pause

We calculated cell frequencies for each half-hour of continuous work (excluding breaks) within each shift. We then used hierarchical log-linear analyses with backwards elimination to examine trends within each of the three 2-h periods of continuous work on each shift. Accidents in the last 83 min of each shift were excluded (n=526). The analysis incorporated time-on-task (0-29 min, 30-59 min, 60-89 min, 90-119 min), work-period (first, second, third), and shift (day, night). We calculated relative risk ratios (RR) and 95% CIs. The statistical test used in the log-linear analysis was 2. Risk of an accident rose significantly over the four half-hour segments that made up a 2-h period of continuous work (p<0•0001; table; and webfigure [http://image.thelancet.com/ extras/02let5055webfigure.pdf]). Although the fourth work period of the shift was not included in this analysis, we noted no increase in risk for this period. Risk did not increase significantly between period 1 and either period 2 (RR 0•97; 95% CI 0•81-1•13) or period 3 (1•03; 0•87-1•19). There were significantly more accidents on the day shift (n=296) than on the night shift (n=230; p=0•004). Analysis of trends showed no significant interactions, indicating that the temporal patterns of risk did not differ between the three 2-h work periods, or between the day and night shifts. Rest breaks successfully counteracted the accumulation of risk noted over 2 h of continuous, repetitive, and largely machine-paced work. Risk immediately after a break was reduced to a rate close to that recorded at the start of preceding period of work. However, the restorative effects of breaks were short lived. We are not sure why there were more accidents on the day shift than on the night shift, although slightly reduced supervision on the day shift might have caused this difference. The rest-break schedule that we investigated was typical of those in many industrial settings. Evidence from industrial settings 2,3 and laboratory simulations 4 suggests that frequent short breaks (eg, 10 min per h) can improve preformance at work. In the future, investigators should examine whether additional short rest breaks could, under some circumstances, counteract increased rates of accident risk during long periods of continuous work. However, care should be taken to schedule rest breaks so that they fit in with the work routine. Moreover, in some situations, the scheduling of additional rest breaks could increase risk, for example if they involve shuttingdown and starting-up procedures that are inherently more risky. Contributors P Tucker conceived and designed the study, collected and analysed data, and drafted the article. S Folkard took part in the design of the study and helped revise the article. I Macdonald took part in analysis of the data.

The present study is to provide a consistent description for a kind of Persian meter known as dowri (cyclic) meter. Those researchers who study meter have mostly defined the cyclic meter on the basis of its application rather than its metrical structure, so they have not been able to describe it comprehensively. Since there is a significant relation between the cyclic meters and prosodic circles, the special circle of each cyclic meter should be initially analyzed through a descriptive approach in order to get an accurate definition of it. A cyclic meter is nothing but a prosodic circle that some of its syllables are omitted, or are replaced with a pause. It should be noted that the cyclic miters are grouped into double meters category , but they differ from double meters . this fundamental difference is related to the way these meters are made . Every cyclic meter is double meter , but not each double meter is a cyclic one.

Variability in speech features of Parkinsonians has been described in studies on Parkinsonism. The purpose of this study was to investigate some factories involved in this variability, specifically in pause duration. Speech simples containing pauses were extracted from spontaneous conversations of two male Brazilian Parkinsonians.  Four hundred twenty four pauses (subject one = 130; subject two = 294) were collected, measured and classified according to: (1) degree of duration (very short, short, middle, long and very long); (2) position at the beginning (initial) or in the development (internal) of the subject’s conversational turn; and (3) presence of silence only (unfilled), sound (filled) and combinations between silence and sound (mixed). Great variability in pause duration occurred in both inter and intrasubjects. Except for internal middle pauses, subject one had shorter mean values in pause duration. Filled pauses had shorter mean duration for the two subjects when compared ...

Six pigeons key-pecked under a fixed-interval (FI) 3-min schedule of food presentation. Each pigeon was studied for 200 daily sessions with 15 intervals per session (3,000 total food presentations). Analyses included the examination of latency to first peck (pause), mean rate of key pecking, and ambulation. Characterizations of stable performance were assessed across measures of behavior and evaluated using commonly employed stability criteria. Stability of response rate and pause was identified better by assessments that evaluated variability and trend, rather than just variability. Between-subject differences in rate of acquisition and terminal values of steady-state performance of pause were observed, and stable pause durations took longer to develop than did stable key-pecking rates. Relative variability in response rate and pause duration decreased as the means increased. A temporally organized pattern of keypecking (the so-called FI scallop) developed within 50 sessions of exposure to the schedule. Overall ambulation decreased during the early sessions of exposure and further analyses showed greater rates of ambulation during the pause than after it for 4 of the 6 pigeons. Performance under the FI 3-min schedule developed relatively slowly, and key-pecking, pause, and ambulation developed at different rates.

In this paper we present a study of the relation between types of third personal singular neuter pronoun and their functions in Danish spoken data where stress information is marked so that personal and demonstrative occurrences of the pronouns can be distinguished. This study confirms that there are language specific differences in the way various types of pronoun are used to refer to abstract entities in Danish compared to English data. In the second part of the paper we describe supervised machine learning experiments with the purpose of investigating the role of stress and pause information on the automatic recognition of the pronominal functions of third personal singular neuter pronouns in spoken corpora. The results of these experiments show that the inclusion of stress and pause information in the data improves classification.

