Mung Bean

This study was conducted to evaluate the yield components in mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] using the correlation, path and factor analyses. It was found that there was considerable variation for the characters studied. Factor 1 composed of 100-grain weight, pod length, pod width, branches per plant and pods per plant. The grain weight was strongly correlated with pod length and pod width. Pods per plant were significantly and positively associated with branches per plant. Factor 2 consisted of biological, straw and grain yields. The seed yield was highly associated with biological and straw yields. Factor 3 comprised of seed per pod, pods and flowers per peduncle. The fourth factor was only the days to flowering. The last factor was plant height. The total factors had 74% of the total variance induced by the characters. It was firstly concluded that the factor analysis together with path and correlation coefficients could successfully be used for determining characters usable for selection in the mung bean breeding programs.

Heat and cold treatments using gel pack are commonly used to manage the soft tissue injury. To determine the best beans/grains that have cold and high temperatureholding capacity using the best fabric that can withstand the extreme changing temperatures. To determine the best characteristic between barley, rice and mung beans that can replace the ice and heat packs method. Rice, barley and mung beans were used in this study, the grains and beans were washed and dried under the sun light. Sterilization was done by roasting the grains and beans were roasted on a hot plate, to prevent them from seeding. All grains and beans were treated under UV light for an hour. The grains and beans were packed into a bag using a rib fabric, and these bags were 'cooked' using an autoclave (a machine that acts like a pressure cooker) with 121°C for 15 minutes. A small hole was made on each bag (that could fit a thermometer) to measured the holding capacity of the grains and beans. Rice grain differed 19°C in temperatures right after the bag was heated (RA) and after the bag was left for 20 minutes (+20) at room temperature in which the highest temperature for rice is 99°C. Barley grain differed 23°C between RA and +20 and its highest temperature is 99°C, while mung beans differed 26°C with its highest temperature 155°C. This shows that rice grains lost the least heat compared to other grains and beans. When freezing, Rice differed 5°C between RA and +20 and its lowest temperature is -6, while mung beans differed 7°C with its lowest temperature of -3°C and barley differed 1°C from its lowest temperature of -3°C. This shows that barley regained the least heat compared to the other grains. Rice has shown a superior characteristic compared to barley and mung beans. In terms of fabric, the rib fabric alone without the wool fabric is enough to detain and retain heat (5min + 155°C). The study has proven that rice which is covered with a rib fabric has similar characteristics with ice and hot pack and thus enhances the management of soft tissue injury.

This study is the Wrst attempt in the Philippines to conduct a region-wide assessment of the microbiological quality of retailed mung bean sprouts. Production and vending practices of selected stakeholders were also determined. Ninety-four percent of the samples tested positive for the presence of Salmonella spp. and some samples had Coliform and Escherichia coli counts as high as 5.90 and 5.50 log 10 CFU • g ¡1 , respectively. The TPC, YMC and LAB were established to be as high as 11.38, 5.90 and 10.47 log 10 CFU • g ¡1 , respectively. The poor microbiological quality of most of the tested sprouts was attributed to unhygienic sprout production and retailing practices. To improve the microbiological quality of the retailed sprouts, adherence to sprouting industry best practices is strongly recommended.

Caffeic acid (CA), which is ubiquitously present in plants, is a potent phytotoxin affecting plant growth and physiology. The aim of our study was to investigate whether CA-induced inhibition of adventitious root formation (ARF) in mung bean {Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek [Phaseolus aureus Roxb.]} involves the induction of conventional stress responses. The effect of CA (0–1000 μM) on ARF in mung bean was determined by measuring the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in terms of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, root oxidizability and changes in levels of antioxidant enzymes. Our results show that CA significantly enhanced MDA content, indicating severe lipid peroxidation, and increased H2O2 accumulation and root oxidizability in the lower rooted hypocotylar region (LRHR) of mung bean, thereby inducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. In response to CA, there was a significant upregulation in the activities of scavenging enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase, in LRHRs of mung bean. Based on these results, we conclude that CA inhibits ARF in mung bean hypocotyls by inducing ROS-generated oxidative stress and upregulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes.

Mung bean, pea and lentil seeds were germinated for 72 hr and 120 hr at room temperature (25 ± 2 • C) to determine the changes in their chemical composition, antinutritional factors, in vitro digestibility and functional properties. Germination caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in total protein, fat and carbohydrate contents with increased germination time in all legume seed flours while non-protein nitrogen, ash and fiber contents were significantly (p < 0.05) increased. Mineral contents (Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe and Mn) increased during germination of legume seed flours. Significant (p < 0.05) decreases were observed in carbohydrate fraction contents (starch, reducing sugars, stachyose and raffinose) of legume seed flours during germination. Germination resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the antinutritional factors of all germinated legume seed flours. The levels of trypsin inhibitors and tannins decreased in the first stage of germination (72 hr) then increased gradually in the last stage of germination (120 hr) but remained lower than the controls. Reduction in phytic acid and hemagglutinin activities increased with increased germination time. Germination significantly (p < 0.05) improved in vitro protein digestibility. Protein solubility indexes, water absorption and emulsification capacities, foam capacity and foam stability were significantly (p < 0.05) improved with increase in germination time while fat absorption decreased.

