Spanish Florida (Archaeology)

Аннотация. Было проведено актуальное исследование, решившее один из вопросов  в современной науке и образовании. Необходимость исследования была вызвана отсутствием в учебниках Всеобщей Истории в странах СНГ информации о многочисленных народах, населяющих Флориду в «доиспанский» (XVI век) и «досеминолький» (XVIII) периоды. В результате исследований были разработаны карты, показывающие приблизительное расселение индейских племен в XVI веке в пределах территории нынешнего штата Флорида, который был частью огромной территории Испанской Флориды, которая существовала «де-юре» с 1513 года, а фактически не была освоена. В течение XVIII веке почти все народы, жившие во Флориде исчезли большей частью в результате индейских и европейских войн, болезней и других факторов. Однако последние из них исчезли после тотального уничтожения их вторгшимися племенами Криков, Семинолов, Ямаси и других индейских племен, которые в дальнейшем расселились по обезлюдившим  территориям Флориды.

Previous researchers have extended the range of
the American bison (Bison bison) to include the state of
Georgia, yet there have not been any verifiable osteological
remains of bison found at archaeological sites in the state.
A critical examination of the data used to establish this
range demonstrates that much of it is based on unsubstantiated historical accounts, toponyms that were believed to be evidence of the historical occurrence of bison, and unverifiable nineteenth-century accounts of osteological evidence. Credible accounts indicate that the Spanish did not find any evidence of bison in Georgia in the sixteenth century,
but by the early eighteenth century bison had migrated into
an area of South Carolina adjacent to the upper Savannah
River and into the lower Chattahoochee River basin.
Eighteenth-century British settlers also reported buffalo in
the Coastal Plain, but evidence suggests they may have mistaken feral Spanish cattle for bison. This assessment of the
evidence indicates that bison did not range into Georgia
until the late seventeenth century, possibly due to reduced
predation by hunters after the demographic collapse of Mississippian societies. They were therefore only present in the
upper Savannah River and lower Chattahoochee River basins
for a brief period of time.

The Richardson/UF Village Site, 8AL100, was discovered in 2013 to have a mission church with associated human remains.  The site appears to represent the site of the Potano of the 1539 Hernando de Soto entrada, as well as the site of the 1608 Mission San Buenaventura de Potano.

Since its discovery in 2015, the University of West Florida has conducted archaeological investigations at the site of Santa María de Ochuse, Tristán de Luna y Arellano's 1559-1561 settlement on Pensacola Bay. After nearly four years of fieldwork and lab work, the site has already revealed a substantial and diverse assemblage of artifacts associated with equipment, supplies, and provisions brought both collectively by the army and its companies and subordinate residential and dining units, and by individuals as personal goods. Moreover, the discovery of features such as trash pits and postholes supplement an increasingly detailed understanding of the horizontal distribution of artifacts to provide important clues regarding the layout of the 31-acre settlement and the activities conducted there, supplementing what the documentary record tells us about this site and the people who inhabited it. This paper provides an update of our current understanding of this important mid-sixteenth-century Spanish settlement.

After 1704 attacks by the British and their Native American allies, some Apalachee fled their homeland to French Mobile, Spanish Pensacola, and Creek areas. Primary research indicates that those Apalachee who chose to ally politically with either the French or Spanish maintained social connections with both nations as well as the Lower Creek, and through the Creek enjoyed an economic connection with the British. At the same time, by consistently referring to the groups as Apalachee, documents imply some maintenance of Apalachee tradition during the eighteenth century. Comparisons of ten tightly-dated ceramic assemblages quantify material shifts through time and space and augment the historical record. This synthesis illustrates that Apalachee refugees had sufficient resources to play Europeans against each other yet adopted new ceramic traditions. Political and material maneuvering thus allowed them to maintain their social identity.

The Suwannee Valley culture is the most recently defined and the least known of Florida's late precontact archaeological cultures.  Recent work at the Floyd's Mound (8MD6) and South Mound (8MD354) sites significantly extends the geographical extent of this culture as well as providing information about the westernmost of all of the Timucuan chiefdoms of the early contact and early mission eras (A.D. 1513 - 1640).

