Optimize Yield

The experiment was carried out in order to study the effect of zinc and boron application on seeding transplanting multiplier onion CO(On)5 at different levels of both foliar and basal application. The treatment consist of soil application of zinc sulphate (5 kg ha-1 and 10 kg ha-1), Borax (5 kg ha-1 and 10 kg ha-1), foliar application of zinc sulphate (0.5% foliar) and Borax (0.25% foliar), zinc sulphate (5 kg soil + 0.5% foliar), zinc sulphate (10 kg ha-1 soil + 0.5% foliar), borax (5 kg ha-1 soil + 0.25% foliar), borax (10 ha-1 kg soil + 0.25% foliar) and control without micronutrient, replicated thrice in a randomized block design. Results were found to be significant in most of the yield contributing parameters of multiplier onion. The plant height (50.30 cm), number of leaves per plant (51.3), leaf girth (8.1 mm), fresh leaf weight (22.7 g), fresh bulb weight (85.4 g), total dry matter production (5.31 t ha-1), bulb yield per plot (10.1 kg) and bulb yield per hectare (16.9 t ha-1), Ascorbic Acid (16.70 mg 100g-1) were highest in zinc sulphate 0.5% foliar spray; while 10 kg ha-1 borax soil application showed highest polar (26.0 mm) and equatorial diameter (27.2 mm) and borax (5 kg ha-1 soil + 0.25% foliar), highest number of bulblets per clump (8.8) in borax (10 kg ha-1 soil). The highest TSS content (21.30 °Brix) was observed in soil application of zinc sulphate (10 kg ha-1) application.

With the aim of investigate the effects of biological fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of cumin an experiment was conducted during 2010 in the reseach farm od medicinal plants research center of Shahed university, Tehran, Iran. Experiment was arranged as a factorial based on randomized complete block design in three replications. Treatmes included biological nitroxin, biological phosphorous, biological nitroxin+ phosphorous and control treatment. The results showed that effect of treatments on umble number per plant, grain number per umble, grain number per plant, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index and essential oil yield were statically meaningful. However, there were no significant diffrences between treatments in terms of plant height, 1000 grain weight and essential oil percentage. In among studied treatments maximum values were observed at biological nitroxin + phosphorous treatment and nitroxin and phosphorous biofertilizer treatments were in second and third order respectively compared with control. The highest grain yield was observed in nitroxin + phosphorous bioferitilizer (68.79 g.m 2) and the lowest grian yield was belonging to control treatment (48.96 g.m 2). Maximum and minimum essential oil were obtained from nitrixin+phosphorous biofertilizers (1.92 g.m 2) and control treatment (1.45 g.m 2) respectively. It could be suggested that biological fertilizers could be proposed as a superseded of chemical fertilizers in sustainable agriculture.

The present study was planned to determine the effect of different levels of Nitrogen on the economic yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Aas-11. Thus, an experiment was carried out in the research area of Regional Agriculture Research Institute Bahawalpur (RARI) during 2013-14 to test the effect of various Nitrogen levels on the yield and yield component of wheat. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Nitrogen levels i.e, 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg/ha were tested in this study. The results revealed that 120 and 150 kg/ha levels of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the fertile tillers, plant height, spike length, number of spikelet per spike, number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield per plot and grain yield kg/ha. The application of nitrogen fertilizer was found to be most effective for enhancing the quantitative and qualitative growth of wheat.

