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    Austrian Specialist Troops of the Napoleonic Wars
    Austrian Specialist Troops of the Napoleonic Wars
    Austrian Specialist Troops of the Napoleonic Wars
    Ebook133 pages57 minutes

    Austrian Specialist Troops of the Napoleonic Wars

    By Philip Haythornthwaite and Bryan Fosten

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    The specialist troops of the Austrian forces helped to secure Austria's reputation as the most formidable of Napoleon's continental enemies. Due largely to the efforts of Prince Liechtenstein, by the late 18th century the Austrian artillery had been the finest in Europe, and was held up as an example to the world. This text examines the famed Austrian artillery and other specialist troops of the Napoleonic Wars, including the Pioneers, Pontooneers, engineer services and medical service, detailing their organisation, equipment and uniforms in a volume complete with accompanying illustrations and colour plates.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherBloomsbury Publishing
    Release dateMay 20, 2012
    ISBN9781780967592
    Austrian Specialist Troops of the Napoleonic Wars
    Author

    Philip Haythornthwaite

    Philip Haythornthwaite is an internationally respected author and historical consultant specializing in the military history, uniforms and equipment of the 18th and 19th centuries. His main area of research covers the Napoleonic Wars. He has written some 40 books, including more than 20 Osprey titles, and numerous articles and papers on military history – but still finds time to indulge in his other great passion, cricket.

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      Book preview

      Austrian Specialist Troops of the Napoleonic Wars - Philip Haythornthwaite

      image1

      EDITOR: LEE JOHNSON

      AUSTRIAN SPECIALIST TROOPS OF THE NAPOLEONIC WARS

      Text by

      PHILIP HAYTHORNTHWAITE

      Colour plates by

      BRYAN FOSTEN

      CONTENTS

      The Artillery

      Transport

      The Engineer Services

      Pioneers

      Pontooneers

      Medical Services

      General Staff

      The Plates

      Sources

      Austrian Specialist Troops of the Napoleonic Wars

      The Artillery

      In the later 18th century the Austrian artillery had been the finest in Europe, and was held up as an example to the world. The inferiority of the arm in the War of the Austrian Succession had been the cause of a complete overhaul, dating from the appointment of Prince Liechtenstein in 1744 as Director-General of Artillery. He established the artillery school at Budweis and redesigned the ordnance to produce lighter and more manoeuvrable guns, so that when thus equipped in the Seven Years’ War the arm became predominant in Europe, and was imitated by other nations. Prussia adopted the Austrian 12-pdr., and as late as 1803 France copied Liechtenstein’s howitzer. Gribeauval himself served in the Austrian artillery from 1756 to 1762 and probably based his overhaul of the French artillery on what he had learned in Austrian service. However, no reforms had been instituted in the later 18th century, so that the artillery was overtaken in quality by that of other nations; and whilst the personnel remained excellently trained they were always too few in numbers, and desperately hampered by the outdated system of tactics which Austria employed in at least the first half of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic conflict.

      Organisation

      The organisation of the Austrian artillery was tied closely to the theories of tactical employment, resulting in a sequence of changes in organisation and disposition throughout the period. In peacetime the artillery had no tactical formation, being simply an administrative body which in wartime was sent in small detachments to serve the principal field artillery, the light fieldpieces attached to each infantry and Grenz (border infantry) unit. The system, generally known as ‘battalion guns’, had been prevalent in many European armies; but was recognised by most even as early as the start of the Revolutionary Wars as being of limited use on the battlefield, tending to hinder manoeuvre, which disadvantage outweighed the fire support which such guns could provide to an infantry attack. Britain and France were the first to recognise that ‘battalion guns’ merely dissipated the firepower of the artillery in opposition to the generally accepted maxim that concentration of fire—often termed ‘massed-battery fire’—was more effective than the sum of its parts. Yet Austria made little attempt to centralise their artillery effort until well into the 19th century, as the ‘support’ or ‘position’ batteries—in effect the artillery reserve—initially formed only a minor part of the army’s ordnance.

      Artillery, 1798. The company officer (left) wears the 1798 helmet with black-over-yellow crest; the brown coat has red facings and lining but is styled without turnbacks at this date. The gunner (right) has the chinstrap of the red-crested helmet fastened around the rear of the headdress, a popular style, and carries a rolled greatcoat and (in the hand) the bricole. The driver (centre) has the Fuhrwesen uniform in light grey (including breeches) with yellow facings, black and yellow brassard on the left arm and a plain ‘round hat’ ornamented with the national pompon and yellow-over-black plume. (R. von Ottenfeld)

      Gunner, Artillery, 1798. This illustrates the 1798 helmet with its distinctive plate bearing a cannon barrel, and breeches and gaiters in place of the knee-boots. The narrower belt over the right shoulder is the harness for the bricole. (R. von Ottenfeld)

      In 1792 the artillery comprised a headquarters organisation of 270 of all ranks, three field artillery regiments of 9,282 men in total, 13 garrison artillery districts comprising 2,166 men, the Bombardeur Corps of 845 men, and the Artillery Fusilier Battalion of 959 men. The guns with which these corps were equipped were cannon of 3-, 6-, 12-, 18-and 24-pdr. ‘nature’, 7- and 10-pdr. howitzers, and 30-, 60- and 100-pdr. Coehoorn mortars. Some of the heavier pieces were iron, but the majority were ‘brass’. Though once the equal of any in Europe they were now outmatched even weight-for-weight by the equivalent French pieces, as Austrian guns were calculated in respect of a lighter ‘pound’; the ‘Vienna pound’, for example, weighed 0.83 of an English pound, whereas the French ‘pound’ weighed 1.068 of an English pound. Thus, a 12-pdr. roundshot calculated in Vienna measure would weigh 9.96 English pounds, and the equivalent French shot 12.81 lbs.—a French superiority of 22.25 per cent over the Austrian shot of the same nominal weight.

      The allocation of guns to infantry units varied; each battalion was supposed to receive two 3-pdrs. in Italy and the Tyrol and two 6-pdrs. in Germany and the Netherlands, with a regimental reserve of three guns, usually 12-pdrs. and howitzers. The Grenz units normally received four 3-pdrs. per three battalions, and appear to have used their own personnel as gunners, 50 men per regiment. In the ordinary infantry each gun had a small crew of specialist gunners, with the ‘muscle’ for positioning of the guns being provided by men detached from the infantry battalions, quite outside the organisation of the artillery.

      In battle the artillery was distributed with the infantry along the battle-line; the artillery reserve was normally allocated a position before the action and usually was not moved during the battle. The ‘line guns’ were normally dragged about 15 yards ahead of the infantry line, firing after the infantry had delivered a volley; on occasion the 12-pdrs. and 10-pdr. howitzers might be added to the line to add weight—a tactic tried with some success in the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778–79 against Prussia) and repeated during the French war; yet the dilution of fire rendered the artillery greatly inferior.

      The

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