When we investigate archaeological evidence of early Spanish/Native American contact in peninsular Florida, the sheer abundance of Spanish artifacts is always a problem. The extensive coastline and proximity to Cuba resulted in centuries of contact with Spanish explorers, slave traders, and colonists.

Sixteenth-century Spanish artifacts are uncommon but widespread finds in the Southeastern United States, and documented assemblages have been variously used by archaeologists either as secondary indicators of the presence of passing Spanish explorers, or also as evidence of direct or indirect Spanish trade. The vast majority of such artifacts are found as grave goods within Native American villages or burial sites, apart from a handful of well-documented Spanish colonial settlements and encampments. Archaeological investigations at the recently-discovered 1559-1561 Tristán de Luna settlement provide a remarkable opportunity to examine a substantial though short-lived residential Spanish assemblage dating to this same era.

During the summer of 2005 the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary investigated an unusual shipwreck in 6 m (20 ft) of water off Marathon in the Florida Keys. Known locally as the ‘Mystery Wreck’ it remained relatively undisturbed for over two decades until State of Florida and Sanctuary archaeologists conducted a research project to learn more about this fascinating early shipwreck. This paper presents a summary of field investigations and a preliminary interpretation of the shipwreck.© 2006 The Authors

Long-term research by the University of West Florida into the 1559-1561 expedition of Tristán de Luna y Arellano to Pensacola Bay has only accelerated following the 2015 discovery of Luna's terrestrial settlement and the 2016 discovery of a third shipwreck from Luna's fleet that wrecked just offshore. In addition to ongoing archaeological investigations in the field and lab, concurrent syntheses and analysis of both previously-known and several newly-discovered documentary sources relating to the expedition have provided important clues regarding Spanish-Native relations both in the Florida panhandle and southern Alabama. This paper presents preliminary analysis and insights from these documentary sources.

The 1559-1561 expedition of Tristán de Luna was the largest and most well-financed Spanish attempt to colonize southeastern North America up to that time. Had it succeeded, New Spain would have expanded to include a settled terrestrial route from the northern Gulf of Mexico to the lower Atlantic coast. While a hurricane left most of the fleet and the colony's food stores on the bottom of Pensacola Bay just five weeks after arrival, the colonists nonetheless struggled to survive over the next two years, supported by multiple maritime relief expeditions as well as a temporary relocation into central Alabama and the dispatch of a military detachment as far north as the Appalachian foothills. Though Luna's Pensacola Bay settlement was ultimately abandoned, the documentary record of the expedition details both its maritime and terrestrial dimensions, and provides an important window into the mid-16th-century Spanish colonial world.

The purpose of the work is to show that the policy of enslaving the natives and/or providing them in the New World is a consequence of the political and legal battles within Spain between the "House of Columbus" and the "House of Trustamara" at the beginning of the XVI century. The result of the work was the analysis of sources and texts of the bulls of Pope Alexander VI in 1493, letters of Catholic kings, laws prepared by the Junta of Burgos in 1512, and their additions-laws prepared by the Junta of Valladolid in 1513, which were translated from Spanish and Latin into Russian and English. The chronological frameworks were compared and considered for the filing of claims by Diego Columbus against the king Ferdinand II of Aragon and the further confrontation between the Crown of Spain and the "House of Columbus". The reasons for the struggle in 1511 in the West Indies between the Franciscan Order and the Dominican Order were investigated.

Excavations at two archaeological sites in
the Southeast have yielded "snapshots" of
the material remains of the Hernando de
Soto expedition and the entrada's effects
on local populations. In Florida, the Tatham
Mound is an aboriginal burial mound that
contained evidence of both violent and
nonviolent contact as they passed through
in 1539 and two smaller contacts in 1540. In
Arkansas, Parkin is a Mississippian village
that was contacted in 1541, after they had
been traveling for two years. The two sites
are good examples of assemblages that can
be expected along different parts of the
expedition route.

