morphological characteristics

Table olives, the number one consumed fermented food in Europe, are widely consumed as
they contain many valuable ingredients for health. It is also a food which may be the subject of adulteration, as many different olive varieties with different geographical origin, exist all over the word.
In the present study, the image analysis of stones of six main Greek protected designation of origin
(PDO) table olive varieties was performed for the control of their authentication and discrimination,
with cv. Prasines Chalkidikis, cv. Kalamata Olive, cv. Konservolia Stylidas, cv. Konservolia Amfissis,
cv. Throuba Thassos and cv. Throuba Chios being the studied olive varieties. Orthogonal partial least
square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used for discrimination and classification of the six
Greek table olive varieties. With a 98.33% of varietal discrimination, the OPLS-DA model proved to
be an efficient tool to authentify table olive varieties from their morphological characteristics.

Özet: Bu araştırma Türkiye’de yetiştirilen filo güvercinlerin canlı ağırlık ve çeşitli morfolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ama-cıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma 2013 yılında sekiz işletmede, 119 erkek ve 56 dişi olmak üzere toplam 175 güvercin üzerinde yürütül-müştür. Güvercinlerde bireysel olarak vücut rengi, nişane, baş tipi, tepelilik, göz rengi, paçalılık, kuyruk telek sayısı belirlenmiştir. Ortalama canlı ağırlık değeri 428.85±5.67 g, vücut uzunluğu 36.48±0.20 cm, gövde uzunluğu 10.09±0.09 cm, kanat açıklığı ve uzun-luğu 67.67±0.26 cm ve 31.34±0.05 cm, kuyruk uzunluğu 12.32±0.08 cm, göğüs çevresi, genişliği ve derinliği 22.11±0.11 cm, 56.02±0.42 cm, 65.03±0.66 cm, baş uzunluğu ve genişliği 55.09±0.41 cm ve 21.60±0.16 cm, gaga uzunluğu ve derinliği 17.39±0.22 cm ve 6.78±0.07 cm, incik çapı 4.36±0.04 cm’ dir. Canlı ağırlık (P<0.01), vücut uzunluğu (P<0.05), kanat açıklığı (P<0.01), kuyruk uzunluğu (P<0.01), göğüs derinliği (P<0.05), gaga uzunluğu (P<0.05) ve derinliği (P<0.001) değerleri bakımından yaş grupları arası farklılık önemli, kanat açıklığı (P<0.05), kanat uzunluğu (P<0.001), göğüs derinliği (P<0.01), gaga uzunluğu (P<0.05) ve incik çapı (P<0.05) değerleri bakımından cinsiyet grupları arası farklılık önemli bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, Şanlıurfa’da filo uçucusu olarak yetiştirilen güvercinlerde bazı morfolojik özellikler bakımından yaş grupları arası farklılığın önemli olduğu, yaş ile beraber büyüme ve gelişimin devam ettiği görülmüştür.
Anahtar sözcükler: Filo uçucusu, güvercin, morfolojik özellikler, Türkiye.
Some morphological characteristics of squadron flyer pigeons (Columba livia domestica)
Summary: The aim of this study is to determine morphological characteristics of pigeons in Turkey. The study was conducted with 175 pigeons (including 119 males and 56 female) which were reared in eight different enterprises in 2013. Some morphological parameters (coat color, markings, head type, eye color, rough footed, the number of tail flight feathers and typical feathering form on the head) and morphometric measurements [(body weight (428.85±5.67 g) and length (36.48±0.20 cm), trunk length (10.09±0.09 cm), wing span (67.67 ±0.26 cm) and length (31.34±0.05 cm), tail length (12.32±0.08 cm), thoracic perimeter (22.11±0.11 cm), chest width (56.02±0.42 cm) and depth (65.03±0.66 cm), head length and width (55.09±0.41 cm and 21.60±0.16 cm), bill length and depth (17.39±0.22 mm and 6.78±0.07 mm), tarsus diameter (4.36±0.04 cm)] were determined individually. While body weight (P < 0.01), body length (P < 0.05), wing span (P < 0.001), tail length (P < 0.01), chest depth (P < 0.05), bill length (P < 0.05) and bill depth (P < 0.01) were affected by age, wing span (P < 0.05), wing length (P < 0.01), chest depth (P < 0.01), bill length (P < 0.05), and tarsus diameter (P < 0.05) were affected by sex. In conclusion, due to the body weight, body length, wing span, tail length, chest depth, bill length and bill depth were affected by age, body development was sustained until later periods of growth.
Keywords: Morphological characteristics, pigeon, squadron pigeon, Turkey.

Aim: This study was conducted to identify the diversity of feather color and to determine the relationship between plumage color and egg yield as well as eggshell patterns and internal egg quality traits of Japanese quails.

Materials and Methods: For investigating phenotypic diversity, a total of 600 quails from five breeding farms were evaluated to record head feather, shank, and plumage color. An on-station experiment was also conducted on 360 laying quails to examine the relationship between plumage color and egg production and egg weight during 24 weeks of laying. Eggs collected during this period were also used for identifying eggshell patterns and examining their relationship with internal egg quality characteristics.

Results: Plumage color was primarily wild-type, with the highest proportion being 56.3% (p<0.001). Brown color was also found at a relatively high proportion in the population (16.7%), followed by black color (11.3%). The egg production and laying rate of quails with wild-type and brown plumage colors also significantly (p=0.001) differed from those of quails with other plumage types. Egg weight was also higher in these quail groups, especially than that of quails with yellow plumage color. Four patterns of eggshell were identified, among which spotted and dark eggshells were predominant (45.2% and 43.1%, respectively); however, patterns did not affect internal egg quality characteristics.

Conclusion: Plumage color was primarily wild-type in both male and female quails. Egg yield over a 24-week laying period was superior in quails with wild-type and brown plumage colors, whereas a relationship between eggshell patterns and egg quality traits could not be established.