The article shows the results of a preliminary analysis of journalistic utterance fluency in Polish television. It takes into account the specific character of media discourse and its possible impact on a journalist's way of speaking. The results enable a description of the quantitative and qualitative differences in the fluency of live broadcast utterances.

A large corpus has been created automatically and read by 100 speakers. Phrase boundaries were labeled in the sentences automatically during sentence generation. Perception experiments on a subset of 500 utterances showed a high agreement b e t ween the automatically generated boundary markers and the ones perceived by listeners. Gaussian distribution and polynomial classi ers were trained on a set of prosodic features computed from the speech signal using the automatically generated boundary markers. Comparing the classi cation results with the judgments of the listeners yielded in a recognition rate of 87%. A combination with stochastic language models improved the recognition rate to 90%. We found that the pause and the durational features are most important for the classication, but that the in uence of F0 is not neglectable.

This study examined the effects of supplementary rest breaks on musculoskeletal discomfort, eyestrain, mood, and performance in data-entry workers. Two rest break schedules were compared in a within-subjects design. Workers alternated between a &amp;#39;conventional&amp;#39; and a &amp;#39;supplementary&amp;#39; schedule in 4-week intervals. The conventional schedule contained a 15-min break during the first half of the work shift and a 15-min break during the second half of the shift. The supplementary schedule contained the same two 15-min breaks, and a 5-min break during each hour which otherwise did not contain a break, for a total of 20 extra minutes of break time. Results are based on data from 42 workers. They indicated that discomfort in several areas of the body, and eyestrain, were significantly lower under the supplementary than under the conventional schedule. While symptoms increased from pre- to post-work periods under both schedules, the magnitude of the increases was significantly less under the supplementary schedule. In addition, increases in discomfort of the right forearm, wrist and hand over the course of the work week under the conventional schedule were eliminated under the supplementary schedule. These beneficial effects were obtained without reductions in data-entry performance.

Este ensayo intenta mostrar las posibilidades analíticas del concepto de pausa sugerido  por Estanislao Zuleta, a partir de su lectura del capítulo 1 de El Capital de Marx. Enlazándolo con  desarrollos recientes de Kojin Karatani y Slavoj Zizek, muestra que el concepto de pausa –equivalente al de brecha o salto mortal de los dos últimos– introduce la emergencia de muchos mundos posibles en la metamorfosis de las mercancías en dinero, estableciendo la posibilidad permanente de la crisis. En consecuencia, ni las crisis conducen a la revolución política, ni ésta puede detener la reproducción del capital: la revolución es una tarea de todos los días.

Fluently communicating in a target language, especially in a situation of oral assessment, is a common goal among learners. However, scholars and teachers in the area of second language agree that it is difficult to define fluency, so how can it be evaluated? Studies show that the phenomenon of pausing is an important factor in the perception of non-native speech. In this article, we assume that not every pause should be considered a characteristic of non-fluent speech. One of the factors that guide natives' perception about whether foreign language learners speak fluently or not is the pause for modification. This article describes how, when and why such modifications are common in the speech of learners. The physical and cognitive description of pauses undertaken through oral narratives of Brazilian Portuguese learners has yielded significant results for distinguishing levels of fluency, giving us clues for a description of fluency in the grid of oral assessment.

Pause analysis is a method that investigates processes of writing by measuring the amount of time between pen strokes. It provides the field of teaching and learning in the 21st century with insights of the cognitive processes underpinning the nature of writing in children. This study examined the potential of using free handwritten copying of sentences as a means of investigating components of the cognitive processes of children who have English as their Second Language (ESL). An experiment is conducted where 28 children of Sekolah Kebangsaan Bandar Tasik Puteri are asked to copy a sentence in Malay Language and a sentence in English. The handwritten activity is captured to study the pause lengths produced at different forms of chunking sizes (i.e. group of words, words and group of letters). Results are then associated to the Theoretical Model of Copying (MoC) in identifying the possible factors that might affect the chunking sizes. It was found that there is a clear chunk with lo...

This paper argues that syntactic brackets are interpreted as prosodic boundaries, which block phonological changes such as Rendaku (sequential voicing) in Japanese, and Lateralization and n-Insertion in Korean. It is pointed out that there are symmetry and asymmetry between left-branching and right-branching structure with respect to their blocking effect. The symmetry of left/right-branching is explained by the mapping theory developed in Tokizaki (1999, 2006). It is argued that the asymmetry of left/right-branching is due to the fact that junctures between words are shorter in left-branching structure than in right-branching structure. This analysis has interesting consequences for possible patterns in phonological changes, the asymmetric nature of syntax, and typological correlations between word orders and syllable structure.

We investigated how writing processes are affected by physical aspects of the task environment, specifically the use of a word processor, with respect to patterns of pausing and revision. Consistent with the tradition of cognitive writing research, the writing processes of experienced writers were examined (60 involving the use of a word processor, 20 involving pen&paper). In comparison with writers using pen&paper, those using a word processor (i) spent more time on a first draft and less on finalizing a text,(ii) pursued a ...