Binding of zinc to Mung Bean Nuclease was investigated by anodic stripping voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry. These methods rely 21 on the direct monitoring of the oxidation current of zinc in the absence and presence of Mung Bean Nuclease. Titration curves of Zn 29 28 28 27

Peri-urban agriculture is vital for the urban populations of many developing countries. Increases in both industrialization and urbanization, and associated air pollution threaten urban food production and its quality. Six hour mean concentrations were monitored for SO 2 , NO 2 and O 3 and plant responses were measured in terms of physiological characteristics, pigment, biomass and yield. Parameter reductions in mung bean (Vigna radiata), palak (Beta vulgaris), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and mustard (Brassica compestris) grown within the urban fringes of Varanasi, India correlated directly with the gaseous pollutants levels. The magnitude of response involved all three gaseous pollutants at peri-urban sites; O 3 had more influence at a rural site. The study concluded that air pollution in Varanasi could negatively influence crop yield.

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), a purine alkaloid found naturally in over 100 plant species, has recently been viewed as a safe chemical for management of pests including molluscs, slugs, snails, bacteria, and as a bird deterrent. It possesses phytotoxicity against plant species, yet the mechanism of action is lacking. A study was conducted to determine the effect of caffeine on the rooting of hypocotyl cuttings of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) and the associated biochemical changes. At lower concentrations (<1,000 μM) of caffeine, though rooting potential was not affected, yet there was a significant decrease in the number of roots and root length. At 1,000 μM caffeine, there was a 68% decrease in the number of roots/primordia per cutting, whereas root length decreased by over 80%. However, no root formation occurred at 2,000 μM caffeine. Further investigations into the biochemical processes linked to root formation revealed that caffeine significantly affects protein content, activities of proteases, polyphenol oxidases (PPO) and total endogenous phenolic (EP) content, in the mung bean hypocotyls. A decrease in rooting potential was associated with a drastic reduction in protein content in the lower rooted portion, whereas the specific activity of proteases increased indicating that caffeine affects the protein metabolism. Activity of PPO decreased in response to caffeine, whereas EP content increased significantly indicating its non-utilization and thus less or no root formation. Respiratory ability of rooted tissue, as determined through TTC (2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) reduction, was impaired in response to caffeine indicating an adverse effect on the energy metabolism. The study concludes that caffeine interferes with the root development by impairing protein metabolism, affecting activity of PPO (and thus lignification), and EP content, which are the crucial steps for root formation.

Music has many positive effects and benefits on humans. For most of us, music is a way to relieve our stress and a way to express our feelings and emotions. It can also make our mood positive. Besides, humans are not the only one that can benefit from music because it was found that it can also be beneficial to plants. In this study, the effects of music on the development of Vigna radiata plant in terms of its color, bushiness and condition were observed. The mung bean plant has been decided to be used in this study because of their fast growth rate and its availability.

Although there is increasing awareness of the importance of food legumes in human, animal and soil health, adoption of improved production technologies for food legume crops is not proceeding at the same pace as for cereal crops. Over the previous decade, the only food legumes to have shown significant production increases have been chickpea, lentil and faba bean in North America, chickpea in Australia, and faba bean in Europe. In necessarily imply a desire to qualify for organic product certification but more a realization of the need for sustainable agriculture. The movement towards conservation and organic agriculture encourages greater inclusion of food legumes, and legumes generally, in cropping systems. Unfortunately, however, technology transfer to resource-poor farming situations, where most food legumes are produced, remains a major bottleneck to meeting global demand. More participatory approaches to technology development, testing, and dissemination are required than hitherto practiced. It is suggested that this process could be enhanced by better focusing on major constraints within the value addition chain for food legumes.

Grain legumes continue to occupy an important place in human nutrition as sources of protein, vitamins and minerals. From a nutritional point of view chickpea, pigeonpea, mung bean, urd bean, cowpea, lentil, soybean and peanut are the important grain legumes for the millions of people in semi-arid and tropical regions of many Asian and African countries. These legumes are used in various food forms after suitable processing depending on the regions of their production and consumption. Such aspects as production and consumption, processing and food uses, chemical composition, and effects of processing on the nutritive value of these legumes are the important topics of this paper. To enhance their utilization, new potential and diversified food uses have been highlighted. Future research needs and priority areas are listed to improve their utilization and nutritional quality.

