Mobility Protocols

The use of IP addresses as host IDs and locators in the present day Internet protocols imposes constraints on designing efficient solutions for mobility, multihoming, renumbering, and security. To eliminate the constraints, different approaches of introducing ID/locator split into future network architectures have been discussed recently. HIMALIS is such an architecture, which uses distinct sets of values for identifiers and locators and allows the network layer to change locators without requiring the upper layers to change identifiers. One of the major challenges of HIMALIS is the design and implementation of a distributed ID-to-locator mapping database system to efficiently store, update and provide the upto-date mapping data to the network elements. For this purpose, this paper discusses the application of the Domain Trusted Entity (DTE) infrastructure to the HIMALIS architecture. It provides a unified manner to get locators from high level identifiers (names) with enhanced security, privacy, and trust, while maintaining all capabilities and full compatibility with the previous DNR, HNR, and IDR infrastructures found in HIMALIS.

Envisioning a future where mobile terminals equipped with one or more network devices are able to roam across wireless or wired networks, in a multi-diverse macro and micro wireless cells environment, requires the development of enhanced methods to control IP based mobility. These methods should consider traditional terminal mobility (mainly due to user movement) as well as mobility across heterogeneous networks in the presence of semi-static users. For this to become reality, a cross layer interaction starting from a potential large diversity of layer two access networks up to the common IP layer is required, allowing the exchange of messages between terminals and network components. Therefore, traditional host mobility driven concepts need to meet more stringent mobile operator requirements in context of fully driven network controlled mobility. This paper presents and evaluates a novel framework design, based on the IEEE 802.21 future standard, encompassing network driven as well as host driven mobility 1 .

In an effort to provide seamless mobility support in IMS/MMD networks, operators need to choose a specific IPbased mobility protocol. However, there are several micro-and macro-mobility protocols available that the operators can choose from. Operators often face the challenges of selecting the appropriate mobility protocol that can provide the most cost efficient solution under a specific operating environment. Thus, it is important to analyze the effectiveness of these protocols before they are actually deployed in the IMS/MMD networks. In this paper, we analyze a number of candidate mobility protocols and conduct a performance analysis of some of these using a prototype implementation in an IPv6-based IMS/MMD testbed. These analyses provide us with some guidelines in terms of the applicability of these protocols when operators plan to deploy their IMS/MMD networks.

Localized mobility protocols are designed to address many of the drawbacks such as additional signaling and over-the-air tunnel overhead associated with global mobility protocols like Mobile IPv4 and Mobile IPv6. Proxy Mobile IPv6 is one such network controlled localized protocol defined in the IETF. Although Proxy Mobile IPv6 can resolve longer binding update and tunnel overhead related issues when a mobile node's movement is confined to a specific domain, some of the handoff-related functions and data paths between two communicating nodes still need to be optimized. The data path reduction between the communicating nodes helps to reduce one way packet delay when both nodes are under the same localized domain and the local mobility anchor point is away. The process of reducing the data path is often referred to as route optimization. Route optimization helps to reduce the delay due to media delivery that is critical for real-time application. We propose several route optimization techniques that can be applied to Proxy Mobile IPv6 to improve the efficiency of media delivery for both intra-and inter-domain movements. We select one of these proposed route optimization mechanisms and then describe the implementation details and analyze the experimental results.

The anticipated deployment of IEEE 802.16-based wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs) will usher a new era in broadband wireless communications. The adoption of the WiMAX technology for remote areas, for example, can address challenging scenarios in a cost-effective manner. While WiMAX Forum documents describe an architecture that inherently supports Quality of Service and mobility, several areas are left uncovered. We present an architecture which integrates WiMAX, Quality of Service and mobility management frameworks over heterogeneous networks, developing mechanisms for seamless handovers. Our approach takes into consideration the expected deployment of, on the one hand, the IEEE 802.21 (Media Independent Handover) proposed standard and, on the other, the IETFstandardized Next Steps in Signalling framework. The first contributions of this paper comprise a specification of the mechanisms for make-before-break vertical handovers taking Quality of Service signalling into account and the integration in a heterogeneous environment. The latter contribution is an empirical evaluation of the proposed architecture using a testbed demonstrator. We quantify the processing delays of the main components in our prototype implementation when a terminal hands over between different access technologies, demonstrating the potential of the proposed architecture.