An agronomic research was conducted in Tuscany (Central Italy) to evaluate the effects of an advanced irrigation system on the water use efficiency (WUE) of a tomato crop and to investigate the ability of soil and vegetation spectroradiometry to detect and map WUE. Irrigation was applied following an innovative approach based on CropSense system. Soil water content was monitored at four soil depths (10, 20, 30 and 50 cm) by a probe. Rainfall during the crop cycle reached 162 mm and irrigation water applied with a drip system amounted to 207 mm, distributed with 16 irrigation events. Tomato yield varied from 7.10 to 14.4 kg m −2 , with a WUE ranging from 19.1 to 38.9 kg m −3 . The irrigation system allowed a high yield levels and a low depth of water applied, as compared to seasonal ET crop estimated with Hargraves' formula and with the literature data on irrigated tomato. Measurements were carried out on geo-referenced points to gather information on crop (crop yield, eighteen Vegetation indices, leaf area index) and on soil (spectroradiometric and traditional analysis). Eight VIs, out of nineteen ones analyzed, showed a significant relationship with georeferenced yield data; PVI maps seemed able to return the best response, before harvesting, to improve the knowledge of the area of cultivation and irrigation system. CropSense irrigation system reduced seasonal irrigation volumes. Some vegetation indexes were significantly correlated to tomato yield and well identify, a posteriori, crop area with low WUE; spectroradiometry can be a valuable tool to improve irrigated tomato field management.

tAn agronomic research was conducted in Tuscany (Central Italy) to evaluate the effects of an advancedirrigation system on the water use efficiency (WUE) of a tomato crop and to investigate the ability of soiland vegetation spectroradiometry to detect and map WUE. Irrigation was applied following an innovativeapproach based on CropSense system. Soil water content was monitored at four soil depths (10, 20,30 and 50 cm) by a probe. Rainfall during the crop cycle reached 162 mm and irrigation water appliedwith a drip system amounted to 207 mm, distributed with 16 irrigation events. Tomato yield variedfrom 7.10 to 14.4 kg m−2, with a WUE ranging from 19.1 to 38.9 kg m−3. The irrigation system alloweda high yield levels and a low depth of water applied, as compared to seasonal ET crop estimated withHargraves’ formula and with the literature data on irrigated tomato. Measurements were carried outon geo-referenced points to gather information on crop (crop yield, eighteen Vegetation indices, leafarea index) and on soil (spectroradiometric and traditional analysis). Eight VIs, out of nineteen onesanalyzed, showed a significant relationship with georeferenced yield data; PVI maps seemed able toreturn the best response, before harvesting, to improve the knowledge of the area of cultivation andirrigation system. CropSense irrigation system reduced seasonal irrigation volumes. Some vegetationindexes were significantly correlated to tomato yield and well identify, a posteriori, crop area with lowWUE; spectroradiometry can be a valuable tool to improve irrigated tomato field management.

They have been discussed the results of tests of fodder beet origins and their semi-sugar beet hybrids, carried out in 2003-2013. The character of inheritance of the quantitative traits root yield and dry matter content has been established. The variability of the parental characteristics and the differences in the agroclimatic conditions during the vegetation affect the degree of heterosis manifestation in the semi-sugar beet hybrids. Various high productivity fodder beet origins are available, which do not fall back the already certified commercial varieties. Their heritage factors dominate in their hybrids with male sterile sugar beet lines. All the semi-sugar beet hybrids realize proven heterosis in the dry matter yield from a unit of area, no matter the climatic conditions of the
vegetation, and meet the requirements of the modern intensive technologies of growing.

o ecuación de balance de energía térmica en un horno de inducción fue desarrollado junto con el programa de ordenador (modelo) escrito en el lenguaje de programación básica para optimizar el nivel de carga / talón en el horno, utilizando el acero de aleación AISI-SAE 1042 hipoeutéctica como material de carga. El tiempo y el costo del consumo de energía eléctrica se consideraron las variables de decisión. Los resultados del modelo demostraron que la carga (chatarra sólida) y el talón (acero fundido) los niveles de relación 3: 2 fue el óptimo para una productividad económica.