Alfisol soils of rainfed semi-arid tropics (SAT) are degrading due to several physical, chemical, and biological constraints. Appropriate soil-nutrient management practices may help to check further soil degradation. A long-term experiment comprising tillage and conjunctive nutrient use treatments under a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)-mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilkzec) system was conducted during 1998-05 on SAT Alfisols (Typic Haplustalf) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad. The study evaluated soil and nutrient management treatments for their long-term influence on soil quality using key indicators and soil quality indices (SQI). Of the 21 soil quality parameters considered for study, easily oxidisable N (KMnO 4 oxidisable-N), DTPA extractable Zn and Cu, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates, and hydraulic conductivity (HC) played a major role in influencing the soil quality and were designated as the key indicators of 'soil quality' for this system. The SQI obtained by the integration of key indicators varied from 0.66 (unamended control) to 0.83 (4 Mg compost þ 20 kg N as urea) under conventional tillage (CT), and from 0.66 (control) to 0.89 (4 Mg compost þ 2 Mg gliricidia loppings) under reduced tillage (RT). Tillage did not influence the SQI, whereas the conjunctive nutrient-use treatments had a significant effect. On an average, under both CT and RT, the sole organic treatment improved the soil quality by 31.8% over the control. The conjunctive nutrient-use treatments improved soil quality by 24.2-27.2%, and the sole inorganic treatment by 18.2% over the control. Statistically, the treatments improved soil quality in the following order: 4 Mg compost þ 2 Mg gliricidia loppings > 2 Mg Gliricidia loppings þ 20 kg N as urea = 4 Mg compost þ 20 kg N as urea > 40 kg N as urea. The percentage contribution of the key indicators towards the SQI was: MBC (28.5%), available N (28.6%), DTPA-Zn (25.3%), DTPA-Cu (8.6%), HC (6.1%), and MWD (2.9%). The functions predicting the changes in yield and sustainability yield index with a given change in SQI were also determined.

Auxin is known to promote ethylene production in vegetative tissues by increasing the activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase; therefore, we have studied the effect of auxins on ACC synthase mRNA expression. Total RNA was isolated from auxin-incubated cultured apple (Malus sylvestris Mill.) shoots or mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) hypocotyls. These RNAs and a set of oligonucleotide primers corresponding to two conserved amino acid sequences (SNPLGTT and MSSFGLV) found in ACC synthases isolated from other species were used for polymerase chain reaction-based amplification of DNA fragments encoding the ACC synthase-active site domain. We obtained and sequenced a 290-base pair cDNA fragment (pAA1) from cultured apple shoots and a 328-base pair cDNA clone (pMBA1) from mung bean hypocotyls. Comparisons of their deduced amino acid sequences with those of previously characterized ACC synthase cDNAs indicate that both fragments are, indeed, closely related to ACC synthase cDNA. Northern blot analyses further showed that the expression of these transcripts is regulated by auxin treatment. These data indicate that auxin induces ethylene production transcriptionally by increasing the ACC synthase transcripts. The pAA1 shares 46% amino acid sequence homology with ripening-regulated apple fruit ACC synthase, indicating that ripening-regulated and auxin-regulated ACC synthases are encoded by different genes. In mung bean hypocotyls, aminooxyacetic acid, a potent inhibitor of ACC synthase activity, promoted the expression of auxin-induced ACC synthase mRNA, but cycloheximide inhibited this induction.

α-Amylase from mung beans (Vigna radiata) was immobilized on two different matrices, Amberlite MB 150 and chitosan beads. Maximum immobilization obtained was 72% and 69% in case of Amberlite and chitosan beads, respectively. The pH optima of soluble α-amylase were 5.6, whereas that for immobilized amylase on chitosan and Amberlite was 7.0. Soluble amylase and Amberlite immobilized amylase showed maximum activity at 65 °C, whereas chitosan immobilized amylase showed maximum activity at 75 °C. α-Amylase immobilized on Amberlite showed apparent Km of 2.77 mg/ml, whereas α-amylase immobilized on chitosan showed an apparent Km of 5 mg/ml. The Amberlite-amylase and chitosan-amylase showed a residual activity of 43% and 27%, respectively, after 10 uses. The loss of activity for free amylase after 100 days of storage at 4 °C was 70%, whereas that for Amberlite- and chitosan-amylases, under the same experimental conditions, the losses were 45% and 55%, respectively. The easy availability of mung bean α-amylase, the ease of its immobilization on low-cost matrices and good stability upon immobilization in the present study makes it a suitable product for further use in industrial applications.

The influence of Cd application on the growth and various biochemical processes in Mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) seedlings was studied quantitatively. Applied cadmium reduced the growth of roots (endogenous toxic threshold value of 25 μg/g dry wt.), the growth of ...

On-farm experiments to study soil fertility depletion—one of the biophysical factors limiting crop production—were conducted in six villages of central Myanmar during 1997 to 1999. Systematic socioeconomic surveys and analysis of socioeconomic and crop production factors aided the selection of farmers.Topsoil mineral nitrogen content at the start of the cropping season was high (10–25 mg N kg−1). Available phosphorous was around the threshold level for most crops, but exchangeable potassium was low. The predominant continuous cropping system of sole groundnut was on average positive for P (0.24 kg ha−1 y−1) and K (7.05 kg ha−1 y−1) and negative for N (−32.4 kg ha−1 y−1). A negative balance for N in the groundnut/pigeonpea (−58 kg ha−1 y−1) and mung bean/pigeonpea (−56 kg ha−1 y−1) intercropping systems was noted. The nutrient balances were positive in early sesame—late sesame (29 kg N ha−1 y−1, 8 kg P ha−1 y−1, 33 kg K ha−1 y−1) and early sesame/pigeonpea (8 kg N ha−1 y−1, 15 kg P h...

