Population Development

J Korean Med Assoc 2008; 51(8): 764 -769 C limate changes, particularly global warming, are attributable to human activities, mainly fossil fuel burning which releases greenhouse gases such as CO 2 . The emissions of CO 2 continue to rise, and climate models project 1.1°C to 6.4°C rise of average surface temperature over the 21 st century. Health effects from global warming range from increased mortality by extreme weather, floods, and storms to increase of diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and diarrhea. Korea is not immune to health impacts from global warming. Data on daily temperature of Seoul in 1994 showed a clear association with daily mortality. Rise of sea and surface temperatures also indicates possibility of increase in infectious diseases in Korea. Concentrations of ambient pollutants, particularly ozone, were shown to be associated with surface temperature. Therefore, we are already in the influence of climate change. Adaptation strategy to climate changes is basically a matter of public health. Well-prepared programs for responding to climate changes will minimize health risks. The most effective responses are strengthening of the key functions of environmental management, surveillance, and response to natural disasters and changes of disease patterns associated with global warming. We need to intensify our efforts in preventive public health, and ensure sustainable development and protection of ecosystem for human health.

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This article assesses the efficacy of the strategy of immigration control implemented by the US government since 1993 in reducing illegal entry attempts, and documents some of the unintended consequences of this strategy, especially a sharp increase in mortality among unauthorized migrants along certain segments of the Mexico–US border. The available data suggest that the current strategy of border enforcement has resulted in rechanneling flows of unauthorized migrants to more hazardous areas, raising fees charged by people-smugglers, and discouraging unauthorized migrants already in the US from returning to their places of origin. However, there is no evidence that the strategy is deterring or preventing significant numbers of new illegal entries, particularly given the absence of a serious effort to curtail employment of unauthorized migrants through worksite enforcement. An expanded temporary worker program, selective legalization of unauthorized Mexican workers residing in the United States, and other proposals under consideration by the US and Mexican governments are unlikely to reduce migrant deaths resulting from the current strategy of border enforcement.

censuses. (Census data, along with household surveys, are still the main sources of population statistics in the three countries. The editors call the failure of these statist administrations over the last 60 years to have developed effective vital registration systems a fiasco.) The country-specific chapters present the meat of the volume, combining careful appraisal of data quality with analysis of the substantive trends revealed and attention to within-country heterogeneity. These are supplemented by chapters comparing the three countries on each of the conference topics, and an introduction by the editors giving a fuller comparative account. While the broad picture of Asia's demographic transformation is familiar, many of the details may not be. On fertility, the contributors deviate from both official country estimates and those of the UN Population Division. China's 2010 fertility rate is held to be no higher than 1.5 and probably lower, with a further downward trend by no means ruled out. Provincial fertility differences are narrowing. The Indonesian fertility decline is seen as having stalled at 2.2 with the level even rising slightly since 2002. And India, in a simulation exercise essayed by Guilmoto, drops past 2.5 in 2010 and continues falling to replacement level within this decade-and well below that level in subsequent years. Some part of these declines is attributable to sometimes forceful government intervention, though perhaps a smaller part than is typically assumed. The editors note, for example, that "the decrease in fertility rates was not more rapid in China after 1980-when the one-child policy was implementedthan in India or Indonesia." On mortality, the bottom line is that life expectancy in China is about 5 years longer than in Indonesia and 10 years longer than in India, the same ranking, though with narrower differences, that existed in the early 1950s. The contributing authors are well-known demographers from the region.

The Fates of Human Societies 1060L By Jared Diamond, adapted by Newsela Jared Mason Diamond (1937-) is an American scientist and author whose work draws from a variety of fields. He is currently a professor of geography and of physiology at UCLA.

Post-reproductive longevity is a robust feature of human life and not only a recent phenomenon caused by improvements in sanitation, public health and medical advances. We argue for an adaptive lifespan of 65-75 years for modern Homo sapiens based on our analysis of mortality profiles obtained from small-scale hunter-gatherer and horticultural populations from around the world. We compare patterns of survivorship across the lifespan, rates of senescence, modal ages at adult death and causes of death. We attempt to reconcile our results with those derived from paleodemographic studies that characterize prehistoric human lives as "nasty, brutish and short", and with observations of recent acculturation among contemporary subsistence populations. We integrate information on age-specific dependency and resource production to help explain the adaptive utility of longevity in humans from an evolutionary perspective.

The issue of remarriages is one of the important aspects of the demographic development of pre-modern societies, to which, however, Czech historiography devotes relatively little attention. The study compares the situation in two socially and economically different South Bohemian parishes at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. On the example of the regional metropolis of České Budějovice, the surrounding villages and the purely rural areas around Nový Rychnov, the study tries to contribute to the clarification of some aspects of palingam marriages at the turn of the old and the new demographic regime, with the help of quantitative analysis of registers of marriages. It focuses primarily on the frequency of second marriages and the age of widowed fiancés and their counterparts.

This paper develops a general equilibrium model of fertility and human capital investment with young adult mortality. Parents maximize expected utility producing a precautionary demand for children. Because young adult mortality is negatively related to average young adult human capital, human capital accumulation lowers mortality, inducing a demographic transition and an industrial revolution. Data confirm the model prediction that young adult mortality affects human capital investments. The model prediction of a positive relationship between infant mortality and young adult mortality is confirmed. Further, the data indicate a negative relationship between total factor productivity growth and accumulation of schooling. The model fits the data on world and country populations, per capita incomes, age at entry into the labor force, total fertility rates, infant mortality, life expectancy, and conditional life expectancy.

