Nutritional Immunology

"The proximate, functional properties, In-vitro multi enzyme
protein digestibility and amino acid composition of velvet
tamarind (Dalium guineense) pulps were evaluated. The ash,
moisture, crude fat, crude fibre, crude protein and carbohydrate of
the velvet tamarind (Dalium guineense) pulp were: 4.63%, 8.22%,
5.80%, 7.15%, 24.3% and 49.9% respectively. The water and oil
absorption capacities were: 238% and 162% which makes the pulp
exhibit a high water retention capacity. The least gelation
concentration was 17.0% while the foaming capacity and stability
were: 43.5% and 62.2% respectively. The in-vitro protein
digestibility was 66%. Glutamic acid was the most concentrated
amino acid with the value of 14.8 mg/g crude protein while
histidine (2.12 mg/g crude protein) was the least concentrated
amino acid. The % total essential amino acid with histidine was
34.2% while the % total essential amino acid with histidine was
60.8%. The calculated isoelectric point was 0.54 while the
predicted protein efficiency ratio (P-PER*) was 2.62."

Muscle growth mechanisms are controlled by different cellular and molecular pathways, and dietary supplemen-tation of nucleotides (NTs) may play an important role to influence such pathways in fish. In this study, we hypothesized that dietary supplementation of inosine monophosphate (IMP) would enhance cellular muscle growth, and upregulate growth-related gene expression in juvenile Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Five isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) and isocaloric (20.3 KJ/g diet) test diets were formulated by supplementing 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8% IMP in casein and fishmeal based semi-purified diet. Triplicate groups of juvenile Nile ti-lapia (0.59 ± 0.1 g) were stocked in 15 fiberglass tanks (150 L capacity), arranged in a simple biological filters-based closed system, with stocking density of 25 individuals per tank. The feed was applied at a daily feeding rate of 10% body weight (BW) initially and reduced to 5% BW finally for 60 days. Treatments results were compared using ANOVA (α = 0.05). At 60th day (60 D), final body weight of fish fed with 0.2–0.8% IMP were significantly higher than that of fish fed without IMP supplemented diet. At 60 D, both the hyperplastic (diameter class 10 = ≤10 μm) and hypertrophic (diameter class 60 = 50 N d ≤ 60 μm and class 70 = d N 60 μm) muscle fiber frequency were significantly higher in 0.2–0.8% IMP supplemented diets compared to 0–0.1% IMP supplemented diet. Two-way ANOVA result demonstrated that the pituitary GH, hepatic IGF-1 and GHR-1, and muscle-specific MyoD, myogenin and Pax7 gene expression were upregulated in fish fed with 0.2–0.8% IMP compared to the fish fed without IMP supplemented diet. However, hepatic IGF-2 and myostatin gene expression were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Real-time PCR data also demonstrated that myostatin gene expression was downregulated and all other gene expression were upregulated at the end of feeding trial (60 D) compared to the initial period (1 D). The results of the present study indicated that IMP supplementation enhanced the muscle growth by promoting hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and upregulating the growth-related gene expression in Nile tilapia. In conclusion, IMP is a potential feed additive and supplementation of ≥0.2% IMP is the most effective for enhancing growth of Nile Tilapia. Statement of relevance:-In most cases, fish growth was analyzed by calculating the increase in size or weight of fish. However, fish/mus-cle growth are controlled by different cellular and molecular pathways, which are poorly studied areas in aquaculture and nutritional studies. A research was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of inosine monophosphate on: (1) cellular muscle growth characteristics, and (2) expression of major growth-related genes (GH, GHR-1, IGFs, MRFs, Pax7 and myostatin) in juvenile Nile tilapia. This research will help to understand the reason behind the improved growth or production of fish with a specific nutrient or diet.

This review highlights the fundamental role of nutrition in the maintenance of health, the immune response, and disease prevention. Emerging global mechanistic insights in the field of nutritional immunology cannot be gained through reductionist methods alone or by analyzing a single nutrient at a time. We propose to investigate nutritional immunology as a massively interacting system of interconnected multistage and multiscale networks that encompass hidden mechanisms by which nutrition, microbiome, metabolism, genetic predisposition, and the immune system interact to delineate health and disease. The review sets an unconventional path to apply complex science methodologies to nutritional immunology research, discovery, and development through " use cases " centered around the impact of nutrition on the gut microbiome and immune responses. Our systems nutritional immunology analyses, which include modeling and informatics methodologies in combination with pre-clinical and clinical studies, have the potential to discover emerging systems-wide properties at the interface of the immune system, nutrition, microbiome, and metabolism.

Cereals occupy an important place in the Mediterranean diet pyramid and carbohydrates derived from whole grains seem to exert a beneficial role. In this context, some ancient wheat varieties such as khorasan wheat ( Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum) may offer unique nutritional and functional properties to prevent human disease. The current paper reviews specific features of dietary carbohydrates focussing the attention on khorasan wheat and its major potential health benefits once regularly introduced in the diet.

This report describes the utilization of lllindium.oxin e chelate ([lllIn]Ox) for studies of macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. [I i lin ]Ox efficiently labeled both nonadherent and adherent tumor targets with no decrease in cell viability. Spontaneous release of intraeellularly incorporated [ I I iin ]Ox was very slow (0.25--0.50%/h) from most targets, making isotope-release assays of at least 48 h feasible. In addition, released [l I I In ]Ox was not reutilized. In contrast to its low spontaneous release from intact cells, incorporated [tllIn]Ox was rapidly released from tumor targets after interaction with activated macrophages. Levels of [l ilin ]Ox released in response to cytolytic macrophages correlated well with those observed for the s I Cr and [3H ]TdR radiolabels. Therefore, [ 111 In ]Ox can be utilized for relatively short-term (less than 20 h) assays with ]ymphoma targets, as well as for longer-term assays with adherent cells. This should facilitate the testing, with the same radioisotope-release assay, of a wide range of tumor targets for susceptibility to macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity.