Research Journal of Medical Sciences

Narmada river is also known as life line of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh for its huge contribution to the state of M.P. and Gujarat. It is a major source of drinking water, irrigation and hydroelectricity for M.P. In the present study water sample of Narmada River from Mandleshwar has been collected to evaluate its suitability for drinking, domestic and irrigation purpose. The important physical and chemical parameters are taken for study like pH, Temperature, conductivity, Turbidity, Total dissolved solid (TDS), Suspended solid, Alkanity, Total hardness, Ca, Mg, Chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, Dissolved Oxygen, BOD, COD were examined in the laboratory. Standard method APHA(2002) was used during the examination. After examining parameters in the lab it was concluded that the water quality is suitable and safe for drinking and irrigation purposes.

Aim-To determine the gender using mental foramen as landmark on a panoramic radiographs in selected North Gujarat population. Objective-1. To evaluate and compare the superior border of mental foramen to lower border of mandible(S-L) and inferior border of mental foramen to lower border of mandible(I-L) value in males and females bilaterally. 2. To compare the S-L and I-L between right and left side in males and female 3. To utilize above measurements for gender determination. Materials and Method-Sixty panoramic radiographs were selected for the analysis of mental foramen. Tangents were drawn through the superior and inferior borders of the foramen (S-L and I-L respectively) and perpendicular from the tangents to the lower border of the mandible bilaterally. Digital verniar caliper was used for the distance measurement from S-L and I-L. The data obtained was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Result-The analyzed data of study showed that the mean values of comparison of S-L as well as I-L in males and females were significantly higher in males as compared to females. The comparison of SL and IL on right and left side in the same patient was without any significant difference. Conclusion-The results of present study concluded a definite sexual dimorphism in the position of the mental foramen from the base of the mandible; this method can applied in mass disaster where the fragments of mandible are available.

The Periodontal Ligament (PDL) provides support to the tooth in the bonny socket, in connecting the cementum and alveolar bone. The PDL width vary around 25 mm, including collagens and oxytalan fibers (Sharpey's fibers). Metalloproteinases play role in the turnover of type I collagen and other matrix proteins. The PDL is implicated in bone remodeling, cells nutrition and sensory events, namely as periodontal mechanoreceptors. The PDL generates and controls tooth eruption and ensures homeostasis between fibroblasts and bone cells. The PDL form, maintain and repair this interface. After dissociation of the cells of the Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath, epithelial rests of Malassez represent a unique source of stem cells population within the periodontal ligament. Extracellular matrix proteins (collagen, fibronectin and Secreted Proteins Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC), Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and Proteoglycans (PGs), Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases (TIMP-1 to-4) are structural components of the PDL. This review explore: 2

Radiocontrast-induced thyroid dysfunction prevalence has not been assessed accurately. It is greater among patients with pre-existing thyroid disease. Aim of this work to investigate effect of iodinated radiographic contrast media used in coronary angiography on the thyroid function in euthyroid patients. This study was conducted on 85 patients underwent elective coronary angiography. Baseline assessment of Free Thyroxine (FT4) and Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) for the patients and three months later after Coronary Angiography. We observed that there was a statistically significant increase of TSH levels from baseline till 3 months following administration of contrast media (P-value=0.007). However, there was no statistical significant difference of Free T4 level from baseline till 3 (P-value=0.765). The incidence of increased TSH above normal range was 2.4% after 3 months ( 2 subclinical hypothyroidism cases). We noticed that there were no effect of age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, type of contrast, creatinine level or GFR on increased the level of TSH above normal value after 3 months. So, administration of Iodinated Contrast Media (ICM) associated with thyroid dysfunction mainly subclinical hypothyroidism so we should closely monitor patients after receiving ICM especially who have thyroid dysfunction.

Downloaded from www.medrech.com " Rehabilitation of cleft lip and palate patients with a systematic approach " Sherawat Abstract: The oral rehabilitation of lip and palate patients is challenging and many of these patients are suffer if they don't receive sufficient dental treatment. Several techniques, including orthodontic appliances, surgeries, advanced prosthodontic rehabilitation and alveolar bone grafts have been proposed for the oral rehabilitation of these patients. There are still some difficulties in prosthetic rehabilitation of cleft lip and palate patients with conventional prostheses or implant retained prostheses because of insufficient alveolar bone quality and quantity, inadequate soft tissue, and abutment teeth. This paper is an attempt to review the systematic approach in management of cleft lip and palate patients.