The anticipated deployment of IEEE 802.16-based wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs) will usher a new era in broadband wireless communications. The adoption of the WiMAX technology for remote areas, for example, can address challenging scenarios in a cost-effective manner. While WiMAX Forum documents describe an architecture that inherently supports Quality of Service and mobility, several areas are left uncovered. We present an architecture which integrates WiMAX, Quality of Service and mobility management frameworks over heterogeneous networks, developing mechanisms for seamless handovers. Our approach takes into consideration the expected deployment of, on the one hand, the IEEE 802.21 (Media Independent Handover) proposed standard and, on the other, the IETFstandardized Next Steps in Signalling framework. The first contributions of this paper comprise a specification of the mechanisms for make-before-break vertical handovers taking Quality of Service signalling into account and the integration in a heterogeneous environment. The latter contribution is an empirical evaluation of the proposed architecture using a testbed demonstrator. We quantify the processing delays of the main components in our prototype implementation when a terminal hands over between different access technologies, demonstrating the potential of the proposed architecture.

Mobile WiMAX defines an architecture for metropolitan area broadband wireless access networks based on IEEE 802.16e. One of the most important characteristics of Wi-MAX is support of applications with different QoS requirements in terms of delay, jitter and bandwidth. We briefly review IEEE 802.16 and the mobile WiMAX network reference model and discuss how IEEE 802.21 can enhance mobility management. Mobile WiMAX is often cited as an important 4G contender. We evaluate via simulation its capacity to support real time applications in high-speed vehicular scenarios and assess the potential of using crosslayer information made available by IEEE 802.21/MIH. Our results indicate that using MIH information allows for the fulfillment of multimedia application requirements. On the other hand, the requirements of such applications are far from being fulfilled when MIH assistant information is not employed.

Recent trends show that there are swift developments and fast convergence of wireless and mobile communication networks with internet services to provide the quality of ubiquitous access to network users. Most of the wireless networks and mobile cellular networks are moving to be all IP based. These networks are connected through the private IP core networks using the TCP/IP protocol or through the Internet. As such, there is room to improve the mobility support through the Internet and support ubiquitous network access by providing seamless handover. This is especially true with the invention of portable mobile and laptop devices that can be connected almost everywhere at any time. However, the recent explosion on the usage of mobile and laptop devices has also generated several issues in terms of performance and quality of service. Nowadays, mobile users demand high quality performance, best quality of services and seamless connections that support real-time application such as audio and video streaming. The goal of this paper is to study the impact and evaluate the mobility management protocols under micro mobility domain on link layer and network layer handover performance. Therefore, this paper proposes an integration solution of network-based mobility management framework, based on Proxy Mobile IPv6, to alleviate handover latency, packet loss and increase throughput and the performance of video transmission when mobile host moves to new network during handover on high speed mobility. Simulations are conducted to analyze the relationship between the network performances with the moving speed of mobile host over mobility protocols. Based on simulation results, we presented and analyzed the results of mobility protocols under intra-domain traffics in micro mobility domain.

The anticipated deployment of IEEE 802.16-based wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs) will usher a new era in broadband wireless communications. The adoption of the WiMAX technology for remote areas, for example, can address challenging scenarios in a cost-effective manner. While WiMAX Forum documents describe an architecture that inherently supports Quality of Service and mobility, several areas are left uncovered. We present an architecture which integrates WiMAX, Quality of Service and mobility management frameworks over heterogeneous networks, developing mechanisms for seamless handovers. Our approach takes into consideration the expected deployment of, on the one hand, the IEEE 802.21 (Media Independent Handover) proposed standard and, on the other, the IETFstandardized Next Steps in Signalling framework. The first contributions of this paper comprise a specification of the mechanisms for make-before-break vertical handovers taking Quality of Service signalling into account and the integration in a heterogeneous environment. The latter contribution is an empirical evaluation of the proposed architecture using a testbed demonstrator. We quantify the processing delays of the main components in our prototype implementation when a terminal hands over between different access technologies, demonstrating the potential of the proposed architecture.

Mobile WiMAX defines an architecture for metropolitan area broadband wireless access networks based on IEEE 802.16e. One of the most important characteristics of Wi-MAX is support of applications with different QoS requirements in terms of delay, jitter and bandwidth. We briefly review IEEE 802.16 and the mobile WiMAX network reference model and discuss how IEEE 802.21 can enhance mobility management. Mobile WiMAX is often cited as an important 4G contender. We evaluate via simulation its capacity to support real time applications in high-speed vehicular scenarios and assess the potential of using crosslayer information made available by IEEE 802.21/MIH. Our results indicate that using MIH information allows for the fulfillment of multimedia application requirements. On the other hand, the requirements of such applications are far from being fulfilled when MIH assistant information is not employed.