Many phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) solubilize calcium phosphate (CaP) complexes by the secretion of organic acids. Alfisols, however, are rich in ferric phosphate (FeP) and aluminium phosphate (AlP) complexes. The efficacy of organic acid secreting PSMs at releasing P in alfisols is not well understood. The potential of naturally existing PSMs at solubilizing mineral phosphates of alfisols was investigated. Native soil bacteria grew well on alfisol and alfisol amended with rock phosphate (RP) when supplemented with 100 mM glucose and 10 mM KNO 3: but did not release P in soil solution. Two CaP solubilizing bacteria, Enterobacter asburiae PSI3 and Bacillus coagulans, were tested for their ability to grow on minimal media containing AlP or FeP as sole P sources. E. asburiae PSI3 could grow on and acidify the medium with either of the P sources, whereas B. coagulans was unable to grow. E. asburiae PSI3: B. coagulans and another RP solubilizing bacterium, Citrobacter koseri, failed to release P from alfisol as well as alfisol amended with RP. Addition of citric, oxalic, tartaric, gluconic, succinic, lactic and acetic acids at concentrations sufficient to decrease the pH to less than 4.0 failed to release P from alfisol. However, addition of organic acids to alfisol supplemented with RP brought about release of P to different extents, oxalic acid being the most effective. After the addition of 2 mM KH 2 PO 4 to alfisol, a rapid decrease in soluble P to about 60 lM was observed within 30 min indicating very high P fixing ability. In order to extrapolate the difference of P solubilising ability of E. asburiae PSI3 in alfisol and vertisol, mung bean plants were seed inoculated with E. asburiae PSI3. Significant decrease in the root length was found in vertisols but not in alfisol.

The present study investigates the possible mediatory role of exogenously applied glycinebetaine (betaine) and proline on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification systems in mung bean seedlings subjected to cadmium (Cd) stress (1 mM CdCl2, 48 h). Cadmium stress caused a significant increase in glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) content, while the ascorbate (AsA) content decreased significantly with a sharp increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation level (MDA). Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glyoxalase I (Gly I) activities were increased in response to Cd stress, while the activities of catalase (CAT), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR) and glyoxalase II (Gly II) were sharply decreased. Exogenous application of 5 mM betaine or 5 mM proline resulted in an increase in GSH and AsA content, maintenance of a high GSH/GSSG ratio and increased the activities of APX, DHAR, MDHAR, GR, GST, GPX, CAT, Gly I and Gly II involved in ROS and MG detoxification system as compared to the control and mostly also Cd-stressed plants, with a concomitant decrease in GSSG content, H2O2 and lipid peroxidation level. These findings together with our earlier findings suggest that both betaine and proline provide a protective action against Cd-induced oxidative stress by reducing H2O2 and lipid peroxidation levels and by increasing the antioxidant defense and MG detoxification systems.

Caffeic acid (CA) is one of the most common cinnamic acids ubiquitously present in plants and implicated in a variety of interactions including allelopathy among plants and microbes. This study investigated the possible interference of CA with root growth and the process of rhizogenesis in hypocotyl cuttings of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus=Vigna radiata). Results indicated that CA (0–1000 μM) significantly suppressed root growth of mung bean, and impaired adventitious root formation and root length in the mung bean hypocotyl cuttings. Further investigations into the role of CA in hampering root formation indicated its interference with the biochemical processes involved in rooting process at the three stages – root initiation (third day; RI), root expression (fifth day; RE), and post-expression (seventh day; PE) – of rhizogenesis. CA caused significant changes in the activities of proteases, peroxidases (PODs), and polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) during root development and decreased the content of total endogenous phenolics (TP) in the hypocotyl cuttings. The enhanced activity of PODs and PPOs, though, relates to lignification and/or phenolic metabolism during rhizogenesis; yet their protective role to CA-induced stress, especially during the PE phase, is not ruled out. At 1000 μM CA, where rooting was significantly affected, TP content was very high during the RI phase, thus indicating its non-utilization. The study concludes that CA interferes with the rooting potential of mung bean hypocotyl cuttings by altering the activities of PODs and PPOs and the endogenous TP content that play a key role in rhizogenesis.

This article describes village-based seed enterprises (VBSEs) for less favorable and remote areas where the formal sector (public and private) fails to meet farmers' seed requirements. The review covers national seed sectors and outlines the concepts and organization of a participatory approach to establishing and managing local seed enterprises

In mung bean (Vigna radiata, formerly Phaseolus aureus) one length heterogeneity in the intergenic spacer (IGS) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is due to a variable number of 175-bp subrepeats. This spacer region downstream of the 25S rRNA coding region was characterized by sequencing the 2.4 kb EeoRI/HindIII fragment of a 10.5 kb mung bean rDNA repeat. Within the 175-bp repetitive elements a sequence was detected showing strong similarity to the T2/T3-box (GACTTGC) found in Xenopus rDNA and involved in termination and enhancing transcription. In mung bean this sequence partly forms the stem of a possible stem-loop structure at the 3'end of each subrepeat. Nuclease mapping of transcription termination sites (TTS) results in two signals, 65 bp and 315 bp downstream of the Tend of the 25S rRNA coding region. The longer transcript terminates 20 bp downstream of the stem-loop structure at the end of the first 175-bp subrepeat. A spacer model is proposed which allows "readthrough enhancement". No cross-hybridization was observed between the 180-bp subrepeats in pea (Pisum sativum) rDNA and the mung bean 175-bp subrepeat.