Pap smear has been the gold standard for cervical cancer screening for the past few decades. Colposcopy has been used as an adjunct in diagnosing pre invasive cervical disease and cervical cancer. This was a retrospective observational study done on patients attending the colposcopy clinic in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hospital Sultan Ismail Johor Bahru, a tertiary gynaeoncological referral hospital. The study evaluated all abnormal Pap test referred for colposcopy from 2014 to 2016.
The study was done on 163 women who came with an abnormal pap smear or abnormal looking cervix or symptoms. We looked at several key points such as the incidence & demographics of patients with abnormal smears referred for colposcopy, the indications of referral for abnormal pap smears, the correlation between the pap smear & colposcopy results, the correlation between colposcopy finding and histology results & finally the incidence of cervical cancer detected by pap smear and colposcopy.  The commonest age group referred for colposcopy was between the ages 40 to 60 years old. The majority of the patients (32 %) who were referred for colposcopy had HSIL. The percentage of pap smear-colposcopy correlation over the 3 years were averaging 50 % to 65 % which is roughly the sensitivity of the pap test. The rate of correlation between colposcopy and final histopathology improved with each year as the training of doctors improved. In 2014, 59 % of the patient’s colposcopy results correlated with the biopsy, while in 2016, 68% of the data correlated. This is fairly similar to other centers which have recorded correlation rates of 60 – 70 %.
Cervical cancer is a preventable disorder as there are effective screening and diagnostic tools. A pap smear can detect abnormal cells in the cervix while colposcopy helps in detecting the lesions on the cervix with better precision and helps confirm the diagnosis. From our study, we also found that colposcopy performs better in detecting high grade lesions than low grade lesions. Our study also showed that multiple colposcopic guided biopsies are more specific and accurate than single biopsy alone. As doctors training improved, the rate of correlation and positive predictive value also increased.

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme established by the Federal Government of Nigeria was aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire industrial skill and practical experience in their approved course of study and also to prepare students for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation. This technical report is based on the experiences gained during my four months of Industrial Training at Orile Agege General Hospital, Lagos State.
This report highlights how patients are being managed and also the several test carried out for patients such as: Full Blood Count (FBC), Packed Cell Volume(PCV),White Blood Cell Count, Differential Count, Stool Examination, Microfilaria, Widal  (Typhoid test), Genotype, HIV, e.t.c. I was opportuned to work in five (5) sections which are Phlebotomy Section, Hematology/Immunohematology Section, Serology Section, Clinical Microbiology Section, and Chemical Pathology Section. These sections have exposed me to the precautions, rules and regulations of the laboratory, how to diagnose patients and how the tests are being analysed.
Most importantly, it describes the activities and my experience gained during the period of the training, it also stated the problems encountered and also gave suggestion for improvement of the scheme.

The present study entitled “Knowledge, attitude and practices among school students towards personal hygiene” was conducted with an aim to assess the knowledge of students towards personal hygiene; to assess the attitude of students towards personal hygiene; to examine the practice of personal hygiene in the individual levels and to intervene them about personal hygiene. The sample of the present research consisted of 100 students in the age group of 8-10 years. Random sampling technique was used to select the sample. Questionnaire was used to gather the required information. Data was collected from the selected schools of Gurgaon. Results reveal that there is a significant association between personal hygiene practices and health as it has been found that children who maintain hygiene practices are comparatively better than those who are not practicing personal hygiene. Failure to keep up a standard of hygiene can have many implications.

Pain is an unpleasant sensation that originates from ongoing or impending tissue damage. Management of different types of pain (acute, postoperative, inflammatory, neuropathicor cancer) is challenging and yet the most frequent issue encountered by clinicians. Pharmacological therapy is the first line of approach for the treatment of pain and opioid drugs are prescribed for acute and chronic pain of moderate/severe intensity arising from malignant and non-malignant diseases. The opium poppy was cultivated as early as 3400BC in Mesopotamia. The term opium refers to a mixture of alkaloids from the poppy seed. Opiates are naturally occurring alkaloids such as morphine or codeine and opioid is the term used broadly to describe all compounds that work at the opioid receptors. The physiologic modulation of noxious stimuli involves a highly complex system that integrates the actions of multiple opioid receptors and endogenous opioid peptides. Opioids produce their actions at a cellular level by activating opioid receptors. These receptors are distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) with high concentrations in the nuclei of tractus solitarius, peri-aqueductal grey area (PAG), cerebral cortex, thalamus and substantia gelatinosa (SG) of the spinal cord. They have also been found on peripheral afferent nerve terminals and many other organs. The efficacy of centrally applied opioids is well recognized, but when applied peripherally, for example in post-traumatic and inflammatory states, their actions are less reliable. Although they are associated with addiction, dependence, tolerance and abuse liability even then their place in pain management remains undebatable and unchallenged.

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected
more than 160 million people worldwide,
accounting for over 3.4 million deaths on the
day of 23rd May 2021.1 In addition to that,
mucormycosis infection, a rare fungal
infection, commonly known as the ‘black
fungus’, are emerging as a matter of concern
in COVID-19, especially in the Indian
sub-continent. In India, around 9000 cases of
deadly mucormycosis have been reported,
and it has become a growing epidemic of the
disease.2 On 25th May, two cases of
mucormycosis have been declared in
Bangladesh.3 Mucormycosis is not a new
disease; the incidence rate of this disease has
increased over the last decade, mostly seen
among patients with hematological
malignancies and recipients of allogeneic
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In
the present COVID-19 situation, the incidence
of mucormycosis is changing among diabetic
populations, most commonly in developing
countries or patients with limited access to
medical care for diabetes.4 It is possible that
the irrational use of steroid is one of the
critical factors for mucormycosis to be
increasingly prevalent in COVID-19.7