Mobile and multi-access devices have become commonplace today. In this context, nodes have multiple interfaces that can form the foundation for the always best connected paradigm. Mobile IPv6, the staple mobility management technology for the Internet, enables nodes to roam between different networks while minimising session disruption due to handovers. However, in standard MIPv6, a mobile node can register only a single IP address as its Care-of-Address (CoA), therefore the multiplicity of network interfaces may be managed suboptimally while simultaneous multi-access is not possible. Recently, MIPv6 has been extended with a much-anticipated feature, namely Multiple Care-of Address (MCoA) registration. MCoA allows a MIPv6 node to register all active addresses configured on the respective interfaces and then use them at will, possibly in an alternating fashion as well as simultaneously. MCoA is anticipated to improve the performance of multimedia applications, yet this is still to be quantified. This paper provides a first answer to this question. In particular, we employ simulation to evaluate the benefits for multimedia applications, such as VoIP and video, from the use of MCoA. We compare the MCoA results with those obtained when MIPv6 with single address registration is used based on objective multimedia evaluation metrics, such as PESQ. In addition we examine the tradeoffs between application benefits and signaling costs for the network.

The anticipated deployment of IEEE 802.16-based wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs) will usher a new era in broadband wireless communications. The adoption of the WiMAX technology for remote areas, for example, can address challenging scenarios in a cost-effective manner. While WiMAX Forum documents describe an architecture that inherently supports Quality of Service and mobility, several areas are left uncovered. We present an architecture which integrates WiMAX, Quality of Service and mobility management frameworks over heterogeneous networks, developing mechanisms for seamless handovers. Our approach takes into consideration the expected deployment of, on the one hand, the IEEE 802.21 (Media Independent Handover) proposed standard and, on the other, the IETFstandardized Next Steps in Signalling framework. The first contributions of this paper comprise a specification of the mechanisms for make-before-break vertical handovers taking Quality of Service signalling into account and the integration in a heterogeneous environment. The latter contribution is an empirical evaluation of the proposed architecture using a testbed demonstrator. We quantify the processing delays of the main components in our prototype implementation when a terminal hands over between different access technologies, demonstrating the potential of the proposed architecture.

Mobility management is becoming an important issue day by day due to the immense proliferation of wireless access networks globally. The IETF has standardized Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) to handle user mobility in IP-based mobile data networks. Worldwide the researchers are putting in a lot of effort to render the mobility management as seamless as possible in order to enhance user experience. These researchers need a simulation environment to test their novel ideas before taking it to the proof-of-concept level. Although ns-2 simulator supports MIPv6, unfortunately its successor, the ns-3 simulator, does not support MIPv6 conforming to the IETF specification. This has created a huge void in the simulation based testing of the innovative ideas put forth by network researchers. To overcome this shortfall, we present an implementation approach of MIPv6 for ns-3 and subsequently carry out its performance evaluation. We provide detailed description of the implemented MIPv6 module and also preli...

With the recent developments in wireless networks, different radio access technologies are used in different places depending on capacity in terms of throughput, cell size, scalability etc. In this context, mobile users, and in particular highly mobile users and vehicular networks, will see an increasing number and variety of wireless access points enabling Internet connectivity. Such a heterogeneous networking environment needs, however, an efficient mobility management scheme offering the best connection continuously. In this paper, a mobility management architecture focusing on efficient network selection and timely handling of vertical and horizontal handovers is proposed. The solution is based on Mobile IP where handover decisions are taken based upon calculations of a metric combining delay and delay jitter. For efficiency reasons, the frequency of binding updates is dynamically controlled, depending on speed and variations in the metric. The dynamic frequency of binding updates helps the timely discovery of congested access points and cell edges so as to allow efficient handovers that minimize packet drops and handover delays. Results show that the overall signaling cost is decreased and changes in networking conditions are detected earlier compared to standard Mobile IP. Keywords-Mobility management; heterogeneous networking environments; highly mobile users; vehicular networks I. INTRODUCTION Mobility support for highly mobile users and vehicular networks is an emerging research area. Besides intra-vehicular and vehicle-to-vehicle communication vehicle-to-infrastructure communication is an important subarea being investigated in current research. Another important development field is the global deployment of new radio access networking technologies including both dedicated technologies for vehicular communication and more general solutions for wireless communications. The IEEE 802.11p-based Dedicated Short Range Communication, DSRC, [1] is an example of the former type. General solutions include other IEEE standards like the different WLAN standards 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g [2], the mobile WiMAX 802.16e [3] standard, as well as the IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband for Wireless Access [4] standard. Besides those IEEE standards, the telecommunications industry is improving the 2.5G and 3G standards offering higher capacities to their customers.