Mungbean is one of the most important pulse crops of Asian countries. Most of the commercially grown mungbean varieties are green seeded  but a yellow seeded mungbean line has been developed at BARDC very recently which is also a short dutaion line. Its yield is 1200-1300Mt/acre. It requires less amount of turmeric to make its food products and the products are also tasty.Proximate analysis also revealed the fact that it has also reduced level of fat than the green seeded varieties.

Participatory rural appraisal techniques were used to identify poor crop establishment as a major constraint on rainfed crop production by farmers in India and Zimbabwe. Some farmers in both countries reported experience of soaking seeds in water before sowing in an attempt to improve establishment but the practice was neither widespread nor regularly followed. Armed with knowledge of safe limits for soaking, almost 1250 on-farm trials were implemented by farmers in India for maize, upland rice and chickpea between 1995 and 1998 and 91 trials for maize and sorghum in Zimbabwe in 1997-1998. In each trial, farmers were asked to soak seed overnight, surface-dry it then sow it in the normal way in a plot next to a plot with dry seed. The farmers in each village evaluated the trials during farm walks and group discussions. These group methods allowed farmers to assess the effect of seed priming over a wide range of soils and levels of management. Direct benefits in all crops included: faster emergence; better, more uniform stands; less need to re-sow; more vigorous plants; better drought tolerance; earlier flowering; earlier harvest; and higher grain yield. In India, where a post-rainy season crop is often grown on residual soil moisture or using supplementary irrigation, indirect benefits reported were: earlier sowing of following crops; earlier harvesting of those crops, which allowed earlier seasonal migration from the area in search of work for cash; increased willingness to use fertilisers because of reduced risk of crop failure; and use of time saved to grow a third crop (mung bean) instead of migrating. Subsequent uptake of on-farm seed priming by participants in the trials has been almost universal and spread from farmer to farmer exhibits characteristics similar to those of the spread of seed of desirable new varieties. On-farm seed priming is a 'key' technology -low cost 0308-521X/01/$ -see front matter # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. P I I : S 0 3 0 8 -5 2 1 X ( 0 1 ) 0 0 0 2 3 -3 Agricultural Systems 69 151-164 (D. Harris).

Iodine has been used as an effective tool for studying both the structure and composition of dispersed starch and starch granules. In addition to being employed to assess relative amylose contents for starch samples, it has been used to look at the molecular mobility of the glucose polymers within intact starch granules based on exposure to iodine vapor equilibrated at different water activities. Starches of different botanical origin including corn, high amylose corn, waxy corn, potato, waxy potato, tapioca, wheat, rice, waxy rice, chick pea and mung bean were equilibrated to 0.33, 0.75, 0.97 water activities, exposed to iodine vapor and then absorbance spectra and LAB color were determined. In addition, a new iodine quantification method sensitive to <0.1% iodine (w/w) was employed to measure bound iodine within intact granular starch. Amylose content, particle size distribution of granules, and the density of the starch were also determined to explore whether high levels of long linear glucose chains and the surface area-to-volume ratio were important factors relating to the granular iodine binding. Results showed, in all cases, starches complexed more iodine as water content increased and waxy starches bound less iodine than their normal starch counterparts. However, much more bound iodine could be measured chemically with waxy starches than was expected based on colorimetric determination. Surface area appeared to be a factor as smaller rice and waxy rice starch granules complexed more iodine, while the larger potato and waxy potato granules complexed less than would be expected based on measured amylose contents. Corn, high amylose corn, and wheat, known to have starch granules with extensive surface pores, bound higher levels of iodine suggesting pores and channels may be an important factor giving iodine vapor greater access to bind within the granules. Exposing iodine vapor to moisture-equilibrated native starches is an effective tool to explore starch granule architecture.