Plants are rich sources of phenolic compounds (flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanins) that are considered as the most important natural antioxidants. Vaccinium arctostaphylos is a shrub that belongs to Ericaceae family and has long been used in Iran traditional medicine due to its effects such as reducing blood glucose and pressure. The main metabolites of V. arctostaphylos are phenols and particularly anthocyanins that have strong antioxidant properties. A comparative study of phenolic, anthocyanin and flavonoid compounds and antioxidant properties of methanol extracts of V. arctostaphylos fruits that are collected from highlands of Talesh (Gilan Province) was done as a replacement for synthetic antioxidants. Prepared extract using acidic methanol and phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties were measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Studying methanol extracts of different regions revealed that the maximum amount of phenolic compounds in extracted powder and anthocyanins and flavonoid in fresh fruits in Chubar region was higher compared to other regions. The results showed this species is a rich source of phenolic compounds and can be used in food and pharmaceutical industry as an antioxidant compounds. Get more articles  at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/

Horse milk has long been a popular gourmet food with an exceptionally delicious flavor and subtle nuances found in no ordinary dairy product in central Asia. Equine milk has important nutritional and therapeutic properties that can benefit the diet of the elderly, convalescent or newborn. Horse milk seems with regard to composition on milk of people. It has a sweet taste because it contains a lot of lactases. Beside that the taste is very gentle and a little watery in comparison with cow milk. Horse milk contains less casein than cow milk as a result of which it is better digestible. In this study, we investigated the composition, equine milk proteins, milk allergy and Homology between mammal species with horse.

The articulating surface of standard femoral knee component is as generic shape while every individual patient has a unique shape of knee joint and this is causes some problems. The Conventional femoral knee component gives a satisfactory result in many cases that carry the patient back to active lifestyle and near normal patient and especially for younger patients. Most patients' gaits are altered after a total knee replacement (TKR) due to the change in surface geometry of femoral implant. The main objective of this work is to design custom design implant as smooth-implant interface of femoral component to increase appropriate bone ingrowths and to prevent bone remodeling found in conventional knee implants, also this design maintain the articulating surface of femoral with tibial component and patellar component as natural knee to maintain the patients gait without altered. This custom design of femoral knee implant will provide better results for patients who have more active lifestyle and strenuous activities such as younger patients. The custom design was done by creating 3D models from computerized tomography (CT) scan data through computer segmentation using Materialise MIMICS software. Geomagic studio software was used in this work for smoothing, preparation of the model and convert STL file format to STEP format. The 3D model as STEP format then exported from Geomagic Studio to CAD design software such as solidworks (Solidworks, USA) for design on the femoral components of the implant. From 3D model of the femur, a custom knee implant femoral component was designed. Finite Element Analysis was used to examine and evaluate the stress distribution over the interface between the implant and femur bone. The custom design as smooth surface describe a more even stress distribution in the contact region between femur bone and implant. This stress will reduce the uneven bone remodeling; also reduce the risk of premature loosening of implant.

In most cases, sketch images simply show basic profile details and do not include facial detail. As a result, precisely generating facial features is difficult. Using the created adversarial network and attributes, we propose an image translation network. A feature extracting network and a down-sampling up-sampling network make up the generator network. There is a generator and a discriminator in GANs. The Generator creates fake data samples (images, audio, etc.

Background: Age is one of the essential factor in establishing the individuality and identity of a person in this world and it refers to a period of human life, measured by years from birth. The use of dental factor like radiographs which is simple, non-invasive and non-destructive method which actually can be employed for the estimation of the age. Aim: To evaluate applicability of Cameriere's method for assessing chronological age in children based on the relationship between age and measurement of open apices in tooth roots in an Indian sample. Objectives: 1) Assessment of chronological age of children by measuring the open apices of either the right or left lower erupted and non-erupted teeth in children of Indian population 2) Assessment of correlation between chronological age and estimated dental age using cameriere's formula. Material and Methods: The study group comprised of 100 children of age ranging between 5-15 years, which included 50 boys and 50 girls subjected for digital panoramic radiographic technique and the images were recorded on computer files, which were processed using computer Digora compatible software DfW 2.6.All measurements were carried out by the same observer using cameriere et al formula. Results: After a thorough statistical analysis, the results showed that there was no significance difference between estimated age and the actual age of the patient. Conclusion: The results of the study suggested the feasibility of the cameriere s method for age estimation on Indian population in a set sample.

Introduction: Today, in many countries, the massage is used as a complementary therapy to reduce stress. In this study we evaluate the effect of reflexologic massage in comparison with stroke massage on physiological parameters of myocardial infarction patients. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was performed in 2012 on 105 patients who were randomly divided into three groups: reflexologic massage, stroke massage and control groups (each group with 35 patients). In the intervention groups each patient took massages for 15 minutes in morning and afternoon in one day. Vital signs and arterial O 2 saturation were measured before and after the massage by blood pressure cuff, thermometer, and pulse oxymeter. Paired T test and χ 2 test were used to analyze data Results: in stroke massage group, significant differentiation evaluated in oxygen saturation and with (p =0.002) in morning and afternoon in a day. No significant differences in blood oxygen saturation were seen in both reflexive massage group and control group. Conclusion: stroke massages is effective on blood oxygen saturation and it's so helpful for this patients.

The main purpose of the study was to analyse various aspects of open access journals in the field of health and medicine registered in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). The data were collected from the DOAJ and websites (homepages) of the health and medicine journals, in the month of December 2017. The quantitative method was applied for data analysis to reveal the findings. The results reveal that open access journals in the field of health and medicine are increasing at an exponential rate and currently, 636 health and medicine journals are registered in the DOAJ. These journals are published from the seventy five (75) countries by more than two hundred (200) publishers in the twenty six (26) languages of the world. The maximum number of journals is published from the United Kingdom (81, 12.74%), by the BioMed Central (44, 6.92%), and in the English language (565, 88.83%). The results also reveal that the majority of the health and medicine journals (396, 62.26%) does ...

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopment disorder that deals with the antisocial behavior of the patient, verbal or nonverbal communication in first three year of birth, with lack of emotional understanding of patient as well as other and also do not point toward thing patient wants. Person suffering from ASD also suffer with seizures and half epileptic seizures as well. The patient also has Restricted, repetitive behavior, interests, or activities. The study for ASD describes that there are three type of ASD • Rett syndrome • Asperger's Syndrome. • Pervasive Development Disorder. The etiology explains that ASD is not single disorder it comes with multiple functional disorder. Single gene mutation also responsible for development disorder as well. Development disorder due to single gene mutation the X chromosome become very fragile and leads to various number of brain and development disorders. In diagnosis which doctor depend upon the behaviors of the patient, the patient...

The Mucous Recirculation Syndrome is a possible cause of chronic rhinosinusitis. It is a condition of abnormal circuit of mucous that comes out of a paranasal sinus through the natural ostium but that will enter again into the sinus cavity through an accessory ostium. The Mucous Recirculation Syndrome is usually diagnosed through nasal endoscopy. We described a case in which endoscopic evaluation was not enough for diagnosis because of the particular shape of the nasal septum which prevented exploration from the middle meatus. CT 3D cone beam (CBCT), conversely, give a comprehensive vision of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity allowing us to achieve a diagnosis. It is the first cases in literature that describes the use of CBCT in study of lateral nasal wall.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi kelayakan protokol media kontras volume rendah dengan menggunakan 100 kV dalam prosedur CT angiografi pada aorta. Metodologi Penelitian Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian eksperimen. Kemudian subjek dibagi menjadi 3 grup, yaitu thoracic aorta (grup 1), abdominal aorta (grup 2), dan combined thoracic-abdominal aorta (grup 3). Pemindaian dilakukan dengan menggunakan protokol MDCT (Multidetector CT) standar pada 100 kV. Bolus 50 ml CM (Iopromid 300 mg Iodine/ml) pada laju aliran 6 ml/s diterapkan (IDR Yodium Rp = 1,8 g/s; Iodine load 15 g) diikuti dengan bolus saline 40 ml pada kecepatan aliran yang sama. Time scan delay ditentukan dengan metode tes bolus. Semua data yang terkumpul dalam penelitian ini kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis kuantitatif menggunakan metode ANOVA satu arah, dan analisis kualitatif. ANOVA adalah sebuah analisis statistik yang berfungsi untuk membandingkan rata-rata populasi untuk mengetahui perbedaan signifikan dari dua atau lebih kelompok data. Data yang terkumpul diproses menggunakan perangkat lunak IBM SPSS versi 20. Sampel Penelitian Pada penelitian ini subjek terdiri dari 77 pasien yang memiliki indikasi untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan CT Angiografi dengan presentase gender 90% laki-laki dan 10% perempuan, dengan rentang usia antara 34-85 tahun menggunakan teknik populasi. Indikasi untuk CTA adalah evaluasi pre-operasi, EVAR atau tindak lanjut operasi aorta terbuka, aneurisma aorta, iskemia, pencarian sumber emboli paru, tindak lanjut bila ditemukan tumor paru, dan beberapa pemeriksaan lain dilakukan dengan tanpa adanya indikasi tertentu seperti yang disebutkan diatas.

Radiocontrast-induced thyroid dysfunction prevalence has not been assessed accurately. It is greater among patients with pre-existing thyroid disease. Aim of this work to investigate effect of iodinated radiographic contrast media used in coronary angiography on the thyroid function in euthyroid patients. This study was conducted on 85 patients underwent elective coronary angiography. Baseline assessment of Free Thyroxine (FT4) and Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) for the patients and three months later after Coronary Angiography. We observed that there was a statistically significant increase of TSH levels from baseline till 3 months following administration of contrast media (P-value=0.007). However, there was no statistical significant difference of Free T4 level from baseline till 3 (P-value=0.765). The incidence of increased TSH above normal range was 2.4% after 3 months ( 2 subclinical hypothyroidism cases). We noticed that there were no effect of age, gender, hypertension, d...

