AFA2 Trump in Asia: The New World Disorder
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About this ebook
The second issue of Australian Foreign Affairs examines the United States’ sudden shift from the Asia Pivot to America First. It provides insights into Donald Trump’s White House and explores how his unpredictable approach to international affairs is affecting the volatile Asian region.
Trump in Asia is essential reading for anyone wanting to understand the issues facing Canberra as Australia’s closest ally recasts its alliances.
- Michael Wesley explores the challenges and risks for Australia as it rushes to find a new plan for surviving in a post-America Asia.
- Kim Beazley and L. Gordon Flake assess the North Korean missile crisis and conclude the risk of war is real and rising.
- Andrew Davies analyses the Australian military’s dependence on the United States and the trade-off for Canberra as it weighs the cost of self-reliance.
- David Kilcullen reports from the United States on Trump’s strange mix of swagger, fury and orthodoxy, and the implications for Australia of this erratic president and his team.
- Anna Fifield examines the growing rivalry between China and Japan.
- Cynthia Banham explores the essential qualities for an Australian foreign minister.
- Hamish McDonald reports on the role of the Indonesian military in the mass killings of 1965–66.
Australian Foreign Affairs is published three times a year and seeks to explore – and encourage – debate on Australia’s place in the world and global outlook.
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Titles in the series (20)
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AFA2 Trump in Asia - Black Inc. Books
ISSUE 2, FEBRUARY 2018
AUSTRALIAN FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Australian Foreign Affairs is published three times a year by Schwartz Publishing Pty Ltd. Publisher: Morry Schwartz. ISBN 978-1-74382-0162 ISSN 2208-5912 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior consent of the publishers. Essays, reviews and correspondence © retained by the authors. Subscriptions – 1 year print & digital auto-renew (3 issues): $49.99 within Australia incl. GST. 1 year print and digital subscription (3 issues): $59.99 within Australia incl. GST. 2 years print & digital (6 issues): $114.99 within Australia incl. GST. 1 year digital only: $29.99. Payment may be made by MasterCard, Visa or Amex, or by cheque made out to Schwartz Publishing Pty Ltd. Payment includes postage and handling. To subscribe, fill out and post the subscription card or form inside this issue, or subscribe online: www.australianforeignaffairs.com or [email protected] Phone: 1800 077 514 or 61 3 9486 0288. Correspondence should be addressed to: The Editor, Australian Foreign Affairs Level 1, 221 Drummond Street Carlton VIC 3053 Australia Phone: 61 3 9486 0288 / Fax: 61 3 9486 0244 Email: [email protected] Editor: Jonathan Pearlman. Associate Editor: Chris Feik. Consulting Editor: Allan Gyngell. Deputy Editors: Kirstie Innes-Will and Julia Carlomagno. Management: Caitlin Yates. Marketing: Elisabeth Young and Georgia Mill. Publicity: Anna Lensky. Design: Peter Long. Production Coordinator: Hanako Smith. Typesetting: Tristan Main. Cover image by T.J. Kirkpatrick / Bloomberg via Getty Images.
Contents
Contributors
Editor’s Note
Michael Wesley
The Pivot to Chaos
Kim Beazley and L. Gordon Flake
North Korea’s Missile Stand-off
Andrew Davies
Can Australia Fight Alone?
David Kilcullen
Letter from Washington
Reviews
Anna Fifield Asia’s Reckoning by Richard McGregor
Cynthia Banham Incorrigible Optimist by Gareth Evans
Jonathan Head Blood and Silk by Michael Vatikiotis
Mary-Louise O’Callaghan Australia’s Northern Shield? by Bruce Hunt
Ian Verrender Straight Talk on Trade by Dani Rodrik
Hamish McDonald The Army and the Indonesian Genocide by Jess Melvin
Correspondence
Mugged by Sentiment
: Rory Medcalf, Richard Menhinick, James Curran
The Changing Face of Australia
: Jieh-Yung Lo, John Fitzgerald
The Back Page by Richard Cooke
Contributors
Cynthia Banham is a visitor at the Australian National University and a University of Queensland research fellow.
Kim Beazley is a former defence minister and former Australian ambassador to the United States.
Andrew Davies is a program director at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute.
Anna Fifield is the Tokyo bureau chief for the Washington Post.
L. Gordon Flake is the CEO of Perth USAsia Centre.
Jonathan Head is the BBC South-East Asia correspondent.
David Kilcullen is a US-based counterterrorism expert, a former Australian Army officer and a contributing editor at the Australian.
Hamish McDonald is world editor of the Saturday Paper and the author of two books about Indonesia.
Mary-Louise O’Callaghan is a former South Pacific correspondent for Fairfax Media and the Australian.
Ian Verrender is the ABC’s business editor.
Michael Wesley is dean of the College of Asia and the Pacific at the Australian National University.
