Neurotransmitter

Bundesverband der Vertragspsychotherapeuten e.V. (bvvp) Deutscher Fachverband für Verhaltenstherapie e. V. (DVT) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder-und Jugendmedizin e.V. (DGKJ) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder-und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie e. V.

Diese Praxisempfehlung zu Intensivbetreuungen basiert auf den aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen. Sie soll sicherstellen, dass Patienten psychiatrischer Einrichtungen die bestmögliche Versorgung erhalten. Denn auch in dieser schwierigen Situation muss ihre Menschenwürde geachtet und ihre Sicherheit gewährleistet sein. Gleichzeitig sollen diese Empfehlungen psychiatrisch Pflegende in ihrem beruflichen Selbstverständnis unterstützen. Hintergrund Patienten in extremen psychischen Ausnahmesituationen benötigen unter Umständen intensive Betreuungsmaßnahmen, die über die allgemeinen therapeutischen und pflegerischen Maßnahmen hinausgehen. Je nach Situation werden "konstante Einzelbetreuungen", "15-minütige (oder anders getaktete) Sichtkontrollen", "Sitzwachen" oder ähnliches verordnet. Zur Vereinheitlichung und für eine bessere Lesbarkeit wird hier der Begriff "Intensivbetreuungen" genutzt. Damit soll einerseits verdeutlicht werden, dass es sich um intensive pflegerische Interventionen handelt. Andererseits wird dadurch der Gegensatz zu Überwachungen deutlich. Die im Deutschen benutzten Begriffe wie "Überwachung" oder "intensive Überwachung", "Sitzwache", "Einszu-eins-Begleitung" oder "Intensivbetreuung" "15-minütige oder anders getaktete Sichtkontakte undkontrollen und Beobachtungen" sowie die in der englischsprachigen Literatur genutzten Begriffe "observation" und "special observation" sind damit eingeschlossen. Analog zur Intensivpflege in der somatischen Medizin soll damit der hohe fachliche Anspruch an die Intervention hervorgehoben werden. Denn in der Intensivpflege wäre eine reine Überwachung ohne weitere pflegerische oder therapeutische Maßnahmen, unter Umständen ausgeführt von unqualifiziertem Personal, undenkbar.

Serotonin is an ancient monoamine neurotransmitter, biochemically derived from tryptophan. It is most abundant in the gastrointestinal tract, but is also present throughout the rest of the body of animals and can even be found in plants and fungi. Serotonin is especially famous for its contributions to feelings of well-being and happiness. More specifically it is involved in learning and memory processes and is hence crucial for certain behaviors throughout the animal kingdom. This brief review will focus on the metabolism, biological role and mode-of-action of serotonin in insects. First, some general aspects of biosynthesis and break-down of serotonin in insects will be discussed, followed by an overview of the functions of serotonin, serotonin receptors and their pharmacology. Throughout this review comparisons are made with the vertebrate serotonergic system. Last but not least, possible applications of pharmacological adjustments of serotonin signaling in insects are discussed.

In the present study, the interaction between the amino acids of organophosphorus compound (Malathion) and the principal neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were assessed through docking studies (i.e.,) with the help of bioinformatics online tool patchdock.

Neurotransmission is a key process for communication between neurons. Mimicking neurotransmitter release with precise control in timing and dosage would provide a powerful tool to investigate brain functions and mechanisms. We developed a novel method to mimic neurotransmitter release with sub-second control using liposome stimulated by femtosecond lasers. Liposomes have the capability to encapsulate various types of drugs, making them useful for a wide range of research applications, including treatment of neurological diseases. Here, we compare this technique to other of drug delivery currently used in neuroscience applications.

Tryptamine the important psychotropic drug having indole ring has wider biological and pharmaceutical significance. The focus is to see the relevant and recent achievements as neurotransmitter and neuromodulator, vasoconstrictor and vasodilator, antimicrobial and antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal agents. Tryptamine and its natural and synthetic derivative have been reported for the variety of biological significance in the above mentioned area. This review covers all these aspects in a comprehensive way.

Excruciating romantic feelings stimulate concrete regions of the brain containing high amount of dopamine and norepinephrine, the chemical agents convoluted in producing joy, craving, addiction, increased attention and sleeplessness. They have also been associated with intense perceptive changes. The heights of happiness and the depths of desolation doters experience resembling the mood swings of bipolar disorder believed to be linked to sudden upswings in the presence of these two neurotransmitters. Likewise, our phrenic preoccupation with the beloved resembles the intrusive cerebrating characteristic of an obsessive-compulsive disorder marked by an increment in dopamine levels and an accompanying decrease in serotonin. Undoubtedly there is abundant reason from the evolutionary perspective for these correspondences.

Science is a long, labor-intensive process through which the majority of inventions take years to develop. Yet, sometimes major breakthroughs emerge from unexpected sources or even apparent mistakes. The history of science is rich with such examples of serendipities . Such was the case for the story behind our study published early this year in PlosOne . We have been using infrared captors to monitor the general locomotor activity of individually housed Non-Human Primates (NHP) when we noticed something odd. One of the animals treated with the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) 7 months earlier in order to induce a degeneration of Dopamine (DA) neurons (which is the main neuropath logical feature of Parkinson's disease) showed a complete behavioral arrhythmia with a continuous activity day and night over 11 days without a consolidated phases of sleep and wakefulness. At first, we thought the infrared captor monitoring the behavioral activity of that animal ceased to function properly, especially when we noticed that other animals from the same colony displayed a normal behavioral rest/activity pattern. Upon verification, this however was not the case. Rather what triggered this abnormal behavior in the MPTP-treated animal was a continuous 24-hours light paradigm accidentally generated by a technician while fixing an independent issue within the experimental room housing the animals.

