Norman has described trapped girls as an important theme of her work, one that stems from her own childhood experiences growing up in a fundamentalist Christian family: I saw myself as a trapped girl as a kid … trapped in this evangelical household full of violence (Myers). Her mother, a fundamentalist Methodist, had a violent temper and strong religious beliefs. She forbade her children to watch television because of its perceived sinfulness, so Marsha spent much of her childhood reading. I had a very isolated childhood, read a lot, played a lot and wasn’t allowed to frown, Norman has said (Brustein 184). She often felt trapped in a hostile environment and later recalled longing to be kidnapped so that she could escape her family. Norman identifies the theme of the trapped girl not only in the character of Arlie in her first play, Getting Out, and Jessie in ’night, Mother, but also in Mary Lennox in The Secret Garden, Celie Johnson in The Color Purple, and Francesca Johnson in The Bridges of Madison County.

Marsha Norman was born Marsha Williams in Louisville, Kentucky, on September 21, 1947, the first child of Bertha Connelly and Billie Lee Williams (Beattie 283). Her father was an insurance salesman who was rarely home because he regularly met with his clients in the evening (283). An extrovert, he enjoyed hunting and motocross racing. She had three siblings: Mark, who was three years younger; Stewart, six years younger; and Ruth, nine years younger. The family lived on Bourbon Avenue, between the Audubon Park neighborhood and the Louisville airport (283).

Her parents later joined a smaller fundamentalist group called the Christian Missionary Alliance. Norman, who found her mother’s incessant praying off-putting, became skeptical at an early age. She once recalled that when she was eight, she heard a fire-and-brimstone preacher threatening the sinners in the congregation with the prospect of hell: ‘Nothing this scary can be true,’ she remembers thinking to herself (Stout 30).

She felt that her mother never understood her and has said that her mother persistently bought dolls for her for Christmas, pretending that Marsha was the kind of daughter she really wanted (Craig 166). Her more sympathetic father, on the other hand, once gave her legal pads as a Christmas gift: Best present I ever had, she said decades afterward (Brown, Update 189). Mrs. Williams would have preferred for her daughter to become a flight attendant and marry a doctor. She disapproved of her daughter’s plays, which she saw as immoral. Norman has said, She hated all my work—thought it was all vulgar, it was all filthy, it was all doomed—and my collective work was going to send me straight to hell (Craig 170). Yet ironically, it was Norman’s mother who first introduced Marsha to the theater by taking her to a production of The Glass Menagerie at the Actors Theatre of Louisville when Norman was twelve (Harriott 148). Norman has also credited her mother with giving her confidence that she could do whatever she wanted in life.

Norman felt closer to her great aunt, Bertha Toole, a working woman who never married. Part of what attracted her seems to have been the woman’s glamour; Norman recalled that her great aunt was always having her picture taken in bars and strapless red dresses (Craig 166–67). Norman has called her my patron saint and protector (Beattie 283).

Norman dedicated her book Four Plays to Martha Ellison, her English teacher at Durrett High School, whom she later described (along with her great aunt and Olga Hanz, her piano teacher for many years) as one in a series of surrogate mothers who encouraged her to develop her talents. Ellison invited her to join the newspaper staff, encouraged her to enter contests, introduced her to the work of Lillian Hellman, and told her that she was going to be a writer (Beattie 287; Craig 167). Norman won a state writing competition her junior year, and her winning entry was published in the Kentucky English Bulletin (Stout 30). She had titled her essay Why Do Good Men Suffer? She later said that that theme was what she had written about her whole life (Beattie 387).

From 1965 to 1969, Norman majored in philosophy at Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia, a small Presbyterian college for women (Beattie 287; Gussow, Entering 49). The liberal arts college had awarded her a music scholarship. She played piano for dance students each day and described her experience playing show tunes as the beginning of my life in the musical theatre (Beattie 288). Volunteer service in the children’s burn unit at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta as an undergraduate exposed her to the intense suffering of others early in life (Kane 257).

In 1969 she married Michael Norman, her former English teacher (Brown, Marsha Norman: A Casebook xv), and was hired to direct the children’s unit at Kentucky Central State Hospital, a state mental hospital. She described herself as completely unprepared (Beattie 288). Those two years of looking at people who had real trouble taught me more than I could have ever learned anywhere else about how people deal with trouble and what symptoms mean. I could see that the kid that was beating his head against the wall was not beating his head against the wall to make me unhappy or drive me crazy; he was doing it because that made it feel better. Somehow that act, which looked so bizarre, was actually simply that kid solving that problem that minute (288). Her work there later inspired her first play, Getting Out.

Norman attended graduate school at the University of Louisville at night, eventually earning a master’s degree in education in 1971. She later felt that apart from her music courses and a class on James Joyce’s novel Ulysses, she had not really learned much during graduate school (290). From 1970 to 1972, she taught fifth grade at Prestonia Elementary School in the Jefferson County Public Schools’ Advanced Program before moving on to be the Filmmaker in the Schools at J. Graham Brown School, where from 1972 to 1974 she taught children to make short eight-millimeter films as part of a special program of the Kentucky Arts Commission. She also completed what she has described as two thirds of another master’s degree at the Center for Understanding Media, located in New York City (Stout 30).