Commission headed by John R. Swanton. Fordyce was from Arkansas, and he worked closely with Swanton and Caroline Dorman of Louisiana in gathering information about finds of possible artifacts from the expedition. Most of the leads they investigated turned out to be hearsay or obviously later objects, but they did locate the halberds discussed in Dickinson's article.

A matrix decomposition model for analyzing prehistoric intracemetery biological variability is presented. The model, based on the correlation between interindividual biological and burial distance matrices, provides an estimate of the number of distinct burial populations interred within a single cemetery, which effectively ameliorates identifiability problems typical of general variability analyses Ph.D. dissertation, SUNY at Albany). Unlike other methods for analyzing intrasite variability analysis (e.g., kinship analysis and microchronology), this method is not reliant on a priori subgroup definition. Assuming a kin-structured

In July 2015, during the city’s 450th anniversary celebration, a buried shipwreck was discovered off  St. Augustine, Florida by the St. Augustine Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program, or LAMP. Test excavations in 20152016 revealed a remarkable amount of material culture, including barrels, cauldrons, pewter plates, shoe buckles, cut stone, and a variety of glass and ceramics. Th ese artifacts tentatively dated the vessel to 1750-1800 and suggested its nationality was likely British, but possibly Spanish or American. Th e abundance, spatial distribution, and stylistic uniformity of the artifacts suggest they were cargo items, leading to the working hypothesis that this was a merchant ship run aground while trying to enter St. Augustine’s notorious inlet. In the summer of 2018, with a team of field school students and volunteer divers, LAMP returned to the site to conduct further excavation. Th is paper summarizes the results of the 2018 season on this shipwreck.

This volume has its origins in a in a 2009 symposium at the Society of American Archaeology meetings in Atlanta, where it that won the Amerind Conference award for best symposium that year. It's goal is to compare the different types of interactions between sixteenth-century Indigenous and Spanish peoples in the Southwestern and Southeastern United States, primarily as the result of the Spanish entradas in those two areas. In particular, the organizers sought to place these encounters in a broader context by examining the "social, economic, political, military, environmental, and demographic components" associated with Native and European interactions in the two regions. To facilitate comparisons between the Southwest and Southeast, the volume is organized into six thematic chapters-Native perspectives, historiography, climatic influences and impacts, disease, political organization, and conflict-usually with two to three papers presenting comparative data for the two regions in each thematic chapter. The single exception, unfortunately, is the chapter on native perspectives, which includes just a single paper examining the interaction that occurred between sixteenth century Zuni communities and Spanish entradas. There is much to like in this book. In my view, the standard to which a study of this type should be held is: Does it present significant new information that alters our perceptions, either archaeologically or historically, of a particular place or event in time? The Native and Spanish New Worlds volume aims to do just that, and I believe it succeeds admirably. In particular, I would draw attention to Robbie Ethridge's chapter on contact-period studies and the Southeastern Indians and the chapter by Ethridge and Jeffrey Mitchem on the interior South at the time of the first Spanish explorations (Chapters 4 and 10). Both studies do an excellent job of using archaeological and other data to bridge the conceptual divide between the prehistoric southeastern Mississippian chiefdoms and the Creek, Chickasaw, and other historic-period peoples who were their descendants. It is a mark of just how far southeastern studies have come-most notably as the result of the work done by Charles Hudson and his students-that we can now see how the lives of southeastern Native peoples were transformed during the sixteenth and later centuries. Ethridge and Mitchem thoroughly document how the encounters of late Mississippian peoples with the various entrada, introduced diseases, the fur trade, and slaving, led to the creation of the historic period groups of the same region.

Despite the fact that archaeological ceramics have long been viewed as a proxy for ethno-political identity, recent research exploring the precise relationship between ceramics and identity during the historic-era southeastern United States provides increasing support for the conclusion that geographic variability in archaeological ceramics is best viewed through the lens of practice, and that archaeological phases correspond better to communities of practice than communities of identity. When viewed through the lens of practice theory and social learning theory, it becomes clear that the coexistence of both communities of practice and communities of identity within the same social landscape does not guarantee automatic correspondence between the two realms, nor even does any demonstrated correspondence necessarily prove a causal link between a community of practice and a community of identity that happen to be coterminous. Each type of community must be studied independently using appropriate and available data, and only by first disentangling the two can any demonstrable connection between communities of practice (such as archaeological phases) and communities of identity (such as historically-documented polities or ethnies) be established empirically. Only then can the exact reasons for any congruence (or lack thereof) be explored in a systematic and rigorous manner.