Editor’s Note
TRUMP IN ASIA
Donald Trump’s election victory was described by some of his more anguished critics as an American tragedy,
but this vastly understates the extent of the problem.
The tragedy – and any fallout – is global.
Trump’s leadership, marred as it is by a mix of inwardness, ignorance, lies, vanity and incoherence, is undermining the credibility, power and prestige of a nation that remains the world’s dominant military, economic and cultural power. Despite the phenomenal rise of China, it is worth recounting the ways in which the United States continues to lead in each of these spheres. Its military spending last year was more than triple that of China (which ranked second); the US dollar remains the world’s chief reserve currency, and America’s gross domestic product was 50 per cent higher than China’s (which ranked second); and the website, film and television show with the largest global reach in 2017 were, respectively, Google, Star Wars: The Last Jedi and Game of Thrones.
The United States’ grip on power is weakening, particularly in Asia, but it starts from an extraordinarily high base. Which is to say: Trump not only has much to lose, but also a capacity to cause immeasurable global harm. International agreements on climate change and trade are scrapped or in doubt; tensions in North Korea edge closer to war, possibly nuclear; and everywhere, xenophobes and demagogues are emboldened.
For Australia, this poses two main challenges.
The first is to conduct and develop the relationship with the country’s main ally when it is led by a president whose personality is tempestuous and whose instinct is to mistrust alliances.
The second involves responding to the impact that Trump will have on a fast-changing Asia. China ranks second on most global indices of power but it is catching up, fast. Its economy’s size, adjusted for price differences, already exceeds that of the United States. Militarily, most analysts believe that, in a war in its neighbourhood, such as over Taiwan, some of its capabilities could match those of the US. There is little sign – despite Trump’s claim after his twelve-day trip to Asia – of a great American comeback.
The power balance in Asia is changing, Trump fuels the instability, and countries are reacting. Australia and Japan are forging closer defence ties, with the prospect of Japanese troops returning to Darwin. The two nations are considering more formal arrangements with India and the US – an embrace viewed unhappily by China. Australia and others in the region are re-examining old enmities and considering new alignments, as well as the type of defences they require and the associated cost, as they try to understand their place in this rapidly evolving global order.
Jonathan Pearlman
THE PIVOT TO CHAOS
Australia, Asia and the president without a plan
Michael Wesley
No American president – indeed, no modern celebrity – has so monopolised our attention as Donald Trump. Rarely is the T-word far from the centre of conversation and consciousness; it’s a trigger for humour, outrage, despair and mystification. A dollop of the Donald brings effervescence to any discussion. Trump has become the harbinger of so much that alarms us in our contemporary world: populism, political polarisation, crass consumerism, middle-class despair, the decay of respect and moral standards.
Except in Asia. Obsession with Trump is a Western phenomenon. Of course, the forty-fifth American president is discussed in Asian societies, but not with the same intensity as in the West. To travel to Asia is to enter – blissfully – a Trump-muted zone, free from the saturation coverage of every tweet and micro-detail in the White House soap opera. The American president is spoken about, but in a business-like, unemotional way – and then the conversation moves on. Talking about US foreign policy in Jakarta, New Delhi or Manila reminds one of what such discussion was like in our society before Trump was elected.
And yet the impact of Trump will arguably be greater in Asia than in any other region. Asia has relied heavily on American power, rather than on institutions and rules, to provide the stability that has allowed the region’s astonishingly rapid development. It is also where a rising China represents the most determined and sustainable challenge to American power. Asian states are not blind to the sudden change of direction in American foreign policy delivered by the Trump administration. They simply view American power differently to us. Understanding this difference will be essential to how Australia adjusts its relations with its region during the Trump era.
America’s triumph
To comprehend the magnitude of Trump’s impact on the United States’ role in Asia, we need to begin with the past quarter-century of bipartisan American strategy in the region. American foreign policy focused on a single objective after the Cold War: to prevent the rise of a rival power similar to the Soviet Union. There were three elements to this strategy.
First, the United States would preserve the alliances and security partnerships that had been developed to ward off the Soviet threat, even if the threat had ended. These alliances would become the anchors of American primacy – ensuring the US had willing supporters as well as military access to bases and ports around the region – and the guarantees of a stable, predictable international order. In the absence of the original threat to Washington’s alliances, American diplomacy worked quietly to build an alternative rationale. America’s allies would help defend and extend an open, rules-based and institutionally rich community of states. It was a shift to which most American allies (NATO, Japan, South Korea and Australia, but notably not Thailand and the Philippines) readily agreed. So it was that a decade after the end of the Cold War, America’s European and Pacific allies found themselves fighting side by side in Afghanistan and Iraq. This globe-spanning coalition – with the US at the helm – was a working model of the new world order.
The second prong of US post–Cold War strategy was to strengthen and broaden regional and global institutions, welcoming in former or prospective