Background Dysmenorrhea is defined as the cramping pain accompanying menstruation. It is further classified into two types based on pathophysiology write one line about the types Primary dysmennorhea is widely prevalent in the general population. More than 50% of teenagers and 30-50% of menstruating women suffer from varying symptoms, such as, uterine cramps, nausea,backache, diarrhoea, giddiness, syncope and fainting. (1). Apart from pharmacological treatment physical exercises have been suggested as non pharmacological treatment. It is seen that exercises have analgesic effect in a non specific way. Various forms of exercise (for.eg. Yoga and physiotherapy) have shown different results in pain relief and premenstrual syndrome. Exercise have been shown as preventive measures as well. K taping is considered as an adjunct to physiotherapy treatment. (1) OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the effectiveness of yoga poses along with k-taping in primary dysmenorrhea. 2. To assess the effectiveness of physiotherapy exercises along with k-taping in primary dysmenorrhea. 3. To compare the effectiveness of yoga poses v/s physiotherapy exercises along with kinesio taping (KT) in primary dysmenorrhea MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: This was a quasi experimental study that included 30 female participants who were suffering from dysmenorrhea. The subjects were randomly divided in to 2 groups; subjects in group A were given physiotherapy exercises and Kinesiotaping and group B were given yoga postures. These interventions were given on the first and second day of menstruation. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The study concludes that both yogic postures and physiotherapy exercises helped in immediate reduction of symptoms in primary dysmennorhea. However, none of the treatment was considered superior.

Background: Brain injury provides a significant percentage of, preventable deaths '' in trauma, makes threaten in the highest degree the survival chance leads to definitive impairment of the brain functions, generates traumatic disability and concomitant lesion associations. Purpose of the paper is to highlight specific diagnosis but also management and evolution medical issues that each of the two lesion types generates and which can lead to misdiagnosis symptoms and signs. We focused on the specific ways trough abdominal and brain injury interacts each other to produce a traumatic complex evolving and adding secondary traumatic effects In the same time we aimed to distinguish very particular emergency approach standards to minimize the risks of worsening evolution The method of study: We analyzed 398 patients assisted by the prehospital teams related to ED County Hospital Craiova (2009 – 2012) with different association of multiple trauma lesions but significant abdominal and brain trauma association Conclusions: 1. Clinical examination data are difficult to analyze in the presence of altered mental status and paraclinically resources must be widespread or systematic used. 2. Cervical spine lesions or spinal shock hide most significantly clinical abdominal signs. 3. Neurogenic shock can create confusion in the hemorrhagic shock interpretation. 4. Secondary brain injury is maintained or worsening by the presence of shock, but overcorrection of those to. 5. General anesthesia should be early considered in tactics, techniques and means custom, which has undeniable benefits in combating shock and brain protection 6. Temperature control should be considered

Background and Aim : Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common comorbidities in HIV-positive patients with CD4+ T lymphocytes below 200 cells/μl. Toxoplasmosis with encephalitis may affect HIV infection, in particular in patients with developing AIDS. Early diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis reduces the mortality rate in HIV-positive people. The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in HIV-positive patients in Khartoum, Sudan using serological and molecular methods. Methods : This was a descriptive cross sectional, hospital based study, blood sample were collected from 100 participants; out of them were 50 HIV/AIDS patients and 50 were healthy Blood donors attending HIV Center -Omdurman Hospital, and Sudan Heart Center blood bank respectively. Socio- demographic data were collected by structured questionnaire. Of the 50 HIV/AIDS patients, 25 (50%) were from each gender, their age ranged between 22 and 62 with mean of 39.5+10.69. They were classified into two age groups; from 22 to 42 years, and from 43 to 62 years, and their distribution was 29 (58%), and 21 (42%) respectively. According to the clinical stage they were classified into the four clinical-stage groups and their distribution was as following: 06 (12.0%) in stage 1, 02 (04%) in stage 2, 40 (80.0%) in stage 3, and 02 (04.0%) in stage 4. Twelve of them (22%) were under ART treatments. The 50 blood donors on their hand were all males, their age was ranged between 18 and 42 years old. Regarding their educatio, 15 (30%) were educated, while the remaining 35 (70%) were none educated. Mentioning their marital status 10 (20%) were married, while 40 (80%) were single. Regarding the contact with cats 25 (50%) has contact with cats. All samples collected were tested for anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies by ELISA, and by PCR for detection of Toxoplasma DNA.. Results: Out of the 50 HIV/AIDS patients; Anti-Toxoplasma IgM was detected in two patients (04%), while IgG was detected in 08 (16%) patients, the Toxoplasma DNA was detected in three (06%) patients.Regarding the blood donors group; all studied blood donors showed negative results for anti-toxoplasma IgM, while 16 (32%) showed positive anti-Toxoplasma IgG.No blood donors sample was detected positive for Toxoplasma DNA with PCR. There were no significant differences in comparison between the blood donors and the HIV/AIDS patients regarding serological and molecular toxoplasma test results. Conclusion : The current study showed a relatively high seroprevalance of anti-T.gondii IgG and low IgM antibodies in HIV-positive patients in comparison with previous studies in Sudan. Considering the relatively high seroprevalance rate of toxoplasma infection in blood donors reported in this study, toxoplasmosis should be considered as a significant transfusion risk.