Providing ubiquitous connectivity to the passengers of public transportation vehicles is an important goal of thecommunication system designers in the context of fast development of the intelligent transportation systems and of the Future Internet communication technologies. This paper proposes the architecture of a connectivity system for public transportation communication services, the architecture design being considered on three distinct levels: system, functional and platform level. Theproposed system architecture specifies a minimal set of entities required to implement the envisaged connectivity solution and based on a functional analysis the subsystems and modules are derived. By mapping the functional architecture on the hardware components intended to be used the platform architecture is developed. The paper proposes also the design of the mechanisms which implement the inter-process communications, performthe acquisition and handling of the context information andimpleme...

In this paper we discuss the Global Virtualization Architecture (GVA) that enables communications between network entities according to the way they refer to each other rather than understanding the constraints of particular networks. Our approach is to instantiate a virtual network that is based on identities of network entities and their demands on security and network capabilities. An entity may be physical e.g. a human user, a device, or any thing, or abstract, such as a computer program, service, group, or role. Each entity is identified by a set of attributes so that connections can be 1 to 1, 1 to many, or many to many. We call this a Virtual Group Network (VGN). VGNs are independent of location and device, and their properties may change with time as entities move.

We propose to enhance the Next Generation Internet by creating a secure and scalable communication infrastructure that mirrors the structure of the real world: people talk to people, objects, objects between themselves and, in general, entities denoted by digital identities communicating with each other. We start from the digital identity and create a view in the communication sphere which is singular, unique, and optimized for that particular digital identity [6,19], building an identity plane that allows entities to address each other in an "identity to identity" approach. We use stackable overlay networks to deliver messages among communication parties and we look at the performance issues related with such kind of networks, being able to come halfway to the optimum.

The Internet is continuously evolving from a static, host-based, uniquely attached node model to a mobile, host-free node model with the possibility of multiple attachment points to the network. However, the current Internet was not designed to support this type of workload because of its strict addressing mechanism. Thus, the Future Internet promotes the introduction of new architectures that provide the decoupling of identification and location. Moreover, new technologies, like cloud computing and Internet of Things, raise the necessity for a finer granularity of network nodes. Furthermore, the huge number of devices connected to the Internet and their finer granularity impose the necessity of flexible naming and, thus, integrated discovery mechanisms. In this paper we present an architecture that decouples the identification and location by using identities to identify the network nodes and moving from a host-to-host to a fine-grained process-to-process view of the network. Together with the mobility and multi-homing support, it also provides integrated discovery, flexible naming, and integrated security features. Finally, we analyze the architecture to discuss its performance and compare it with other (existing) approaches.

Mobility management is becoming an important issue day by day due to the immense proliferation of wireless access networks globally. The IETF has standardized Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) to handle user mobility in IP-based mobile data networks. Worldwide the researchers are putting in a lot of effort to render the mobility management as seamless as possible in order to enhance user experience. These researchers need a simulation environment to test their novel ideas before taking it to the proof-of-concept level. Although ns-2 simulator supports MIPv6, unfortunately its successor, the ns-3 simulator, does not support MIPv6 conforming to the IETF specification. This has created a huge void in the simulation based testing of the innovative ideas put forth by network researchers. To overcome this shortfall, we present an implementation approach of MIPv6 for ns-3 and subsequently carry out its performance evaluation. We provide detailed description of the implemented MIPv6 module and also preli...

This work presents the integration of the IEEE 802.21 framework with the Entity Title Architecture (ETArch), a clean slate approach that is deployed atop OpenFlow. In the resultant architecture, network mobility is provided within the Workspace, a logical channel able to gather multiple communicating participants. This paper describes the main architecture components and the signaling approach deployed in a handover scenario by providing the details of the integration between 802.21, OpenFlow, and Entity Title Control protocols.

Envisioning a future where mobile terminals equipped with one or more network devices are able to roam across wireless or wired networks, in a multi-diverse macro and micro wireless cells environment, requires the development of enhanced methods to control IP based mobility. These methods should consider traditional terminal mobility (mainly due to user movement) as well as mobility across heterogeneous networks in the presence of semi-static users. For this to become reality, a cross layer interaction starting from a potential large diversity of layer two access networks up to the common IP layer is required, allowing the exchange of messages between terminals and network components. Therefore, traditional host mobility driven concepts need to meet more stringent mobile operator requirements in context of fully driven network controlled mobility. This paper presents and evaluates a novel framework design, based on the IEEE 802.21 future standard, encompassing network driven as well as host driven mobility 1 .