Digitaria exilis seeds have several economic uses with long shelf life and impressive nutritional qualities. The crop is faced with problems of low yield and small-sized grains among others, thus, the crop is neglected and little information is available on its improvement by mutagenesis. This work assessed effect of Nitrous acid on growth and yield of Digitaria exilis. D. exilis seeds were exposed to 0.1M Nitrous Acid for varying time of 2 hr, 4 hr, 6 hr and 8 hr, untreated seeds were used as control. The seeds were sown after treatment with Nitrous acid and effect on the quantitative and qualitative characters studied. Germination and seedling survival decreased with increase in time of exposure. Plant height, number of leaves, tiller/plant, and leaf length were significantly reduced at 6 and 8 hrs of treatment. All treatments induced early maturity but with low seed set and yield among 6 and 8 hr plants. Generally, the performance of the treated plants was better with short exposure time and 4 hr of treatment produced best agronomical traits and improved yield. Erect plants were obtained with 2 and 4 hr treatment which is a promising trait for mechanical harvesting of the crop. This study concluded that 4hr of exposure of D, exilis to 0.1M Nitrous acid could induce useful variability for improvement of the crop in a breeding programme.

In this paper, a connecting rod was modeled and analyzed by finite element method. By
using genetic algorithm (GA) and modified cuckoo optimization algorithm (MCOA), the material
properties and some geometrical specifications were optimized. Cost function was a combination of
weight and stress. The connecting rod was under a load of 21.8 kN which obtained 360o crank angle
at 5700 rev/min. The reduction percentages of weight in 2-D analysis were 45.47% and 50.34%
based on GA and MCOA, respectively. The reduction percentages of stress were also 1.26% and
2.20% based on GA and MCOA, respectively. The values of reduction percentages in 3-D analysis
showed the same trends.
The results showed that applying each of the algorithms was efficient. Meanwhile, the results
of MCOA were better than GA, because of the smaller number of iterations and the initial
population, which resulted in increasing the rate of convergence (i.e. decreasing computational
time) and accuracy of answers. It can be mentioned that MCOA is an efficient and reliable
algorithm and can be used as a benchmark for future works.

Mutation has been utilised to improve growth and yield of many food crops, but only little effort has been made to ascertain the nutritional advantages in such improved crops. The present study evaluates the alkylating efficiency of sodium azide of different concentrations on pod yield, nut size and nutritional composition of two groundnut varieties. Dry seeds of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.); Samnut 10 and Samnut 20 varieties obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture, Ilorin, Kwara State of Nigeria were treated with different sodium azide concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50mM) for 12 hours. Seeds soaked in distilled water for 12 hours were used as control for each variety. The treated seeds and control were sown in planting bags in randomized complete block design with three replicates. Alkylating effects of the treatments were studied on pod parameters and nut size while proximate analysis was carried out on the nuts to determine their nutritional composition. The results showe...

The product quality in semiconductor manufacturing is ensured with 100% inspection at each process step; hence inspection tools quickly run out of capacities resulting in the production cycle delays. To best utilize the production and inspection capacities, existing sampling (static, dynamic and smart) strategies are based on the risk and delays. These strategies, however do not guarantee a reliable lot sample that represents a likely yield loss and there is a high risk of moving a bad production lot to next production steps. We present a 3-step yield aware sampling strategy to optimize inspection capacities based on the likely yield loss with the predictive state (PSM) and alarm (PAM) models as: (i) classify potentially suspected lots, (ii) cluster and/or populate suspected lots in the priority queues and (iii) apply last in first out (LIFO) to optimize capacities. This strategy is implemented with two heuristics. We also present a data model with ASCM (Alarm and State Control Management) tool for the multi source data extraction, alignment and pre-processing to support the validation of [PSM, PAM] predictive models.

Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) is the world's most widely grown leguminous crop and an important source of protein and oil for food and feed. Soybean yields have increased substantially throughout the past century, with yield gains widely attributed to genetic advances and improved cultivars as well as advances in farming technology and practice. Yet, the physiological mechanisms underlying the historical improvements in soybean yield have not been studied rigorously. In this 2-year experiment, 24 soybean cultivars released between 1923 and 2007 were grown in field trials. Physiological improvements in the efficiencies by which soybean canopies intercepted light (ε i ), converted light energy into biomass (ε c ), and partitioned biomass into seed (ε p ) were examined. Seed yield increased by 26.5 kg ha -1 year -1 , and the increase in seed yield was driven by improvements in all three efficiencies. Although the time to canopy closure did not change in historical soybean cultivars, extended growing seasons and decreased lodging in more modern lines drove improvements in ε i . Greater biomass production per unit of absorbed light resulted in improvements in ε c . Over 84 years of breeding, soybean seed biomass increased at a rate greater than total aboveground biomass, resulting in an increase in ε p . A better understanding of the physiological basis for yield gains will help to identify targets for soybean improvement in the future.