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopment disorder that deals with the antisocial behavior of the patient, verbal or nonverbal communication in first three year of birth, with lack of emotional understanding of patient as well as other and also do not point toward thing patient wants. Person suffering from ASD also suffer with seizures and half epileptic seizures as well. The patient also has Restricted, repetitive behavior, interests, or activities. The study for ASD describes that there are three type of ASD • Rett syndrome • Asperger's Syndrome. • Pervasive Development Disorder. The etiology explains that ASD is not single disorder it comes with multiple functional disorder. Single gene mutation also responsible for development disorder as well . Development disorder due to single gene mutation the X chromosome become very fragile and leads to various number of brain and development disorders. In diagnosis which doctor depend upon the behaviors of the patient, the patient does not make any eye contact and some associated behavior also include repetitive behavior, hand flapping. The major due to ASD is epileptic attack because of loss of white matter in brain.

Autologous fat transfer is a technique widely used in cosmetic surgery to correct folds of the face. Autologous fat possesses many qualities of ideal filler, including its lack of immunogenicity, abundant supply, relatively low cost and potential for durable results, however, there exists a controversy concerning the optimal donor sites, the optimal techniques of harvesting, processing, injecting fat into the recipient sites and graft survival. In recent years there has been a renewed interest and more widespread clinical use of fat grafts in Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, however, the scientific literature offers very few studies when concerning its use in the maxillofacial region. The aim of this scientific review is to focus on resolving the controversies surrounding autologous fat transfer and to highlight its possible clinical applications in the field of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.

Aim: To determine the causes of sudden deaths while asleep and in motion (activity). Materials & Method: Two cases of middle aged male Negroid adults were autopsied and analyzed in the department of anatomic pathology for the cause of sudden death at rest and in activity-while eating. Results: They were both found to be class 1(one) and 3(three) obsessed with estimated BMI's of 43.5kg/m 2 and 50.6kg/m 2 respectively. The major features were on the cardiovascular as both had a massive cardiomegaly of 900 gm/500gms respectively. (Normal for normal adult male of 75kg weight:300-350gms). This feature was compromised with other lesions like florid arteriomatous plaques. Conclusion: We found to our opinion that both died of hypertensive cardiovascular diseases following long standing hypertension though with good management but lack of compliance on the patients side.

Work related psychological stressors are known to affect the body functions through physiological processes, and influence mental health as well as physical health. Yoga is the most efficient non pharmacological measure and scientific method for the prevention and control of mind and all its fluctuations. Therefore, present study was conducted to evaluate motor function responses to one month yogic breathing practices of persons who underwent work related psychological stressors. Twelve female subjects between 25 to 45 years (average 36.2-4.2), who had no history of other major illnesses, were selected for the study. At the initial visit, a detailed medical history and symptomatic evaluation was done. This group had a higher rate of respiration and irregular breath pattern, increased heart rate and slightly elevated blood pressure with symptoms of stress and anxiety. The heart rate, respiratory rate and pattern, body weight, blood pressure and blood glucose level were recorded. Parameters were assessed at the beginning and end of the month. These patients showed a significant decrease of heart rate, respiratory rate, diastolic blood pressure, blood sugar level and body weight and highly significant in increasing baseline breathing holding time. There were significantly reducing various stress symptoms observed after the therapy. These results suggest that the selected breathing technique have a marked stimulating effect on parasympathetic nerve system or relaxing effect on sympathetic nervous system.

The outbreak of COVID-19 in China has affected the lives of many. It has not only affected the people economically/ professionally but even mentally and emotionally. Level of anxiety and its association with social media exposure among middle-aged adults was assessed during this outbreak, there was excess use of social media which can increase the anxiety. Objectives of the study were: To assess the levels of anxiety and social media exposure, to identify the co-relation between levels of anxiety and social media exposure and to associate the levels of anxiety and the social media exposure with selected demographic variables during COVID outbreak among middle aged adults. A correlational study design was employed on 35 middle aged adults at rural area of Tirupati by using Nonprobability Convenient Sampling technique. The level of anxiety was assessed using a standard GAD-7 scale and social media exposure was assessed by using a structured questionnaire. The results were out of 35 sample 11.40% had mild anxiety, 40% had moderate anxiety, 42.90% had moderate severe anxiety and 5.70% had severe anxiety (31.9±3.03) and 91.40% had average social media exposure and 8.60% had above average social media exposure (10.2±3.54). Based on the obtained findings this study demonstrated that there is moderate positive correlation between the level of anxiety and social media exposure. There is correlation between the level of anxiety and social media exposure with the demographic variables. There is significant association between the health status with level of anxiety and with social media exposure at p<0.05 level.

Objective: The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common complication of a variety of illnesses and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It develops following a number of predisposing conditions. Ketoconazole can modulate inflammatory pathways known to be involved in ARDS. The aim of this study was to investigate, Ketoconazole effect for the prevention of the ARDS. Material and Methods: In the Loghman Hakim's Hospital of Tehran, Iran (study hospital), we investigated ketoconazole effect in the prevention of the ARDS as clinical trial. Patients were placed into two groups receiving oral ketoconazole and placebo. Finally, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Version 11.5). Results: There was no significant difference between two groups (receiving ketoconazole and placebo) in terms of sexual distribution. Also, there were no significant differences between them in terms of age groups mean and duration mean of ICU stay. Conclusion: Data related to present study do not support the use of ketoconazole for the prevention of ARDS in Iran.