Providing seamless QoS guarantees for multimedia services is one of the most critical requirements in the mobile Internet. However, the effects of host mobility make it difficult to provide such services. The next steps in signaling (NSIS) was proposed by the IETF as a new signaling protocol, but it fails to address some mobility issues. This paper proposes a new QoS NSIS signaling layer protocol (QoS NSLP) using a cross-layer design that supports mobility. Our approach is based on the advance discovery of a crossover node (CRN) located at the crossing point between a current and a new signaling path. The CRN then proactively reserves network resources along the new path that will be used after handoff. This proactive reservation significantly reduces the session reestablishment delay and resolves the related mobility issues in NSIS. Only a few amendments to the current NSIS protocol are needed to realize our approach. The experimental results and simulation study demonstrate that our approach considerably enhances the current NSIS in terms of QoS performance factors and network resource usage.

According to the current Mobile IPv6 specification, a mobile node may have several care-of addresses but only one, called the primary care-of address, can be registered with its home agent and the correspondent nodes. However, for matters of cost, bandwidth, delay, etc, it is useful for the mobile node to get Internet access through multiple accesses simultaneously, in which case the mobile node would be configured with multiple active IPv6 care-of addresses. This document proposes extensions to the Mobile IPv6 protocol to register and use multiple care-of addresses. The extensions proposed in this document can be used by mobile routers using the NEMO (Network Mobility) Basic Support protocol as well. Status of This Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Cloud computing technology is very useful in present day to day life, it uses the internet and the central remote servers to provide and maintain data as well as applications. Such applications in turn can be used by the end users via the cloud communications without any installation. Moreover, the end users' data files can be accessed and manipulated from any other computer using the internet services. Despite the flexibility of data and application accessing and usage that cloud computing environments provide, there are many questions still coming up on how to gain a trusted environment that protect data and applications in clouds from hackers and intruders. This paper surveys the "keys generation and management" mechanism and encryption/decryption algorithms used in cloud computing environments, we proposed new security architecture for cloud computing environment that considers the various security gaps as much as possible. A new cryptographic environment that impl...

MIPv6 is the IPv6 based mobility management protocol and it is expected to become the mobility management protocol of choice for the Next Generation Wireless Access Networks. In order to develop the understanding of the protocol's behavior, its suitability for deploying in a wireless environment and in order to be able to propose and develop appropriate improvements and optimizations, it is imperative to have an accurate, reliable and scalable simulation model for the MIPv6 protocol which is fully compliant to the IETF standards and specifications. This paper presents the logic, design and performance results of an extensible MIPv6 (xMIPv6) simulation model integrated into the INET20061020 framework for the OMNeT++ discrete event simulator.

The on demand access, provided by Next Generation Networks (NGN), will allow users of mobile devices to choose from and connect to networks with no pre-established service contract. Besides signal strength, knowledge about different parameters of the available networks shall base the selection of the attachment point to use. No mechanism currently available provides the desired integrated support for network discovery and on demand access. This paper presents MYHand, an architecture for providing extended information in NGN scenarios. By using the IEEE 802.21 protocol Basic Schema and part of the Y-Comm architecture, MYHand improves the handover managed by mobile devices (user-centric management). This paper also presents an extension to the IEEE 802.21 Basic Schema, which is used by MYHand for extra information exchange between mobile devices and heterogeneous networks.

IEEE 802.21 is one of the emerged standards designed to build handover between heterogeneous technologies while optimizing session continuity. In this paper we provide a performance evaluation of the vertical handover between WiFi and WiMAX using IEEE802.21 for different traffic flows: VoIP, video streaming and FTP. The performance metrics used for this evaluation include throughput, end-to-end delay and packet loss rate. The performance evaluation is done using the Network Simulator NS2.

With the increasing amount of mobile interfaces combining different kinds of access technologies, ranging from Wi-Fi to 3G and LTE, the integration of flexible and mediaindependent link control mechanisms becomes of paramount importance. By employing an abstract way of obtaining access link status information and exercising control over the network interface operations, these control mechanisms become able to optimize device connectivity and network attachment. This paper presents EMICOM, an Enhanced Media Independent COnnection Manager framework where a GNU/Linux Network Manager and Link Service Access Points for the IEEE 802.3 and 802.11 technologies were implemented and integrated through crosslayer Media Independent Handover (MIH) mechanisms from the IEEE 802.21 standard. Through an open-source implementation of the framework, the (MIH) command set capabilities are extended, allowing the support of network association and authentication, as well as Layer 3 services such as IP configuration, providing a generic solution for optimal network connectivity management.

