coelacanth

coelacanth, (genus Latimeria), any of the two living lobe-finned bony fishes of the genus Latimeria. Traditionally, however, coelacanth was the name applied generally to any member of the order Coelacanthiformes, subclass Crossopterygii. Members of the related but extinct suborder Rhipidistia are considered to have been the ancestors of land vertebrates. In some systems of classification, the coelacanths and rhipidistians are considered separate orders, members of the subclass Crossopterygii. There are two living species: the African coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae), found in the Indian Ocean near the coasts of southeastern Africa, Madagascar, and the Comoros; and the Sulawesi coelacanth (L. menadoensis), which inhabits the waters near northern Sulawesi in Indonesia.

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Modern coelacanths belong to the family Latimeriidae. The name refers to their hollow fin spines (Greek: koilos, “hollow,” and akantha, “spine”). The modern coelacanths are bigger than most fossil coelacanths and are powerful predators with heavy mucilaginous bodies and highly mobile limblike fins. They average 5 feet (1.5 metres) in length and weigh about 100 pounds (45 kg). Coelacanths are slow-growing and long-lived; studies of growth rings in the scales of African coelacanths suggest that these fishes become sexually mature when they are between 40 and 69 years old and may live as long as 100 years. They are live-bearers that give birth to well-developed young. One study reports that female African coelacanths carry their young about five years before giving birth. Though once thought to be deepwater fishes, coelacanths are now known to inhabit mesopelagic waters, below the continental shelf, at depths of some 650–1,300 feet (200–400 metres).

Coelacanths appeared about 400 million years ago during the Devonian Period and were abundant over much of the world. The largest known forms included members of the genera Mawsonia and Rebellartrix that lived during the Cretaceous and early Triassic periods, respectively, and grew to between 4 and 6 metres (13.1 and 19.6 feet) long.Coelacanthus, the genus from which the order Coelacanthiformes was derived, has been found as fossils in rocks from about 259 million to about 252 million years ago, from the late Permian Period to the beginning of the Triassic Period. Coelacanthus, like other coelacanths, showed a reduction in bone ossification and a general trend toward a marine mode of life away from the earlier freshwater environment. The youngest known fossil coelacanths date to the end of the Cretaceous Period, 145 million to 66 million years ago.

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It was long supposed that coelacanths became extinct about 66 million years ago, but in 1938 a living member (Latimeria chalumnae) was netted in the Indian Ocean near the southern coast of Africa. Rewards were offered for more specimens, and in 1952 a second (named Malania anjouanae but not separable from Latimeria) was obtained near the Comoros Islands. Numerous others have been caught in that area. It was later discovered that these fishes were well known to the islanders, who considered the flesh edible when dried and salted; the rough scales were used as an abrasive. A second species of Latimeria was discovered in Indonesia in 1998. Known commonly as the Sulawesi coelacanth, its scientific name, L. menadoensis, derives from the island of Manado Tua, from which it was collected. Both species are considered threatened by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, the African coelacanth being classified as a critically endangered species and the Sulawesi coelacanth being classified as a vulnerable species.