Purpose: Critical evaluation with respect to intraoperative and postoperative complications, visual outcome and cost effectiveness in a 4mm small incision cataract surgery by phacofracture with MVR blade and conventional SICS. Methods: 300 patients were divided into two groups 150 each. Patients had grade I-IV nuclear sclerosis and were operated under peribulbar anesthesia. 4 mm scleral tunnel made 2mm behind limbus. Capsulorhexis done, Hydrodissection done. Nucleus prolapsed in anterior chamber. Viscoelastic injected behind and in front of nucleus. Wire vectis passed through the main incision below the nucleus to stabilize it 20G MVR blade was introduced from 11O'clock and pierced through nucleus substance.MVR blade pressed against wire vectis and nucleus was bisected into two halves. The fragmented nucleus halves removed through main incision. Cortical wash was given and foldable IOL was implanted. Results: Out of 300 patients 1.03% had grade I cataract, 20.05% had Grade II, 55.01% had Grade III and 24.04% had Grade IV. Commonest intraoperative complication was iridodialysis and extended rhesix, while post operatively striate keratopathy and cystoids macular edema were noted. There was no significant difference noted between the two groups. Also the surgically induced astigmatism was assessed post operatively and keratometric readings compared between the two groups. There was no statistical difference between the two groups in term of induced astigmatism. Conclusions: Micro MSICS is more cost effective, with no major complications, similar post operative astigmatism, provides early rehabilitation & good visual recovery with short learning curve.

Outsourcing is an inclusive, diversely defined term, which refers
to transfer of executive or financial control of institutions owned
by the government to the private sector. The purpose of the present
study  was  to  study  the  advantages  and  challenges  of  medical
outsourcing and, more specifically, outsourcing of medical records
and  the  employed  information  technology.  The  study  was
conducted  according  to  descriptive-comparative  method  on  the
advantages  and  challenges  of  medical  outsourcing  and  the
employed information technology in 2012-2013. The data were
gathered from information sources, articles, books, journals, and
reliable websites on technology development and the advantages
and challenges of medical outsourcing in the health area. Findings
indicated  that  factors  such  as  cost  decrease,  improvement  of
production process and productivity, quality increase, promotion
of customer’s satisfaction were included among the advantages of
outsourcing.  But  general medical  outsourcing  has undergone  a
slower growth compared to other types of outsourcing. For low
income countries, a prerequisite for successful outsourcing was
indeed creation of an environment, in which private sector could
function effectively.

Work related psychological stressors are known to affect the body functions through physiological processes, and influence mental health as well as physical health. Yoga is the most efficient non pharmacological measure and scientific method for the prevention and control of mind and all its fluctuations. Therefore, present study was conducted to evaluate motor function responses to one month yogic breathing practices of persons who underwent work related psychological stressors.  Twelve female subjects  between 25 to 45 years (average 36.2 – 4.2), who  had no history of other major illnesses, were selected for the study. At the initial visit, a detailed medical history and symptomatic evaluation was done. This group had a higher rate of respiration and irregular breath pattern, increased heart rate and slightly elevated blood pressure with symptoms of stress and anxiety. The heart rate, respiratory rate and pattern, body weight, blood pressure and blood glucose level were recorded....

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a valuable life saving intervention, which can improve the nutritional status of hospitalized malnourished patients. PN is associated with complications including hyperglycemia. This study was conducted to compare two methods of blood glucose control in traumatic brain injury patients who are on PN.

Materials & Methods:This study is a randomized , open-label, controlled clinical trial with blinded end assessment. This study was done in the surgical intensive care unit of Beni-Suef University hospital after obtaining approval from the ethical committee of the Institution and obtaining consent from relatives of the patients involved in the study. Seventy critically ill patients were choosen randomly according to the inclusion criteria from cases admitted to Beni-suef university hospital, then divided into two groups randomly:

Group ? (Intensive insulin therapy):35 patients received continuous insulin infusion to maintain glucose levels between 4.4mmol/l (80 mg/dl) and 6.6mmol/l (110 mg/dl).

Group ?? (Conventional therapy):35patients not received insulin unless glucose levels greater than 10 mmol/l (>180 mg/dl).

Results: In our study, it was shown that mean glucose concentration were significantly lower in IIT group vs conventional group. No hypoglycemic episode occurred in two groups. Triglyceride and C-reactive protein was decreased in the IIT group, significantly. There were also significant differences in the electrolytes, with magnesium and phosphorus being lower in the IIT group.

Conclusion: In this study, Intensive insulin group improved some of parenteral such as hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and electrolyte imbalances compared to Conventional insulin group.

Objective: To provide an insight to the level of compliance of contact lens users, which in turn would be helpful for the optometrist and eye specialist to concentrate on major areas of non-compliance while dispensing the lens. Materials and Methods: One hundred and forty-five soft contact lens wearers with an age range of 16-66 years were selected conveniently from the contact lens clinic, Tehran, Iran. All participants acquired their lenses from clinicians. After receiving informed consent from the participants, to assess the level of compliance, the patients were requested to complete a questionnaire. Results: The mean (±SD) age of the contact lens users was 27.16 ±6.09 years. Out of 145participants, only 6 (4.1%) of the lens users were identified to be compliant with the least level of compliance observed in the maintenance of lens care accessories. The age, gender and years of experience in contact lens use did not show any statistically significant difference in the level of compliance. Conclusion: The data reveal that non-compliance with lens care procedures among our contact lens wearers is common. The study showed that all patients had the least level of compliance and some degree of non-compliance was seen in the care of lens accessories. Whereas; approaches aimed at improving compliance with lens care practices are needed.

