Inter metals

Advancements made in the field of materials have contributed in a major way in building gas turbine engines with higher power ratings and efficiency levels. Improvements in design of the gas turbine engines over the years have importantly been due to development of materials with enhanced performance levels. Gas turbines have been widely utilised in power generation, industrial sector, marine sector and as aircraft engines. This article focuses on aero engine applications. Advancements in gas turbine materials have been always a major concern – higher their capability to withstand elevated temperature service and more the engine efficiency; for the materials with high temperature to weight ratio helps in weight reduction. The article reviews the evolutionary process that has taken place over the years with reference to the different groups of materials used for aero engines. The review brings out a description of the material grades currently used, prominently including their superior performance characteristics which led to the designer selecting them. A wide spectrum of high performance materials, whose manufacture often involves advanced processing techniques, is used for construction of gas turbines namely special steels, titanium alloys, super alloys. Other major group of materials like ceramics, composites and inter-metallics are presently under intense research and development towards their implementation in various aero-engine components. The present analysis will go into the superior attributes of these various groups making them the designer’s choice for different components in the aero-engine.
Many of the components in the aero engines are subjected to fatigue- and /or creep-loading, and the choice of material is then based on the capability of the material to withstand such loads. The paper goes into the types of loading experienced by different components and how advanced gas turbine materials are designed and produced to withstand these loads.  Coating technology has become an integral part of manufacture of gas turbine engine components operating at high temperatures, as this is the only way a combination of high level of mechanical properties and excellent resistance to oxidation / hot corrosion resistance could be achieved.  The review brings out a detailed analysis of the advanced materials and processes that have come to stay in the production of various components in gas turbine engines.

Advancements made in the field of materials have contributed in a major way in building gas turbine engines with higher power ratings and efficiency levels. Improvements in design of the gas turbine engines over the years have importantly been due to development of materials with enhanced performance levels. Gas turbines have been widely utilised in power generation, industrial sector, Privacy

Methanesulfonic acid ͑MSA͒ is an alternative to sulfuric acid electrolyte for metal deposition. The electrochemical nucleation and growth of Cu on a glassy carbon electrode in methanesulfonate was compared with sulfate baths. The overpotential for Cu deposition was much smaller in the MSA bath compared to the traditional sulfuric acid bath, and Cu nucleation occurred at a higher rate in the MSA bath. The measured diffusion coefficient value for Cu deposition from the MSA bath was 6.82 ϫ 10 −6 cm 2 /s. UV-visible spectroscopic results confirmed that the coordination of Cu species was the same in both electrolytes. Cu electrodeposition on Ni sputtered Si substrate from the high efficiency MSA bath was photoresist-compatible with no void formation. One-dimensional Cu nanorods were also deposited through an anodized aluminum oxide template on a Ni evaporated seed layer substrate, showing potential applications as electrical interconnects in ultralarge scale integration ͑ULSI͒ and microelectromechanical systems ͑MEMS͒.