This study is the Wrst attempt in the Philippines to conduct a region-wide assessment of the microbiological quality of retailed mung bean sprouts. Production and vending practices of selected stakeholders were also determined. Ninety-four percent of the samples tested positive for the presence of Salmonella spp. and some samples had Coliform and Escherichia coli counts as high as 5.90 and 5.50 log 10 CFU • g ¡1 , respectively. The TPC, YMC and LAB were established to be as high as 11.38, 5.90 and 10.47 log 10 CFU • g ¡1 , respectively. The poor microbiological quality of most of the tested sprouts was attributed to unhygienic sprout production and retailing practices. To improve the microbiological quality of the retailed sprouts, adherence to sprouting industry best practices is strongly recommended.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) and chlorocholine chloride (CCC) on growth, nodulation and changes in endogenous level of plant hormones indole acetic acid (IAA) and Gibberellic acid (GA) of mung bean grown under normal or water stress conditions. Two varieties (cv.NM 98 and cv.HCM 209) of mung bean were soaked in 10 -6 M ABA or in chlorocholine chloride and grown for five weeks under non-stress conditions after which water stress was imposed at 50% flowering (37 days after sowing). Drought stress reduced fresh and dry weight of root and shoot,decreased the diameter of pink bacteroid tissue and number of root nodules. However, ABA and CCC pre-soaking treatments partially alleviated the inhibitory effect of drought. Pre-soaking with ABA or CCC in non-stressed or stressed plants caused increase in proline, protein, sugar and chlorophyll content and peroxidase activity of leaves. However, ABA treatment caused a maximal increase in proline accumulation while maximal increase in peroxidase activity was observed in plants raised from seeds treated with CCC. Likewise, endogenous levels of phytohormones GA and IAA were also increased following ABA application.whereas, CCC increased IAA. Maintenance of water budget by increase in relative water content of leaves,geater increase in proline production,higer activity of antioxidant enzyme, peroxidae and better survival of Rhizobium in soil following ABA and CCC application appears to be the mechanism for providing mung bean tolerance to water stress. The effects of CCC was similar to ABA under water stress and may be implicated to combat water stress on farmers level because of better cost benefit ratio as compared to ABA.

Cytotoxic properties of plant extracts and drugs being developed for cancer treatment are usually evaluated by a variety of in vivo and in vitro tests carried out in animal or plant based models. In the present study we have evaluated the possibility of using the germinating mung beans (Vigna radiata), for rapid and inexpensive screening of drugs exhibiting cytotoxic properties. Mung beans were allowed to germinate either in tap water or in different drug solutions, and parameters like percent germination, increase in radicle length, change in seedling weight and mitotic index of apical root meristems were determined at two time intervals coinciding with the time at which the radicle length in control group was 1.0 to 1.5 cm (time 0, T0) and 48 h later (T48). Methanol extract of Calotropis procera latex as well as drugs like podophyllotoxin, cyclophosphamide, cyproheptadine and aspirin produced a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on seed germination, seed weight gain, radicle growth and mitotic index in the radicle meristems. The inhibitory effect of some of the drugs tested was associated with reduction in water imbibition. Some of the drugs at higher concentrations allowed seed germination to take place but produced radicle decay and seedling weight loss. Our study shows that germinating V. radiata beans could be used as a convenient model for the preliminary screening of drugs exhibiting cytotoxic properties. BIOCELL 2009, 33(1): 19-24

Seven strains of axenic unicellular Chlorophyta and three strains of axenic Cyanophyta were selected for their high growth rate and positive cytokinin-like activity in the Cucumber Cotyledon Expansion Bioassay. Ethanolic extracts of these ten strains were purified using cation exchange resin and paper chromatography and then screened for cytokinin-like activity using the Soybean Callus Bioassay. No trend was detected in the Cyanophyta with one species having two peaks of cytokinin-like activity co-eluting with zeatin derivatives and iso-pentenyladenine derivatives and the other two species having only one peak of activity co-eluting with zeatin derivatives. Four Chlorophyta only had one peak of cytokinin-like activity, co-eluting with zeatin derivatives, while two species had two peaks of activity co-eluting with zeatin and iso-pentenyladenine derivatives. One Chlorophyta species had no detectable cytokinin-like activity. The same ten strains were also tested for auxin-like activity. The water extract of seven strains demonstrated auxin-like activity in the Cucumber Cotyledon Root Formation Bioassay. No auxin-like activity was detected in any of the strains using the Mung Bean Bioassay after being extracted in methanol and purified by phase partitioning with phosphate buffer and ethyl acetate.

Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was much more effective than indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in inducing adventitious root formation in mung bean {Vigna radiata L.) cuttings. Prolonging the duration of treatment with both auxins from 24 to 96 h significantly increased the number of roots formed. Labelled IAA and IBA applied to the basal cut surface of the cuttings were transported acropetally. With both auxins, most radioactivity was detected in the hypocotyl, where roots were formed, but relatively more IBA was found in the upper sections of the cuttings. The rate of metabolism of IAA and IBA in these cuttings was similar. Both auxins were metabolized very rapidly and 24 h after application only a small fraction of the radioactivity corresponded to the free auxins. Hydrolysis with 7 M NaOH indicates that conjugation is the major pathway of IAA and IBA metabolism in mung bean tissues. The major conjugate of IAA was identified tentatively as indole-3-acetylaspartic acid, whereas IBA formed at least two major conjugates. The data indicate that the higher rootpromoting activity of IBA was not due to a different transport pattern and/or a different rate of conjugation. It is suggested that the IBA conjugates may be a better source of free auxin than those of IAA and this may explain the higher activity of IBA.