In 1974 she and Norman divorced, although she retained his last name. As arts administrator for the Kentucky Arts Commission, she wrote a grant proposal for the Special Arts Project, secured the funding, and directed the program for two years. During her final year of the project, she also wrote for a Sunday children’s supplement of the Louisville Times (Gussow, Entering 49; Steadman 692), and created a workbook for a Kentucky Educational Television program on basic reading skills. She earned enough money to take off work for a year to try and write.

Her first project was Edison, a musical about the American inventor Thomas Alva Edison, written for children. She sent it to Jon Jory, then producing director for the Actors Theatre of Louisville. He met with her and suggested that she interview Louisville residents about busing schoolchildren to integrate schools racially—then a highly controversial issue—in order to create a play from the raw material. She refused that offer, and he asked her what she wanted to write about instead. Norman’s first play, Getting Out, evolved from her conversations with Jory.

The play, about a young woman’s release from prison, was a triumphant success, especially for a first effort by a rookie playwright. Norman became playwright-in-residence at the Actors Theatre for the 1978–79 season and married Dann C. Byck, Jr., a theatrical producer and one of the theater’s founders and first president, in 1978 (Steadman 691). Her second play, Third and Oak, premiered successfully at Actors Theatre in 1978; she wrote the screenplay when the first act, The Laundromat, was made into an hour-long HBO film starring Carol Burnett and Amy Madigan and directed by Robert Altman. The second act, The Pool Hall, was made into a 1989 television movie starring James Earl Jones and Mario Van Peebles.

Norman’s third play, Circus Valentine, premiered at Actors Theatre in 1979 but was not a success. Inspired by the stories her grandfather told her when she was growing up, she wrote a comedy, The Holdup, which was given a workshop production in 1980 and then produced in San Francisco in 1983. Although it was not ultimately successful, she credits that play with teaching her techniques that helped her write her next play.

’night, Mother, her fifth play, won Norman the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1983. In the tense ninety-minute drama, uninterrupted by an intermission, a mother tries desperately to convince her adult daughter not to kill herself. The play premiered in Louisville and then moved to Broadway on March 31, 1983, at the Golden Theatre and played 380 performances. Kathy Bates and Anne Pitoniak starred in both productions; it made Kathy Bates a star. Norman also wrote the screenplay for the 1985 film of ’night, Mother starring Sissy Spacek and Anne Bancroft. Although the play is now more than thirty-five years old, ’night, Mother, which was revived in 2004, is still brought up in virtually every interview with Norman and will doubtless figure in her obituary someday.

In 1983 an excerpt from Norman’s new musical, Winter Shakers, premiered at the opening night of the new Kentucky Center for the Arts (Gussow, Critic’s Notebook). Set in 1857, the musical told the story of a man who convinces his wife that they should temporarily join the Pleasant Hill, Kentucky, Shaker community to get through the winter, only to lose her permanently to the celibate Shaker community (Mootz, Marsha). She and composer Norman L. Berman spent two years on the project. The New York Times reported that the musical was to be produced by the Off Broadway Circle Repertory Company (Lawson), but according to Norman, the production fell through when there was a change in management at the theater. And eventually I lost interest in the piece as well, Norman has said. I think contemporary audiences would have trouble believing that lots of folks would sign up to be members of a celibate community (DiGaetani 250).

Norman’s 1984 play Traveler in the Dark was so harshly reviewed that she has said that she did not write plays for four years afterward (Marsha Norman: Collected Works [abbreviated CW hereafter] 222). Instead she turned to another literary genre and wrote a novel, The Fortune Teller, which was published in 1987. Set within a twenty-four-hour period, The Fortune Teller is about Fay, the clairvoyant title character who believes she can help the police find a group of kidnapped schoolchildren. She also foresees her nineteen-year-old daughter, Lizzie, with a young man who wants to take her away forever. Each chapter tells the story of an hour in the search for the children.

Throughout her career, Norman has mentioned a series of unfinished or unproduced projects, including Temptation, a musical based on the life of twentieth-century evangelist and faith healer Aimee Semple McPherson (Mootz, Marsha Norman Bounces Back); The Children with Emerald Eyes, a 1979 screenplay for Columbia: a screenplay based on Gay Talese’s bestselling novel Thy Neighbor’s Wife for United Artists (Steadman 694); a musical based on the novel Wuthering Heights (Southgate); and a screenplay based on the now somewhat controversial 1981 novel Medicine Woman by Lynn V. Andrews (Harriott 159).

Norman and Dann Byck divorced in 1986 (Brown, Marsha Norman: A Casebook xvi). In 1987 she married Timothy Dykman, an artist, and the couple had two children, Angus and Katherine. She dedicated the book of the musical The Secret Garden first to her two children. Based on Frances Hodgson Burnett’s 1911 novel that later became a childhood classic for many girls, Norman’s musical The Secret Garden premiered at the St. James Theatre on Broadway April 25, 1991, and played for 709 performances. The production was nominated for seven Tony Awards and won three, including a Tony Award for Norman for best book of a musical.