Blindness due to corneal scarring is one of the leading causes of treatable blindness. Full thickness penetrating keratoplasty is still considered to be the most acceptable surgical method, keeping this in mind and with the Purpose To study visual outcome after penetrating keratoplasty and to evaluate intra and post operative complications and to study the various factors which influences the graft survival. In our study we have operated 32 eyes of 32 patients and they were studied over 24 month's period. Patient with all types of corneal opacity, Keratoconus and Failed corneal transplant were considered for optical keratoplasty. At the end of 24 months we found that Out of 32 patient's male to female ratio was 2.2:1.Mean age was 47 ±12 years. Most common indication was corneal scar (43.75) most common preoperative risk factor for graft failure was vascularised recipient cornea (28.12%). Good quality graft (2+) had better survival rate (83.33%) and better visual prognosis (81.8%).Small graft size had better survival rate (78.57%) Young donor below 50 years of age, graft survival rate was 87%.Most common intra-operative complication was suture related difficulties (28.12%). Postoperative corneal graft edema was commonest complication (57%) Total 34.36% of patients gained vision ≥ 6/24. 37.5% patients between 4/60-6/60. Total graft survival rate was 71.87%.Total corneal graft failure rate was 28.13%.Conclusions: Full thickness Penetrating Keratoplasty gives satisfactory visual outcome .Pre-operative evaluation of donor corneas & recipient eyes is important. Post operative follow up is recommended.

Aim: The study was intended to determine the prevalence of HPV subtypes in patients with oral leukoplakia & assess the possible correlation between HPV and dysplastic changes in oral leukoplakia. Materials and Methods: Research was carried out in 25 patients with oral leukoplakia. HPV DNA was determined in incisional biopsy specimens by PCR and HPV subtypes by direct DNA sequencing. Results: Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS version 20.0. HPV DNA was detected in 15 patients (60%) out of 25 leukoplakia patients. HPV 16 and 18 were detected in 8 patients (32%), HPV 18 was detected in 6 patients (24%) and HPV16 alone was detected in 1patient (4%). 10 patients (40%) were negative for HPV DNA. There was a statistical significant correlation between HPV DNA and degree of dysplasia (p value 0.037). Conclusion: An increased prevalence of HPV infection was found in oral leukoplakia; It was observed that HPV might play a crucial role in malignant transformation of potentially malignant lesion like oral leukoplakia.

Source:
University of Bonn Professor Alexander Pfeifer
Summary:
The number of overweight persons is greatly increasing worldwide - and, as a result, is the risk of suffering a heart attack, stroke, diabetes or Alzheimer's disease. For this reason, many people dream of an efficient method for losing weight. Scientists have now come one step closer to this goal. The scientists discovered a new way to stimulate brown fat and thus burn energy from food: The body's own adenosine activates brown fat and "browns" white fat.

Alveolar bone provides structural supports to teeth. The outer and inner compact bone are formed by osteons, the basic structure of cortical bone, with a central vertical Haversian canal and rings forming a lamellar bone (bundle or alveolar bone). The central cancellous bone is the spongiosa (spongy bone). Bundles of collagen fibers (Sharpey’s fibers) provide attachment of the root to bone. Perforating Volkmann’s canals, limiting the inner bone are forming “the cribliform plate”. Oriented horizontally, the plate contains blood vessels and nerves issued from the periosteum. Alveolar bone associates intramembranous and endochondral bones. Mesenchymal stem cells (osteoprogenitor cells) initiate bone mineralization including a differentiation cascade. Alveolar bone includes pre-osteoblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and bone lining cells, all these cells being derived from hematopoietic stem cells. The alveolar bone extracellular matrix (ECM) includes collagens, elastins, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, small leucine-rich proteoglycans, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (phosphorylated SIBLINGs) (DSPP [fragmented after cleavage into dentin sialoprotein, dentin glycoprotein, and dentin phosphoprotein], phosphorylated proteins such as bone sialoprotein, matrix extracellular phosphorylated protein (MEPE), and osteopontin], non-collagenous non-phosphorylated proteins (osteonectin), serum derived proteins (α2-HS-glycoprotein, and albumin), specific and non-specific alkaline phosphatase, metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs -1 to -4) and enzymes that regulate components of the alveolar bone. Osteoclasts are stimulating osteoclastogenesis, and consequently bone remodeling. ECM molecules are involved in bone mineralization or acting as mineralization inhibitors. The major functions of the alveolar bone are the following

Providing structural support to teeth (Sharpey’s fibers)
Act as mechanosensor
Supply vascular nutrition and innervation, releasing neuromediators to the periodontal ligament
Communicate with cells on the bone surface and with marrow cells
Regulate blood-calcium and phosphate metabolism. Interactions between integrins-dependent extracellular molecules and bone cells are essential for bone formation and resorption. Studies have addressed the importance of the lacunocanalicular system and the pericellular fluid for the adaptation of bone to mechanical forces.