This first volume of a two volume set represents the result of six years of additional research beyond my 1992 dissertation, and presents a detailed analysis of the emergence, structure, and function of the 17th-century colonial system of Spanish Florida, focusing on the Timucuan chiefdoms of the northern peninsular interior of Florida.  The volume explores not only the internal details of indigenous Timucuan chiefly social organization and political economy, but also the over-arching political structure of the military and Franciscan jurisdictions of Spanish Florida, as well as the geographic and demographic infrastructure and the underlying economic basis of the Florida mission system, including a detailed description of the repartimiento labor draft and the sale of surplus corn from the mission provinces, as well as the emergence of private enterprise in the mission provinces (ISBN: 978-0813068398).

An archaeologist has found what his contemporaries deem rarer than the gold De Soto was seeking — physical evidence of the explorer's precise journey through Marion County and enough information to redraw Florida De Soto maps and fuel many more archaeological digs based on his findings.

Аннотация.
I. Цель исследования.
Главной задачей исследования было всесторонне изучить реальные исторические события, происходившие в 1562-1567 годах на Земле Испанской Флориды и осветить то, как Испания была "очернена" врагами, а незаконные действия самих французов были показаны в ином «белом» свете обществу Франции и Европы. Необходимо было показать действия "пятой колонны" предателей Испании, действовавшей на острове Эспаньола (Вест-Индия), которые действовали против интересов своей страны. Нам также необходимо было показать аналогию между действиями французов в 1565 году и современным взглядом политической науки на предмет создания "образа врага" в современном мире.

II. Материалы и методы исследования. Для исследования были отобраны важные работы: публикации Беннетта [6], в том числе мемуары французов, участвовавших в событиях, письма королей Испании и Франции, испанских послов во Франции, книга Давида Арбезу-Фернандеса с воспоминаниями современников тех событий и опубликованные найденные рукописи [8]. Для описания "черной легенды" и приемов "очернения"были использованы работы и интервью Е. Юрчик и О. Светлакова [1].

III. Результаты исследования. мы выявили исторические параллели между событиями развития техники манипулятивных методов воздействия сегодня и методами работы по “очернению” врага 450 лет назад. В этой статье мы показали историю борьбы между Испанией и Францией на берегах современной Флориды и в Вест-Индии в 1565 году. И тогда, и сегодня мы видим, как "образ врага" распространяется, чтобы оправдать собственные беспощадные действия. Мы также можем видеть на примерах 450-летней давности, как подкуп и экономические стимулы "пятой колонны" предателей внутри страны могут нанести непоправимый ущерб всему государству.
IV. Ценность работы. Ценность работы заключается в том, что мы рассмотрели и раскрыли мифы (фейки) об Испании на реальных примерах. Нам удалось показать масштабы информационной войны и методы ведения информационной войны, которая в основном была направлена на создание «образа врага» для общества Франции, Англии и других европейских стран, а также нам удалось осветить реальные события, происходившие в 1562-1567 годах.
Важным послесловием к этой работе американского политолога доктора политических наук М. Beznosov из University of West Georgia (UWG) является сравнительный анализ событий 1563-1565 годов и современных технологий информационной войны.

1992 Revised Aboriginal Ceramic Typology for the Timucua Mission Province, A.D. 1597-1656.  Appendix D to Excavations on the Franciscan Frontier: Archaeology at the Fig Springs Mission, by Brent R. Weisman, pp. 188-205. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.

Nueva Cadiz Plain and Nueva Cadiz Twisted date from the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century. Both are square in cross-section and seem to form a distinctive class of beads. Florida Cut Crystal, dating from the 16th and early 17th centuries, are elaborately faceted and sculptured quartz crystal beads. All three types have distinctive early occurrences in Florida. They probably served as presents during the period of exploration rather than as regular trade materials.