The anticipated deployment of IEEE 802.16-based wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs) will usher a new era in broadband wireless communications. The adoption of the WiMAX technology for remote areas, for example, can address challenging scenarios in a cost-effective manner. While WiMAX Forum documents describe an architecture that inherently supports Quality of Service and mobility, several areas are left uncovered. We present an architecture which integrates WiMAX, Quality of Service and mobility management frameworks over heterogeneous networks, developing mechanisms for seamless handovers. Our approach takes into consideration the expected deployment of, on the one hand, the IEEE 802.21 (Media Independent Handover) proposed standard and, on the other, the IETFstandardized Next Steps in Signalling framework. The first contributions of this paper comprise a specification of the mechanisms for make-before-break vertical handovers taking Quality of Service signalling into account and the integration in a heterogeneous environment. The latter contribution is an empirical evaluation of the proposed architecture using a testbed demonstrator. We quantify the processing delays of the main components in our prototype implementation when a terminal hands over between different access technologies, demonstrating the potential of the proposed architecture.

Effective solutions for the mobility of whole networks are essential for ubiquitous Internet access. Different network mobility paradigms have different consequences in terms of signalling load, performance and scalability. In this paper, a comparison of three network mobility paradigms is presented, namely the legacy-compatible, the infrastructure-centric and the end-nodecentric network mobility paradigms. The study is unprecedented not only because the three paradigms encompass most of the existing network mobility solutions, but also because it involves scenarios with up to 22,800 routers, 11,250 networks, more than 27,000 nodes (fixed and mobile) and up to 16 levels of network mobility nesting. The obtained results point to the very good potential of the end-node-centric network mobility paradigm.

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is a collection of mobile nodes connected with wireless links. A major challenge for these networks are due to their features of open medium, dynamically changing topologies, absence of centralized monitoring points, and lack of any clear lines of defence. All the nodes in MANET must co-operate with each other to route the packets. Cooperating nodes should trust each other. There are several protocols proposed based on the trust. Some trust management schemes have been proposed, to provide a general framework for trust evidence distribution or evaluation of link prediction in MANETs. However, these schemes cannot provide security against some attacks such as packet dropping by selfish nodes in the network. In this report, a new link prediction based approach has been proposed using fuzzy logic in evaluating trust for misbehavior detection of a selfish node in MANET.

Localized mobility protocols are designed to address many of the drawbacks such as additional signaling and over-the-air tunnel overhead associated with global mobility protocols like Mobile IPv4 and Mobile IPv6. Proxy Mobile IPv6 is one such network controlled localized protocol defined in the IETF. Although Proxy Mobile IPv6 can resolve longer binding update and tunnel overhead related issues when a mobile node's movement is confined to a specific domain, some of the handoff-related functions and data paths between two communicating nodes still need to be optimized. The data path reduction between the communicating nodes helps to reduce one way packet delay when both nodes are under the same localized domain and the local mobility anchor point is away. The process of reducing the data path is often referred to as route optimization. Route optimization helps to reduce the delay due to media delivery that is critical for real-time application. We propose several route optimization techniques that can be applied to Proxy Mobile IPv6 to improve the efficiency of media delivery for both intra-and inter-domain movements. We select one of these proposed route optimization mechanisms and then describe the implementation details and analyze the experimental results.

In an effort to provide seamless mobility support in IMS/MMD networks, operators need to choose a specific IPbased mobility protocol. However, there are several micro-and macro-mobility protocols available that the operators can choose from. Operators often face the challenges of selecting the appropriate mobility protocol that can provide the most cost efficient solution under a specific operating environment. Thus, it is important to analyze the effectiveness of these protocols before they are actually deployed in the IMS/MMD networks. In this paper, we analyze a number of candidate mobility protocols and conduct a performance analysis of some of these using a prototype implementation in an IPv6-based IMS/MMD testbed. These analyses provide us with some guidelines in terms of the applicability of these protocols when operators plan to deploy their IMS/MMD networks.

Localized mobility protocols are designed to address many of the drawbacks such as additional signaling and over-the-air tunnel overhead associated with global mobility protocols like Mobile IPv4 and Mobile IPv6. Proxy Mobile IPv6 is one such network controlled localized protocol defined in the IETF. Although Proxy Mobile IPv6 can resolve longer binding update and tunnel overhead related issues when a mobile node's movement is confined to a specific domain, some of the handoff-related functions and data paths between two communicating nodes still need to be optimized. The data path reduction between the communicating nodes helps to reduce one way packet delay when both nodes are under the same localized domain and the local mobility anchor point is away. The process of reducing the data path is often referred to as route optimization. Route optimization helps to reduce the delay due to media delivery that is critical for real-time application. We propose several route optimization techniques that can be applied to Proxy Mobile IPv6 to improve the efficiency of media delivery for both intra-and inter-domain movements. We select one of these proposed route optimization mechanisms and then describe the implementation details and analyze the experimental results.

