Pollution De L'eau

Industrialization and urbanization are the main sources of pollutions worldwide and particularly in developing countries. This study aims the determination of anthropogenic inputs with trace metals in aquatic ecosystems at the Plain of Annaba (NE Algeria), which is known as one of the largest industrial areas in Africa. Samples of surface waters and upper sediments were conducted in six stations, four in Meboudja wadi and two in Seybouse wadi. Contents of iron, copper, chromium, nickel, zinc and manganese were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; whereas Cd and Pb were determined using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Measurements of Hg were carried out using atomic fluorescence. Spatiotemporal variations of metal concentrations were tested using generalized linear models (GLM), whereas the influence of water pollution on sediment contamination was tested with generalized additive models (GAM). Metal contents measured in surface water and sediments varied differently from upstream to downstream of the study wadis and between seasons. The results showed that the surface water was polluted with high levels of iron, nickel, chromium, lead and cadmium. Values of the contamination index revealed that the surface sediments were contaminated by iron, chromium, lead and cadmium. The GAMs indicated that water-phase metal concentrations had no significant effects on trace metal concentrations in the sediment. This suggest that seasonal metal concentrations in water phase, which are measured during the study period (2012) and are time-dependent, contribute increasingly and gradually over time – not immediately – to the accumulation of metals into the sediments. Therefore, the long-term accumulation of metals in the sediments resulted from the continuous discharges of metals in the water phase. The anthropogenic impacts are marked by high contaminations of Meboudja wadi particularly in downstream areas of the steel factory and the nearby industrial areas. The direct industrial discharges into the water and atmosphere (iron, lead, cadmium) as well as urban disposals and agricultural activities are at the origin of these contaminations.

Oil spill in Gulf was the biggest disaster in history. The scale of damage was enormous, ranging from destruction caused by oil fires and oil spills, to economic decline for the Kuwaiti oil industry. The transport modelling of the fresh water aquifers in north Kuwait was undertaken to assess potential remediation scenarios using the MODFLOW-SURFACT numerical code. Three inter-linked models were calibrated; flow, density (salinity) and transport. The model domain is a sub-regional area encompassing the Al-Raudhatain and Umm Al-Aish Basins. The time-variant salinity transport model was calibrated simultaneously with the transient groundwater flow system and this includes variably saturated flow and transport. This was done prior to proceeding to simulate contaminant hydrocarbon transport as the hydraulic gradients and flow directions (and storage volume) are significant controls on contaminant migration. The results depicted after 23 years and with respect to the total area of the fresh water body at Al-Raudhatain (55.2 km2) and Umm Al-Aish (37 km2), the areal extent of the total petroleum hydrocarbon plume is estimated to be 7.3 km2 and 8.7 km2 for the 0.1 mg/L contour respectively. This equates to total petroleum hydrocarbon impacting 13 % and 24 % of the Al-Raudhatain and Umm Al-Aish freshwater bodies respectively. The simulation indicated that even though total petroleum hydrocarbon loading was negligible in the centre of the Al-Raudhatain depression up until recent past, what has entered the groundwater system earlier from the contamination sources (pits, fringes and lakes) is still moving towards the freshwater lenses or is potentially undetected due to lack of optimal existing monitoring bore screen and depth installations (plume diving). Implying, the environment is to be the victim of war (Gulf Crisis). The ecological and economic full impact probably will not be realized in the near future.

URL:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2175/106143016X14798353399250

In agricultural transformations, small scale farmer driven processes interact with globally driven processes. Donor-led or foreign investor-led irrigation development systematically interacts with local, farmer-led irrigation development. This article harnesses Kopytoff's concept of 'interstitial frontier' to study such interactions. It discusses the shape an agricultural frontier may have and its interactions with local forms of water and land tenure. It discusses the manner in which changing access to water may spur the development of agricultural pioneer fronts. It distinguishes surface water driven, groundwater driven and wastewater driven agricultural frontiers. It then explores the manner such frontiers are transforming water tenure in the West Bank. This is an important aspect of the globalization of Palestinian society. The method this article develops is applicable elsewhere. Within interstitial frontiers, investors, whether local farmers or outsiders, enroll a globally maintained scientific discourse of efficient water use to secure donor funding. Meanwhile, they try developing clientelist ties with the authorities to secure their new access to water. The impacts on neighbouring, peasant-run irrigated systems, food security, housing security and many other mechanisms that sustain a society, are important and too often neglected.

Lors d'une transformation agricole, des processus impulsés par les petits agriculteurs interagissent avec des processus impulsés à l'échelle globale. Le développement de l'irrigation mené par un bailleur ou par un investisseur étranger interagit systématiquement avec le développement de l'irrigation mené par les agriculteurs locaux. Cet article utilise le concept de front pionnier interstitiel, développé par Kopytoff, afin d'étudier ce type d'interactions. Il discute de la forme que peut prendre un front pionnier agricole et de ses interactions avec les formes locales de tenure de l'eau et de tenure foncière. Il explore la façon dont la transformation de l'accès à l'eau peut mener au développement de fronts pionniers agricoles. Il distingue les fronts pionniers impulsés par l'eau de surface, de ceux impulsés par l'eau souterraine et de ceux impulsés par l'eau usée traitée. Il se penche sur la façon dont ces fronts pionniers transforment aujourd'hui la tenure de l'eau en Cisjordanie. Ceci constitue un aspect important de la globalisation de la société palestinienne. La méthode développée ici peut s'appliquer ailleurs. Au sein de fronts pionniers interstitiels, les investisseurs, qu'il s'agisse d'agriculteurs locaux ou d'étrangers, déploient un discours scientifique, construit et entretenu à l'échelle globale, concernant l'efficacité de la gestion et de l'utilisation de l'eau, afin d'obtenir le soutien des bailleurs. Ils tentent simultanément de développer des liens clientélistes avec les autorités pour sécuriser leur nouvel accès à l'eau. L'impact sur les systèmes d'irrigation paysans voisins, sur la sécurité alimentaire, la sécurité d'habitat et bien d'autres mécanismes fondamentaux au sein d'une société, est immense et trop souvent négligé.

En las transformaciones agrícolas, los procesos a pequeña escala orientados a agricultores, interactúan con los procesos a escala global. El desarrollo de irrigación por parte de donantes o inversionistas foràneos, interactúa sistemáticamente con el desarrollo local de irrigación de los agricultores. Este artículo emplea el concepto de “frontera intersticial” de Kopytoff para estudiar dichas interacciones. Se discute la forma que puede tener una frontera agrícola, así como sus interacciones con formas locales de la tenencia del agua y de la tierra. También se aborda la manera en que el cambiante acceso al agua puede estimular el desarrollo de nuevos frentes agrícolas. Se hace una distinción entre fronteras agrícolas determinadas por superficies de agua, por agua subterránea y por aguas residuales. Posteriormente se explora la manera en que tales fronteras están transformando la tenencia del agua en la Ribera Occidental. Todo esto es un importante aspecto de la globalización de la sociedad palestina. El método que desarrolla este artículo puede aplicarse en cualquier otro sitio. Dentro de las fronteras intersticiales, los inversionistas, sean agricultores locales o foràneos, se inscriben en un discurso científico de uso eficiente del agua para así asegurar financiamiento de donantes. Mientras tanto, ellos procuran desarrollar vínculos clientelares con las autoridades para asegurar un nuevo acceso al agua. Los impactos por la colindancia, sistemas de irrigación manejados por campesinos, seguridad alimentaria, seguridad de vivienda y muchos otros mecanismos que sostienen una sociedad son importantes y frecuentemente desatendidos.

Lack of waste management facilities from mountain region often lead to uncontrolled disposal of waste on river banks polluting the local environment and damaging the tourism potential. Geographical conditions influences the distribution of human settlements which are located along the rivers and its tributaries. This paper aims to estimate the amounts of household waste generated and uncollected disposed into mountain rivers, taking into account several factors such as:proximity of rivers to the human settlements, the morphology of villages, length of river that crosses the locality(built up areas), local population, the access to waste collection services and waste management infrastructure. Vulnerability of rivers to illegal dumping is performed using GIS techniques, highlighting the localities pressure on rivers in close proximity. For this purpose, it developed a calculation model for estimation the amounts of waste (kg) that are dumped on a river section (m) that crosses a locality (village) or it is in close proximity. This estimation is based on the "principle of proximity and minimum effort" it can be applied in any mountainous region that are lacking or partially access to waste collection services. It is an assessment tool of mountain rivers vulnerability to waste dumping, taking into account the geographical and demographic conditions of the study area. Also the current dysfunctions are analyzed based on field observations.