Perhaps her most severe professional disappointment was The Red Shoes, a musical based on the 1948 British film of the same name about a ballerina torn between love and work. The musical closed on Broadway on December 19, 1993, after only five performances. It lost its producers nearly $8 million. In the aftermath of that humiliating public failure, Norman became seriously ill and was misdiagnosed with lung cancer—a terrifying experience that inspired her play Trudy Blue, written for the 1995 Humana Festival in Louisville. In part as a result of the reevaluation of her life caused by her brush with death, Norman and Tim Dykman were divorced in 1997. They both moved to Amagansett, New York, a small town east of East Hampton on Long Island, and shared custody of their two children (Southgate).

While her disastrous experience with The Red Shoes might have permanently discouraged a weaker playwright, Norman persevered in musical theater, moving on eventually to write the book for the musical The Color Purple, based on Alice Walker’s 1982 novel, which won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1983, the same year Norman won the Pulitzer for drama for ’night, Mother. The Color Purple: The Musical opened on Broadway on December 1, 2005 (after a series of previews in November), and played 910 performances at the Broadway Theatre, closing on February 24, 2008. It grossed nearly $104 million, according to Playbill Vault, and the production was nominated for eleven Tony Awards. Norman was nominated for a 2006 Tony Award for best book of a musical.

After the turn of the century, Norman became increasingly involved with writing for television. She wrote the screenplay for Custody of the Heart, a 2000 made-for-television movie starring Lorraine Bracco as a working woman whose stay-at-home ex-husband sues her for custody of their children. Norman also wrote the screenplay for The Audrey Hepburn Story, a made-for-television film starring Jennifer Love Hewitt as the title character. Norman wrote scripts for two 2007 episodes of the hour-long drama Law & Order: Criminal Intent and the teleplays for seven episodes focused on the character of Gina, played by Dianne Wiest, in the thirty-five-episode second season of the HBO television series In Treatment, which won a 2009 Peabody Award.

Yet despite her success in writing for television, Norman continued to return to her first love, the theater. Norman adapted Louise Erdrich’s 2003 novel The Master Butchers Singing Club as a musical for the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The novel is about German American immigrants in post–World War I North Dakota. The musical opened the Guthrie’s 2010–11 season. Poor ticket sales forced the show to close a week early.

Norman also adapted The Bridges of Madison County, Robert James Waller’s 1992 best seller, into a musical. Bridges opened at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre on Broadway on February 20, 2014, and played for one hundred performances. Norman was nominated for a Drama Desk Award in 2014 for outstanding book of a musical. The show began a national tour in fall 2015.

Norman is now eagerly sought out for the prestige of her presence. She has received honorary degrees from eighteen colleges and universities and served on the Board of Trustees of her alma mater, Agnes Scott College, from 2001 to 2011 (college website). She was honored with the William Inge Distinguished Lifetime Achievement in Theatre Award in 2011. Also in 2011, the United Nations commissioned Norman to write a play on human trafficking for its Theatre for Humans, an arts and entertainment production company devoted to educating the public about global problems through the performing arts (Myers). The play was given a reading at Juilliard on November 7, 2013 (Theatre for Humans).

As Norman herself puts it, Even on the days when it has been most depressing, either a bad review or a lack of response or trouble with something I was trying to write or trouble with the other people around or whatever, writing is still the only thing I want to do at ten o’clock in the morning…. I am so fortunate in that the thing I most wanted to do in my life is the thing that I, in fact, do (Beattie 296).

Influence and Legacy

Lillian Hellman is frequently cited as an important influence on Norman’s work (Craig 173), although Norman herself has said, I knew of no American women who wrote plays except for Jean Kerr and Lillian Hellman, neither of whom I wanted to become (Norman, Introduction 2). Yet Norman began reading Hellman’s work in high school and met Hellman in the summer of 1983, a year before she died (Burke 104), when Norman interviewed Hellman for Articles of Faith: A Conversation with Lillian Hellman, an article that appeared in American Theatre. In that piece, she acknowledged, Quite simply, I owe her a great debt (Norman, Articles 364). Norman also praised Hellman in a 1984 article for the New York Times (Lillian Hellman’s Gift). Sally Burke has since written at length about the relationship between the two writers, noting their shared southern heritage, deep-seated connection to the South, interest in family drama, the theme of incest in their work, and the surrogate mothers who frequently appear in their plays, among other shared interests (106).

It is perhaps not surprising that, as a former philosophy major, Norman was strongly influenced in her craft by the Greek philosopher Aristotle: "Aristotle is very important to me. A while back, I learned that the rules really are the rules, and now I am not interested in breaking them or seeing how they could be stretched or changed" (Brustein190). Drawing on Aristotle’s Poetics, European Renaissance classicists prescribed that playwrights should follow the three unities in crafting a play. Unity of time dictated that the action of the play should all take place within one day, and unity of place meant that a play should have a single setting. Unity of action meant that a play should have no