Plantation Management

The factors surrounding the ending of the British transAtlantic Trade in Africans in 1807 is arguably one of the most political topics in Caribbean historiography. This is so since the concept of morality is deeply embedded in the debate. The recent blockbuster movie, 'Amazing Grace' depicting William Wilberforce as an outstanding humanitarian who sought to abolish the sin of the trade in Africans is a good example of morality at work. Most revisionist historians of the Caribbean, such as, Lowell Ragatz, Eric Williams and Selwyn H.H. Carrington, are, however, critical of morality as the leading factor in the abolition of the trade in 1807. Instead, these scholars have argued convincingly that economics was the singular most important reason for the 1807 Abolition Bill. 1 This chapter extends this economic argument by examining the socioeconomic context of late 18 th and early nineteenth century Jamaica, at that time one of Britain's important sugar colonies. I will state categorically that the British authorities publicly used the rhetoric of morality because it was politically convenient in their campaign to end the trans Atlantic trade in enslaved Africans. However, in their private letters they urgently encouraged the Jamaican planters to alter the declining social and economic context of British Caribbean slavery. These British officials understood the immediacy of reforming the nature of slavery as practiced in the British Caribbean. They understood that the 'peculiar institution of slavery' had to become more cost effective and economically profitable. Thus, I will show that the alleged humanitarians drew heavily on sound economic arguments in tandem with their moral arguments in the campaign to end the trade in Africans. Interestingly, these humanitarians in Britain, which included a number of freed Africans, all understood the economic necessity of abolishing the trade. They all seemed to have been converts of Adam Smith's theory of Slave labour becoming more expensive to maintain. Economic Context: Adam Smith, one of the foremost 18 th century British economists concluded in his seminal work The Wealth of Nations, that labour by enSlave Smith's theory regarding the high cost of maintaining slave labour towards the close of the 18 th century seems to have been a reflection of a new economic paradigm by British 127

Large-scale plantation land concessions are causing an array of serious social and environmental impacts in Southeast Asia as well as in other parts of the world. This paper, however , is focused on the many challenges and limitations that plantation developers face in southern Laos and northeastern Cambodia. These include price and market constraints, activism linked to villagers and others actors, management and financial difficulties, environmental and technical limitations , and limited government support. Investor responses to these challenges and limitations have varied. Some investors still hope that their plantations will succeed, while others have variously attempted to cut their losses and withdraw from failing investments. In particular, this paper considers how problems associated with plantation development often emerge due to fluctuating crop prices as well as poor planning that partially stems from investors adopting a "resource frontier" mindset.

India is one of the richest countries in Bamboo population covering 12.8% of the total forest land of the country. However, the yield per hectare is dismally low due to poor management, unscientific exploitation and low investment in raising preferred bamboo species. Very little attention has been paid until now to the management of natural bamboo stands and to ensure sustained supply of this raw material that result in constraining and reducing the potential benefits and value of bamboo applications. The current demand of bamboo for various purposes is estimated at 26.69 million tonnes as against the supply of 13.47 million tonnes. The average per hectare annual productivity of bamboo in India is about 1 MT/ha which is much less than the world's average. Low per hectare yield indicates poor management of existing bamboo plantations in forest and non-forest areas. It has been shown in case of some species that intensive cultural operations and scientific management of bamboo pla...

Many areas in the qualitative research filed that invite potential reaction viz. stress, sacredness and threats from people, community, institutions, researchers and participant's. Such issues, researchers' call it as ―sensitive issues', When the researchers choose such sensitive research topics, which is circled around socio-cultural, psycho-social, managerial, individual or political scenarios, they have to face many ethical and administrative hurdles from the field of study. In this particular paper the researcher conducted a case study on issues of migrated plantation women laborers in tea estates of southern part of Idukki districts of Kerala, India. The issues of tea plantation labourers are quiet unique but rarely reported by the researchers or the media so far, though it is clearly visible to everyone and it is very sensitive to those who involved in it. By conducting this sensitive qualitative research, the researcher has multi faced objectives like, a) explore the issues of tea plantations labourers of one tea estate, b) understand the sensitivity issues of researchers, and c) correlate issues of qualitative research designs, with principles of ethics in appropriate data collection. The study discusses major dilemmas of a qualitative researcher and it envisages that the researcher must make use of conscious use of self and think outside the box rather than merely following the ethics and principle in-toto.

: India is one of the richest countries in bamboo population covering 12.8% of the total forest land of the country. However, the yield per hectare is dismally low due to poor management, unscientific exploitation and low investment in raising preferred bamboo species. The average per hectare annual productivity of bamboo in India is about 1 MT/ha which much less than the world’s average. Low yield indicates poor management of existing bamboo plantations in forest and non-forest areas. It has been shown in case of some species that intensive cultural operations and scientific management of bamboo plantations can produce much higher yield. Establishment and management aspects of bamboo plantations for enhanced productivity are discussed in this paper.