Physiological changes caused by COMT have been associated with different information processing profiles. The aim of this study is to investigate, by means of a literature review, if the COMT polymorphic types influence the performance of children and adolescents in working memory tasks. We investigated articles that compared behavioral measures of working memory between COMT genotypes. Fourteen articles were selected to be part of this review. Although only a minority of selected studies presented differences in working memory between polymorphisms, we may not affirm that there is not such difference since there is no consistency in the analysis of intervening variables related to the COMT influence on working memory. Futures studies should have better control of these variables.

Die frühzeitige Identifikation und psychotherapeutische oder medikamentöse Behandlung einer Depression bei Patienten mit Multipler Sklerose kann die Behandlung der MS möglicherweise verbessern. Eine retrospektive Analyse hat diesen Zusammenhang untersucht.

This study aimed to define the pharmacology and physiological role of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the synapse between the hair cells and primary afferent neurons in the vestibular system. The spontaneous and mechanically evoked spike discharges of vestibular nerve fibers were extracellularly recorded in isolated inner ear from the axolotl (Ambystoma tigrinum). Pressure ejection of NMDA (10-6 to 10-3 M) elicited a dose-dependent increase of the basal spike discharge from the vestibular nerve fibers. Extracellular magnesium antagonized the NMDA effect in a dosedependent manner. D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5, 10-5 to 10-3 M) and 7-chloro-kynurenic acid (7ClKyn, 10-6 to 10-3 M) inhibited the basal activity of the vestibular nerve fibers. 7ClKyn also diminished the responses elicited by the mechanical stimulation of the preparation. Glycine (10-9 to 10-6 M) applied by bath substitution enhanced the NMDA response, and the glycine agonist D-serine partially reversed the 7ClKyn inhibitory action. These results suggest that NMDA receptors participate in the generation of the basal spike discharge of vestibular system primary afferent neurons, but its activation is not critical for the response to brief mechanical stimuli.

Otoferlin, an integral membrane protein implicated in a late stage of exocytosis, has been reported to play a critical role in hearing al-though the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. However, its widespread tissue distribution infers a more ubiquitous role in syn-aptic vesicle trafficking. Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, is converted to its inhibitory counterpart, g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), by L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which exists in soluble (GAD67) and membrane-bound (GAD65) forms. For the first time, we have revealed a close association between otoferlin and GAD65 in both HEK293 and neuronal cells, including SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and primary rat hippocampus cells, showing a direct interaction between GAD65 and otoferlin’s C2 domains. In primary rat hippocampus cells, otoferlin and GAD65 co-localized in a punctate pattern within the cell body, as well as in the axon along the path of vesicular traffic. Significantly, GABA is virtually abolished in otofer...

Elektro-und Magnet krampf therapie Hirnstimulationsverfahren in der klinischen Anwendung Ein Viertel der Menschen mit Depressionen vertragen konventionelle Therapien aufgrund von Nebenwirkungen nicht, fast ein Drittel der behandelten depressiven Patienten haben Restsymptome. Für sie sind neue Entwicklungen und die intensive Erforschung alter und neuer Hirnstimulationsmethoden wie der Elektro-und der Magnetkrampftherapie (EKT/MKT) von großer Bedeutung. Die Hauptindikation der EKT ist heute die therapieresistente Depression, für die MKT, ausschließlich in klinischen Studien, therapieresistente uni-und bipolare Depressionen.

Der Verlust einer nahestehenden Person löst eine ganze Folge von Symptomen aus, die je nach Kultur und Kontext unterschiedlich gedeutet werden. Die Trauer ist die natürliche Folge der endgültigen Trennung von einer eng verbundenen Person. Die Forschung hat für diverse Vorstellungen und Mythen, die mit der Trauer assoziiert werden, wenig Evidenz gefunden. Andererseits gibt es Faktoren, die eine akute Trauer chronifizieren lassen. Nur im Fall einer solchen persistierenden Trauer ist eine therapeutische Intervention indiziert.

Serotonin is an ancient monoamine neurotransmitter, biochemically derived from tryptophan. It is most abundant in the gastrointestinal tract, but is also present throughout the rest of the body of animals and can even be found in plants and fungi. Serotonin is especially famous for its contributions to feelings of well-being and happiness. More specifically it is involved in learning and memory processes and is hence crucial for certain behaviors throughout the animal kingdom. This brief review will focus on the metabolism, biological role and mode-of-action of serotonin in insects. First, some general aspects of biosynthesis and break-down of serotonin in insects will be discussed, followed by an overview of the functions of serotonin, serotonin receptors and their pharmacology. Throughout this review comparisons are made with the vertebrate serotonergic system. Last but not least, possible applications of pharmacological adjustments of serotonin signaling in insects are discussed.