In an effort to provide seamless mobility support in IMS/MMD networks, operators need to choose a specific IPbased mobility protocol. However, there are several micro-and macro-mobility protocols available that the operators can choose from. Operators often face the challenges of selecting the appropriate mobility protocol that can provide the most cost efficient solution under a specific operating environment. Thus, it is important to analyze the effectiveness of these protocols before they are actually deployed in the IMS/MMD networks. In this paper, we analyze a number of candidate mobility protocols and conduct a performance analysis of some of these using a prototype implementation in an IPv6-based IMS/MMD testbed. These analyses provide us with some guidelines in terms of the applicability of these protocols when operators plan to deploy their IMS/MMD networks.

Recent protocols are become increasingly complex, and lead to further level of complexity when used in combination, often resulting in ambiguous behavior. This paper, starting from a case study, presents an improved approach to validate protocols in a tight loop, leading to faster and higher quality standards. The formal specifications can be used as supplementary material to resolve behavior that is ambiguous from only reading the standards, mostly specified in ASCII text. Further, it addresses how to validate the behavior of several protocols running together without the need for several independent implementations. The approach allows early validation using a large number of environmental triggers, including external unexpected behavior. Finally, useful guidelines are provided to allow easy development of such mobility environments by means of SDL tools.

We propose to enhance the Next Generation Internet by creating a secure and scalable communication infrastructure that mirrors the structure of the real world: people talk to people, objects, objects between themselves and, in general, entities denoted by digital identities communicating with each other. We start from the digital identity and create a view in the communication sphere which is singular, unique, and optimized for that particular digital identity [6,19], building an identity plane that allows entities to address each other in an "identity to identity" approach. We use stackable overlay networks to deliver messages among communication parties and we look at the performance issues related with such kind of networks, being able to come halfway to the optimum.

Cost reduction and a vastly increased potential to create new services, such as via the proliferation of the Cloud, have led to many more players and "end points". With many of them being new entrants, possibly short-lived, the question of how to handle trust and privacy in this new context arises. In this paper, we specifically look at the underlying infrastructure that connects end-points served by these players, which is an essential part of the overall architecture to enable trust and privacy. We present an enhanced architecture that allows real people, objects and services to reliably interact via an infrastructure providing assured levels of trust.

Quantum cryptography has attracted considerable interest among specialists in information security. The over-whelming majority of research projects in quantum cryptography are related to the development of quantum key distribution protocols. Absence of generalized classification & systematization makes it difficult to estimate the level of the latest achievements and does not allow using quantum technologies with full efficiency. From this viewpoint the analysis of existed quantum key distribution systems, basic protocols, strengths & weaknesses, its implementation prospects was carried out in the paper. It gives a possibility to formalize some actual problems of quantum key distribution systems and outline the ways of its solving.

The anticipated deployment of IEEE 802.16-based wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs) will usher a new era in broadband wireless communications. The adoption of the WiMAX technology for remote areas, for example, can address challenging scenarios in a cost-effective manner. While WiMAX Forum documents describe an architecture that inherently supports Quality of Service and mobility, several areas are left uncovered. We present an architecture which integrates WiMAX, Quality of Service and mobility management frameworks over heterogeneous networks, developing mechanisms for seamless handovers. Our approach takes into consideration the expected deployment of, on the one hand, the IEEE 802.21 (Media Independent Handover) proposed standard and, on the other, the IETFstandardized Next Steps in Signalling framework. The first contributions of this paper comprise a specification of the mechanisms for make-before-break vertical handovers taking Quality of Service signalling into account and the integration in a heterogeneous environment. The latter contribution is an empirical evaluation of the proposed architecture using a testbed demonstrator. We quantify the processing delays of the main components in our prototype implementation when a terminal hands over between different access technologies, demonstrating the potential of the proposed architecture.

Cloud computing technology is very useful in present day to day life, it uses the internet and the central remote servers to provide and maintain data as well as applications. Such applications in turn can be used by the end users via the cloud communications without any installation. Moreover, the end users' data files can be accessed and manipulated from any other computer using the internet services. Despite the flexibility of data and application accessing and usage that cloud computing environments provide, there are many questions still coming up on how to gain a trusted environment that protect data and applications in clouds from hackers and intruders. This paper surveys the "keys generation and management" mechanism and encryption/decryption algorithms used in cloud computing environments, we proposed new security architecture for cloud computing environment that considers the various security gaps as much as possible. A new cryptographic environment that impl...