The contemporary forestry preoccupation with non-declining even-flow during yield simulations detracts from more important questions about the constraints that should bind the end of a simulation. Whilst long simulations help to convey a sense of sustainability, they are inferior to stronger indicators such as the optimal state and binding conditions at the end of a simulation. Rigorous definitions of sustainability that constrain the terminal state should allow flexibility in the planning horizon and relaxation of non-declining even-flow, allowing both greater economic efficiency and better environmental outcomes. Suitable definitions cannot be divorced from forest type and management objectives, but should embrace concepts that ensure the anticipated value of the next harvest, the continuity of growing stock, and in the case of uneven-aged management, the adequacy of regeneration.

Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) is the world’s most widely grown leguminous crop and an important source of protein
and oil for food and feed. Soybean yields have increased substantially throughout the past century, with yield gains
widely attributed to genetic advances and improved cultivars as well as advances in farming technology and practice.
Yet, the physiological mechanisms underlying the historical improvements in soybean yield have not been studied
rigorously. In this 2-year experiment, 24 soybean cultivars released between 1923 and 2007 were grown in field trials.
Physiological improvements in the efficiencies by which soybean canopies intercepted light (εi), converted light
energy into biomass (εc), and partitioned biomass into seed (εp) were examined. Seed yield increased by 26.5 kg ha–1
year–1, and the increase in seed yield was driven by improvements in all three efficiencies. Although the time to canopy
closure did not change in historical soybean cultivars, extended growing seasons and decreased lodging in more
modern lines drove improvements in εi. Greater biomass production per unit of absorbed light resulted in improvements
in εc. Over 84 years of breeding, soybean seed biomass increased at a rate greater than total aboveground
biomass, resulting in an increase in εp. A better understanding of the physiological basis for yield gains will help to
identify targets for soybean improvement in the future.

Mutation has been utilised to improve growth and yield of many food crops, but only little effort has been made to ascertain the nutritional advantages in such improved
crops. The present study evaluates the alkylating efficiency of sodium azide of different concentrations on pod yield, nut size and nutritional composition of two groundnut varieties. Dry seeds of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.); Samnut 10 and Samnut 20 varieties obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture, Ilorin, Kwara State of Nigeria were treated with different sodium azide concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50mM) for 12
hours. Seeds soaked in distilled water for 12 hours were used as control for each variety. The treated seeds and control were sown in planting bags in randomized complete block
design with three replicates. Alkylating effects of the treatments were studied on pod parameters and nut size while proximate analysis was carried out on the nuts to determine their nutritional composition. The results showed that sodium azide treatment of 50 mM produced significantly taller plants with more branches and leaves. Analysis of collected data revealed that sodium azide is effective in achieving significantly
earlier- maturing plants with higher pod yield, bigger nut size and heavier nuts. All concentrations of Sodium azide applied induced significant higher crude protein and fat with respect to control in samnut 10 while 50 mM yielded highest protein and fat in samnut 20 variety. Generally, nutritional values of the studied groundnut were improved by sodium azide treatments with respect to protein and fat content which are the most important constituents in groundnut utilization as food or raw material for edible oil. The study concluded that the alkylating effect of sodium azide was effective on pod yield, nut size and other nut characteristics of groundnut and could be employed
to improve protein, crude fat and other nutrition contents of the nuts for human and animal consumption as well as industrial applications.

In this paper we consider nonlinear model to describe manufacturing complementary horizontal field-effect heterotransistor. Based on analytical solution of the considered boundary problems some recommendations have been formulated to optimize technological processes. KEYWORDS Horizontal field-effect transistor, modelling of manufacturing of transistor, recommendations for optimisation of manufacturing of transistor