During the last couple of decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of cell phones. It has significantly added to the rapidly increasing EMF smog, an unprecedented type of pollution consisting of radiation in the environment, thereby prompting the scientists to study the effects on humans. However, not many studies have been conducted to explore the effects of cell phone EMFr on growth and biochemical changes in plants. We investigated whether EMFr from cell phones inhibit growth of Vigna radiata (mung bean) through induction of conventional stress responses. Effects of cell phone EMFr (power density: 8.55 µW cm− 2; 900 MHz band width; for ½, 1, 2, and 4 h) were determined by measuring the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in terms of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, root oxidizability and changes in levels of antioxidant enzymes. Our results showed that cell phone EMFr significantly inhibited the germination (at ≥2 h), and radicle and plumule growths (≥1 h) in mung bean in a time-dependent manner. Further, cell phone EMFr enhanced MDA content (indicating lipid peroxidation), and increased H2O2 accumulation and root oxidizability in mung bean roots, thereby inducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. In response to EMFr, there was a significant upregulation in the activities of scavenging enzymes, such as superoxide dismutases, ascorbate peroxidases, guaiacol peroxidases, catalases and glutathione reductases, in mung bean roots. The study concluded that cell phone EMFr inhibit root growth of mung bean by inducing ROS-generated oxidative stress despite increased activities of antioxidant enzymes.

Aspergillus awamori S19, a phosphate solubilizing filamentous fungi, was immobilized in Ca-alginate and agar. The immobilized microbial cells were applied in a repeated-batch fermentation process in order to test their effect on solubilization of Udaipur rock phosphate (URP) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). Agar entrapped cells produced 106 mg l −1 whereas Ca-alginate entrapped cells produced 93 mg l −1 soluble P that was significantly higher than freely suspended cells with URP. In the presence of TCP, immobilized cells showed significantly better phosphate solubilization than free cells, viz. 340 and 345 mg l −1 in agar and Ca-alginate entrapment, respectively versus merely 291 mg l −1 with free cells. Further the immobilized cells were introduced into the soil supplemented with TCP and URP to analyze their effect on plant growth and P uptake of mung bean plants. The result showed significantly higher plant growth in the presence of fungal inoculates.

1. Eighty-five samples from fifteen different legume seed lines generally available in the UK were examined by measurements of their net protein utilization by rats and by haemagglutination tests with erythrocytes from a number of different animal species. From these results the seeds were classified into four broad groups.

The functional characteristics of mung bean flour were determined in four forms; as raw flour, blanched, sprouted, and air-classified high-protein fraction. Protein content ranged from 23 to 54%. The functional properties investigated were: nitrogen solubility, water and fat absorption, gelation capacity, whippability and foam stability. The nitrogen solubility profile showed no significant differences. The airclassified high-protein fraction showed excellent functional properties. Mung bean was in general found to have a good potential in all the above functional properties and would, therefore, be applicable in a variety of food systems.

The plants of mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) were raised from the seeds soaked in water (control), IAA or 4-C-IAA (10−6, 10−8 or 10−10 M) for 8 or 12 h. The plants were allowed to grow in a net house and were sampled at 30 and 45 days after sowing (DAS). Both IAA and 4-Cl-IAA significantly affected the growth (length, fresh and dry mass of roots and shoots), the number of nodules, their fresh and dry mass and the activity of nitrogenase. However, the contents of nitrogen and carbohydrate exhibited a decrease in response to both the auxins. 4-Cl-IAA, at a concentration of 10−8 M, generated the best response. Moreover, 4-Cl-IAA at other two concentrations (10−6 and 10−10 M) was much more active than any of the IAA concentration used.

Available phosphorus is limiting in most cultivable soils in several parts of India, including Rajasthan. Four phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strains viz. Pseudomonas fluorescens BAM-4, Burkholderia cepacia BAM-6, B. cepacia BAM-12 and Aeromonas vaga BAM-77 were isolated from the rhizosphere of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum, cv. Raj 171), mung bean (Phaseolus aureus, cv. RMG 492) and sesame (Sesamum indicum, cv. RT 46). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on phosphate solubilization by Aeromonas vaga. Seed inoculation of mung bean with or without tricalcium phosphate (TCP) was performed to study the effect of single and dual bacterial inoculations in pot trials having sterilized sandy loam soil, and was found to enhance the growth and yield of plants. The results were on a par with chemical fertilizer, single superphosphate (SSP) and commercial biofertilizers, PSB (Bacillus polymyxa) and MC (Pseudomonas striata), used as standard reference. Addition of TCP to soil gave better results and dual inoculation was more effective than single inoculation of bacteria. Among the four strains studied, A. vaga and P. fluorescens were found to be more valuable as single inoculants in terms of plant growth, whereas in combination treatments, P. fluorescens along with B. cepacia and A. vaga performed very well both in the presence and absence of TCP.