Sensor networks, along with the sensorial output from their nodes, provide an information source to enhance and enrich upper layers mechanisms. The 802.21 MIH protocol provides a cross layer framework that can be extended for sensor information transport. At the same time, it creates an abstraction layer that removes hardware and software specificity from sensor nodes. On a higher level of the network stack, the XMPP protocol also provides an upper layer solution for content syndication on a platform with global access availability. ...

The on demand access, provided by Next Generation Networks (NGN), will allow users of mobile devices to choose from and connect to networks with no pre-established service contract. Besides signal strength, knowledge about different parameters of the available networks shall base the selection of the attachment point to use. No mechanism currently available provides the desired integrated support for network discovery and on demand access. This paper presents MYHand, an architecture for providing extended information in NGN scenarios. By using the IEEE 802.21 protocol Basic Schema and part of the Y-Comm architecture, MYHand improves the handover managed by mobile devices (user-centric management). This paper also presents an extension to the IEEE 802.21 Basic Schema, which is used by MYHand for extra information exchange between mobile devices and heterogeneous networks.

The require of omnipresent wireless access and high data rate services are expected to increase extensively in the near future. In this context, heterogeneous networks, which are a mixture of different wireless technologies (LTEadvanced, LTE-advanced Pro, C-IoT (Cellular Internet of Thing), 5G WiFi, etc) are invited to enable important capabilities, such as high data rates, low latencies and efficient resource utilization in order to provide dedicated capacity to offices, homes, and urban hotspots. Mixing these technologies in the same system, with their complementary characteristics, to afford a complete coverage to users can cause various challenges such as seamless handover, resource management and call admission control. This article proposes a general radio resource management framework which can be supported by future network architectures. A combined call admission control, resource reservation algorithm and bandwidth adaptation based IEEE 802.21 MIH standard approach for heterogeneous wireless network is detailed in this framework. Our aims are to guarantee quality of service (QoS) requirements of all accepted calls, reduce new call blocking probability and handover call dropping probability, and maintain efficient resource utilization. Performance analysis shows that our proposed approach best guarantees QoS requirements.

Fourth Generation mobile devices incorporate multiple interfaces with diverse access technologies. The current Mobile IP protocol fails to support the enhanced fault tolerance capabilities that are enabled by the availability of multiple interfaces. In particular, established Mobile IP communications cannot be preserved through outages affecting the Home Address. In this paper we describe an architecture for mobile host multihoming that enables transport layer survivability through multiple failure modes. The proposed approach relies on the cooperation between Mobile IP and Multi-Path TCP and aims to fully support multihoming and extend roaming capabilities of mobile devices.

Resilience, load balancing and ubiquitous support can be improved by multihoming configurations that explore the plurality of wireless technologies available nowadays. Nevertheless, efficient multihoming configurations require support from all layers, as for instance in, network protocols which must incorporate mechanisms to support multiple addresses. Multiple Care of Addresses Registration (MCoA) is a protocol that extends Mobile IPv6 to enable the registration of multiple addresses. This paper presents mCoA++ ...

Following the Always Best Connection (ABC) principle of the 4th generation wireless networks users of mobile services would be provided with connectivity to the best access technology all the time. In such a context mobile devices are equipped with multiple radio interfaces allowing connectivity to the most suitable network environment based on users requirements and operators policies. Seamless vertical handover plays the key role for mobility across various access networks offering service continuity to users. In this paper seamless handover solutions are presented between 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) and non-3GPP wireless access technologies utilizing functionalities of the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network of the LTE-A, as well as, of the IEEE 802.21 standard. The schemes presented provide low latencies while supporting services QoS constraints, as well as, user requirements and provider policies.

The heterogeneity is one of the key concepts of the Next Generation Wireless Networks (NGWNs). How to provide mobile users with the best connection anytime and anywhere become more important. In this paper, we propose an efficient vertical handover framework based on Media Independent Handover (MIH) technology, to address network selection in Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) environments. A performance analysis is done and results are compared with existing algorithms for vertical handover. Results demonstrate a significant improvement with our developed approach.

The following document presents a detailed description of the protocol for the “ Control Channels for the Cooperation of the Cognitive Management System ” (C4MS) which provides the necessary means to enable proper management of Opportunistic Networks. Additionally, the document defines the methodology that was applied for the purpose of signalling evaluation. The protocol overview presented in section 2 of the main document, provides the C4MS principles. The section includes, among others, the description of the protocol identifiers, procedures, protocol state machines and message format as well as the security asp ects. Section 3 provides a high-level description of the data structures defined within the scope of OneFIT project. The data structures are classified into five categories, i.e.: Profiles, Context, Decisions,Knowledge and Policies. The high level description is complemented by some detailed data structures in the Appendix to D3.3 Section 3[10]. Section 4 provides details...