Systematics of Opiliones (harvestmen)

Pertumbuhan penduduk berbandik terbalik dengan lahan yang tersedia, padahal pertanian adalah suatu aktivitas yang bergantung pada lahan, maka dari itu perlu adanya upaya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan yakni melalui ektensifikasi akan tetapi hal ini bisa merusak kesimbangan alam dan intensfikasi yakni pemaksimalan potensi lahan yang ada.

Archaeometa nephilina Pocock, 1911 from the Late Carboniferous (Bashkirian/Moscovian: Duckmantian, c.315 Ma) Coal Measures of Coseley in the English West Midlands was originally interpreted as an araneomorph spider (Arachnida: Araneae). It is, in fact, a harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones), albeit one with an unusual, long-bodied morphology. Another Coseley fossil, Arachnometa tuberculata Petrunkevitch, 1949, was also interpreted as an araneomorph spider, but it is not well preserved, and is regarded as Opiliones incertae sedis. Interestingly, the Archaeometa Pocock, 1911 body plan, here also revealed through computed microtomography (µCT), has morphological parallels with some modern laniatorid harvestmen in the family Assammidae. However, the Coal Measures fossils do not preserve unequivocal laniatorid apomorphies, and so are referred to an uncertain position within Phalangida (transferred herein from Araneae). The Archaeometa specimens are further examples of Carboniferous Opiliones, which were originally misidentified, and contribute to a picture of an increasingly diverse Coal Measures harvestman fauna.

Stylocellus sedgwicki, n.sp., was collected on Penang Island, off the west coast of Malaysia. The type locality is the most northwesterly so far for the genus Stylocellus: a map is given showing the approximate distribution of the known species of the genus. The subfamily Stylocellinae is raised to full family status and emended to include only the genus Stylocellus. The status of the generic name Miopsalis is briefly discussed. The holotype of S. lionotus Pocock is a male, not a female as stated.

Species belonging to the opilionid genera Caddo, Acropsopilio, Austropsopilio and Cadella are herein considered to constitute the family Caddidae . The subfamily Caddinae contains the genu s Caddo ; the other genera are placed in the subfamily Acropsopilioninae . It is suggested that the palpatorid Opiliones be grouped in three superfamilies : Caddoidea (including the family Caddidae) , Phalangioidea (including the families Phalangiidae, Liobunidae, Neopilionidae and Sclerosomatidae ) and Troguloidea (including the families Trogulidae, Nemostomatidae, Ischyropsalidae an d Sabaconidae) . North American members of the Caddidae are discussed in detail, and a new species , Caddo pepperella, is described . The North American caddids appear to be mostly parthenogenetic, an d C. pepperella is very likely a neotenic isolate of C . agilis . Illustrations and taxonomic notes ar e provided for the majority of the exotic species of the family .

Comprising more than 6500 species, Opiliones is the third most diverse order of Arachnida, after the megadiverse Acari and Araneae. The database referred here is part 1 of 12 of a project containing an intended worldwide checklist of species and subspecies of Opiliones as Darwin Core archives, and it includes the superfamilies Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea. These two superfamilies are often treated together under the denomination of Insidiatores. In this Part 1, a total of 571 species and subspecies are listed. Briggsidae and Cladonychiidae are both downgraded to subfamilies of Travuniidae. Peltonychia Roewer, 1935 is an available name and senior synonym of Hadziana Roewer, 1935 and is herein revalidated. Seven genera of Triaenonychidae described by Lawrence between 1931 and 1933 originally failed to comply ICZN rules for availability (Art. 13.3). All of them only became available when Staręga (1992) designated a type species for each. Therefore, the correct authorships of Austromontia Lawrence, 1931, Biacumontia Lawrence, 1931, Graemontia Lawrence, 1931, Larifugella Lawrence, 1933, Mensamontia Lawrence, 1931, Monomontia Lawrence, 1931 and Rostromontia Lawrence, 1931 are all Staręga, 1992. Fumontana Shear, 1977, originally referred only to subfamily Triaenonychinae (as opposed to Soerensenellinae then and not corresponding to present Triaenonychinae), not to any tribe (which in turn correspond to modern subfamilies) is herein included in the subfamily Triaenonychinae. Picunchenops Maury, 1988 originally not included in any tribe of Triaenonychidae, is herein included in the subfamily Triaenonychinae. Trojanella Karaman, 2005, originally ranked as Travunioidea incertae sedis, is herein included in the Travuniidae Travuniinae. Nuncia ovata Roewer, 1915 (synonymized with Triaenonyx cockayni Hogg, 1920 by Forster (1954), but with inverted precedence) is here combined as Nuncia coriacea ovata Roewer, 1915 as correct senior synonym instead of Nuncia coriacea cockayni (Hogg, 1920), which is current in the literature. Neonuncia enderbei (Hogg, 1909) is reaffirmed as the correct spelling for the species, while the deliberate change to Neonuncia enderbyi by Forster (1954) is an incorrect subsequent spelling.

We describe Metarthrodes oxum sp. nov. from Camacan, state of Bahia, Brazil, the second species of Caelopyginae described from the state, after Metarthrodes xango Pinto-da-Rocha, 2002. Metarthrodes oxum sp. nov. can be recognized by the presence of a pair of white spots on area I, white C-shaped stripes on lateral grooves of area III, posterior margin with transverse white stripe, grooves of mesotergal areas well-marked, posterior margin of dorsal scute slightly concave, and medial third of femur IV of male with three large and spiniform retrolateral tubercles. We tested the generic placement of the new species via cladistic analysis. Metarthrodes oxum sp. nov. clustered within Metarthrodes, forming a clade with M. pulcherrimus (Mello-Leitão, 1931), M. nigrigranulatus Roewer, 1913 and M. longipes (Soares, 1945), which was unresolved in the consensus cladogram of the 72 optimal trees found, and is supported by the following synapomorphies (all present in males only): trochanter IV with long internal apophysis; retrolateral submedian tubercle on femur IV, and a pair of white spots near the groove. We also provide an updated identification key for the species of Metarthrodes.

We add three new species to the formerly monotypic Amazonian Hutamaia, Hutamaia maceta sp. nov. , Hutamaia plei sp. nov. and Hutamaia trompsonica sp. nov. and compare them with the type species, Hutamaia caramaschii Soares & Soares, 1977. Hutamaia was known only from two localities: Humaitá, Amazonas, Brazil (type locality of the type species), and Madre de Dios, Peru. Herein we record species from the following additional localities, all in Brazil: Coari, Codajás, Juruá, Jutaí, Manacapuru, Tefé (state of Amazonas) and Gurupá (state of Pará), indicating that the genus has a widespread distribution in the Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon. Hutamaia is newly diagnosed by having yellowish granules on dorsal scutum, armature of coxa IV of males, metatarsi with yellow rings, ventral plate of penis trapezoid with V-shaped cleft, bearing two pairs of longitudinal rows of setae, and glans without dorsal or ventral processes. The genus is likely closely related to Licornus Roewer, 1932, from which it differs by the shape of the ventral plate of the penis and lack of dorsal process of glans.

The tiny caddid harvestman Acropsopilio chomulae , from Chiapas, Mexico, has been known only from the immature holotype. Mature females are described from specimens taken near the type locality. The absence of spermathecae in the ovipositor makes it likely that the species is parthenogenic.