Learned Optimism

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a psycho-education program aimed at reducing learned
helplessness and irrational beliefs of eight–grade elementary students. The study was an experimental study
based on the pre-test-post-test model with control and placebo group. A total of 27 participants, 9 group
members in each group, participated in the study. Irrational Beliefs Scale and Attribution Style Questionnaire
for Children were used to gather data. The psycho-education program based on cognitive behavioral therapy
developed by researchers had been carried out with the experimental group for ten weeks, while a group
guidance program focusing on problems in adolescence was run with the placebo group for four weeks. No
procedure was applied to the control group. Group comparisons were investigated by two-way ANOVA for
repeated measures. According to the results of analysis, there were no significant differences among three
groups regarding learned helplessness and irrational beliefs scores, while there was a significant difference
between pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group with regard to irrational scores. The results
of the study exhibited that the psycho-education program was effective in decreasing irrational beliefs, but not
effective in decreasing learned helplessness of the participants.

Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice - 13(3) • 1440-1446
©2013 Educational Consultancy and Research Center

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a psycho-education program aimed at reducing learned
helplessness and irrational beliefs of eight–grade elementary students. The study was an experimental study
based on the pre-test-post-test model with control and placebo group. A total of 27 participants, 9 group
members in each group, participated in the study. Irrational Beliefs Scale and Attribution Style Questionnaire
for Children were used to gather data. The psycho-education program based on cognitive behavioral therapy
developed by researchers had been carried out with the experimental group for ten weeks, while a group
guidance program focusing on problems in adolescence was run with the placebo group for four weeks. No
procedure was applied to the control group. Group comparisons were investigated by two-way ANOVA for
repeated measures. According to the results of analysis, there were no significant differences among three
groups regarding learned helplessness and irrational beliefs scores, while there was a significant difference
between pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group with regard to irrational scores. The results
of the study exhibited that the psycho-education program was effective in decreasing irrational beliefs, but not
effective in decreasing learned helplessness of the participants.

Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice - 13(3) • 1440-1446
©2013 Educational Consultancy and Research Center

On April 6-7, 2003, Touro Law Center hosted an extraordinary continuing legal education (CLE) conference entitled Lawyering and Its Discontents: Reclaiming Meaning in the Practice of Law. The Conference brought together judges, interested practitioners, and academics involved in the Comprehensive Law Movement. The Comprehensive Law Movement includes therapeutic jurisprudence, collaborative lawyering, transformative mediation, and other approaches which aim to transform the practice of law into a humanistic and healing force rather than a confrontational and hurtful process.Participants at this Conference explored factors that have contributed to lawyer distress and client disappointment, along with a variety of personal, professional and institutional approaches to dissipating that distress. The underlying premise for the Conference was that when lawyers find ways to practice law that optimize their own and their clients' well-being they can recapture the moral vision that origi...

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a psycho-education program aimed at reducing learned
helplessness and irrational beliefs of eight–grade elementary students. The study was an experimental study
based on the pre-test-post-test model with control and placebo group. A total of 27 participants, 9 group
members in each group, participated in the study. Irrational Beliefs Scale and Attribution Style Questionnaire
for Children were used to gather data. The psycho-education program based on cognitive behavioral therapy
developed by researchers had been carried out with the experimental group for ten weeks, while a group
guidance program focusing on problems in adolescence was run with the placebo group for four weeks. No
procedure was applied to the control group. Group comparisons were investigated by two-way ANOVA for
repeated measures. According to the results of analysis, there were no significant differences among three
groups regarding learned helplessness and irrational beliefs scores, while there was a significant difference
between pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group with regard to irrational scores. The results
of the study exhibited that the psycho-education program was effective in decreasing irrational beliefs, but not
effective in decreasing learned helplessness of the participants.

Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice - 13(3) • 1440-1446
©2013 Educational Consultancy and Research Center