The transferability of genome specific sequence tagged microsatellite sites (STMS) primers from V. unguiculata (cowpea), V. radiata (mung bean) and V. angularis (adzuki bean) to all major pulse yielding taxa belonging to tribe Phaseolae was examined. The adzuki bean derived primers amplified microsatellites from majority of accessions analyzed in this study; whereas mung bean and cowpea derived primer pairs amplified relatively few sequences. The highest level of successful amplification obtained with a single primer was 100% for adzuki bean primer (AB128069), 94.12% for mung bean primer (MB122a) and 76.47% for cowpea primer (VM27). The potential transferability of STMS primers to amplify across species, expressed as total mean percentage of successful amplification, was 20.47% for cowpea STMS primers, 47.18% for mung bean STMS primers and 91.18% for adzuki bean STMS primers. The transferability of these STMS primers indicates a high level of sequence conservation in the SSRs flanking regions across species. Together with their locus specificity, codominant character and potential to amplify the multiple alleles, their transferability makes STMS markers a powerful tool for genetic mapping, diversity analysis and genotyping.

The present investigation was aimed at determining the effects of biofertilizers and their pure cultures on phytohormones production, plant growth and yield. Changes in the level of phytohormones were also determined in plant leaves inoculated with biofertilizers and pure cultures used alone or in co-inoculation. In pot experiment, three biofertilizers (Biopower, Biozote & Grasimi Tika) were applied to one group of plants as seed coating treatment. To a second group, broth cultures (10 days after inoculation) of the rhizobial strains were applied to seedlings (7 days after germination). Biopower resulted in maximum IAA and GA content in plant leaves than Biozote and Grasimi Tika. IAA and GA content of Biopower were higher than that of Biozote and Grasimi Tika. Biopower inoculation also resulted in an increase in nodule numbers, root/shoot length, seed weight and yield while, Biozote treatment resulted in yield that was slightly lower than Biopower, but was at par with all other treatments. Among the rhizobial strains, MN-Slow produced maximum IAA and GA in broth culture and minimum IAA and GA were observed in strain CA-18. Co inoculation of rhizobium strains showed better results than applied singly. IAA and GA contents of leaves of treated plants were also recorded to be maximum in co-inoculation treatments.

Effects of high-frequency, continuous wave (CW) electromagnetic fields on mung beans (Vigna radiata L.) and water convolvuluses (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) were studied at different growth stages (pre-sown seed and early seedling). Specifically, the effects of the electromagnetic source&#39;s power and duration (defined as power-duration level) on the growth of the two species were studied. Mung beans and water convolvuluses were exposed to electromagnetic fields inside a specially designed chamber for optimum field absorption, and the responses of the seeds to a constant frequency at various power levels and durations of exposure were monitored. The frequency used in the experiments was 425 MHz, the field strengths were 1 mW, 100 mW, and 10 W, and the exposure durations were 1, 2, and 4 h. Results show that germination enhancement is optimum for the mung beans at 100 mW/1 h power-duration level, while for water convolvuluses the optimum germination power-duration level was 1 mW/2 h....

The changes in antioxidant enzyme activity during the induction of adventitious roots in mung bean seedlings treated with Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), ascorbic acid (ASA) and diphenylene iodonium (DPI) were investigated. As compared with the controls, treatments of seedlings with 10 M IBA significantly decreased POD activity by 55% and 49.6% at 3 h and 12 h of incubation, respectively, and significantly increased by 49.8% at 36 h of incubation; treatments of seedlings with 10 mM H 2 O 2 significantly decreased POD activity by 42%, 60%, 39% and 38% at 3 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h of incubation, respectively, the changes in POD activity were coincident with those in IBA-treated seedlings during the 0-12 h incubation period; treatments of seedlings with 2 mM ASA significantly decreased APX activities by 27% only at 3 h of incubation, the varying trend of POD activity was similar to incubation with water; 10 M DPI treatments significantly decreased POD activity by 42%, 40%, 54% and 28% at 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 48 h of treatment, respectively. CAT activities remained at relatively stable levels and no major changes occurred from 0 h to 48 h during the incubation phase of adventitious rooting. The results may imply that CAT, an H 2 O 2 -metabolizing enzyme, is inactivated by H 2 O 2 during the formation of adventitious roots. As compared with the controls, IBA treatments significantly decreased APX activities by 48%, 53% and 66% at 3 h, 9 h and 12 h of treatment, respectively; H 2 O 2 treatments significantly decreased APX activities by 59%, 51% and 57% at 3 h, 12 h and 36 h of incubation, respectively; ASA treatments significantly decreased APX activities by 37% only at 3 h of incubation; DPI treatments significantly decreased APX activities by 54%, 53% and 63% at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h of incubation, respectively, and significantly increased APX activity by 106% at 24 h. These results indicated that the influence of IBA, H 2 O 2 , ASA and DPI on the changes in APX activity were the same as on the changes in POD activity. Furthermore, similar trends in the changes of APX activity and POD activity were observed during the induction and initiation rooting phase. This finding implies that APX and POD serve the same functions, possibly related to the level of H 2 O 2 , during the formation of adventitious roots. The early decrease of POD and APX activities in the initiation phase of IBA-and H 2 O 2 -treated seedlings may be one mechanism underlying the IBA-and H 2 O 2 -mediated facilitation of adventitious rooting.