Many studies have sought to gauge the impact of population growth on economic growth. A well-known stylized fact of this literature is that the estimated effects of population growth measures on economic growth are not robust, varying between being positive, negative, and insignificantly different from zero. The present study analyzes 471 statistical regressions from 29 prominent economic growth studies using meta-regression analysis to identify the effect of alternative methodologies on key population growth results. This study finds that a broad set of methodological factors explains more than half of the variation in the population growth effects observed from this literature, including the types of variables used to measure population growth, the countries selected, the time frame of the analysis, and the nature of the control variables specified. The study also yields results that have implications for policymakers, especially insofar as several policy factors seem to influence the population change–economic growth nexus. Particularly strong is the evidence in support of the increasingly adverse effects of population growth in the post-1980 period, suggesting that demographic issues should warrant greater attention than they currently receive from the policymaking community.

Resumen El primer capítulo ofrece un breve análisis diacrónico de la producción de dinero local en México, tanto dentro del marco de la economía solidaria como fuera de ella, que a su vez incluye una breve exposición del surgimiento de este fenómeno en otras partes del mundo. En el capítulo II se encuentra una historia de la propuesta del túmin, la cual abarca desde sus antecedentes hasta lo que fue la quinta asamblea abierta del túmin en el municipio de Papantla a principios de febrero de 2013. En el capítulo III se resumen los aspectos que involucran el ejercicio del túmin como experimento dentro de la economía solidaria en México, y se incluyen algunas de las diferencias entre el túmin y la moneda convencional. En el cuarto apartado se desarrolla una exposición de las motivaciones e intereses de los participantes. Asimismo, se diseño un conjunto de categorías las cuales van desde la participación social hasta la económica dentro del proyecto. Algunas de las condiciones internas y externas del túmin como ejercicio de economía solidaria en México son el objeto de estudio del capítulo V y, finalmente, en el capítulo VI se plantean los aprendizajes en cuanto a la produccion de dinero local obtenidos a partir de este trabajo. El Túmin Un Experimento de Dinero Local en México He first chapter offers a brief analysis diachronic of the production of money local in Mexico, both within the frame of the economy solidarity as out of she, that to his time includes a brief exhibition of the emergence of this phenomenon in other parts of the world. In chapter II is a history of the proposal of the Thummim, which ranges from their backgrounds to what was the fifth open Assembly of the Thummim in the municipality of Papantla in early February 2013. Chapter III summarizes the aspects involving the exercise of the Thummim as an experiment within the solidarity economy in Mexico, and are some of the differences between the conventional currency and the Thummim. In the fourth paragraph is develops an exhibition of them motivations and interests of those participating. Also, design a set of categories which range from social participation to the economic part of the project. Some of the internal and external conditions of the Thummim as exercise of solidarity economy in Mexico are the object of study of chapter V and, finally, in chapter VI raised learning regarding the production of local money obtained from this work.

Changes in economic and social life throughout the world during the next 25 years will be closely related to changes in the status and roles of women. In this book the author examines how women's roles are changing and the impact of this change on economic and social patterns. Chapter I 'identifies areas in which women have already gained increased responsibility and involvement, and states two reasons for the support of women's rights. The reasons are that

TO EXPLAIN CONTINUED partnership formation and childbearing in low-fertility contexts, most economic and rational-choice approaches to fertility and union formation assume that individuals derive "utility" from being in unions or having children (e.g., Becker 1981). 1 Decisions about fertility and union formation are based on the utility gains achieved by being in unions and/or having children as compared to the utility gains that are incurred from alternative allocations of resources, such as income or time, that are required to maintain partnerships and raise children. The basic implication of this conceptual framework can be empirically investigated. Several recent studies suggest that utility can be measured using information about subjective wellbeing or "happiness" (e.g., . If individuals (1) do not have systematic misconceptions about the benefits of partnerships and children and (2) make conscious and informed choices about the formation of partnerships and their level of fertility, one would expect that the relation "Partner + Children = Happiness" holds: individuals form unions or have children because these decisions increase their subjective well-being or "happiness."

This essay, written ten years after the first human death from avian influenza, reviews scientific, social, and policy aspects of pandemic influenza, and asks whether the near-crisis level of concern is justified. That there will be another influenza pandemic is certain, and a number of factors suggest it will occur sooner rather than later. It is impossible, however, to predict

of development thriving or imploding in the face of external or internal challenges, it is not really an integral part of his framework. This book and the larger enterprise of which it is a part are highly impressive contributions and well worth reading. By virtue of its ambitious collection and synthesis of published results to produce a time series of economic development for East and West from prehistory to the present, The Measure of Civilization raises the bar for future comparisons. My own belief is that Morris has the basic story right in terms of trends over time and East-West differences in social development. The explanations he offers for specific turning points in history are also entirely plausible. The primary limitation is in the reliance on social evolutionary theory and inattention to the role of social organization in his explanation of the differences between East and West that emerged in the nineteenth century and his extrapolation to the twenty-first century. It is time for sociologists, demographers, and political scientists to evaluate Morris's empirical claims and offer their own explanations.