Information behaviour

As more and more information is available on the Web finding quality and reliable information is becoming harder. To help solve this problem, Web search models need to incorporate users ’ cognitive styles. This paper reports the preliminary results from a user study exploring the relationships between Web users ’ searching behavior and their cognitive style. The data was collected using a questionnaire, Web search logs and think-aloud strategy. The preliminary findings reveal a number of cognitive factors, such as information searching processes, results evaluations and cognitive style, having an influence on users ’ Web searching behavior. Among these factors, the cognitive style of the user was observed to have a greater impact. Based on the key findings, a conceptual model of Web searching and cognitive styles is presented.

Cossham, A. (2013).
Introduction. The IFLA functional requirements for bibliographic records model has had a major impact on cataloguing principles and practices over the past fifteen years. This paper evaluates the model in the light of changes in the wider information environment (especially to information resources and retrieval) and in information seeking behaviour online, rather than in terms of library catalogues per se.
Approach. Using a critical analytic approach, it reviews a range of literature across library and information science, and analyses the implications of the changing information environment and information behaviour on usefulness of the model.
Conclusion. The paper argues that although the functional requirements for bibliographic records model may be useful in terms of thinking about the bibliographic universe as constituted when the model was first developed, there have been major changes in the form, format, nature, publishing, and relationships of information resources, along with significant developments in users’ information seeking behaviour, understanding and expectations. The model may no longer be sufficient as a theoretical and conceptual basis for cataloguing rules and hence for library catalogues, nor for understanding the bibliographic universe.

In Western languages, text is traditionally presented in horizontal lines. However, reading of vertically arranged text might be more efficient because of the elimination of horizontal eye movements. We investigated the effect of vertical arrangement upon reading text presented on a computer screen. Even though vertically aligned text was read at a slower rate than horizontally aligned text, the difference was smaller than in previous studies. Analysis of eye-movement data revealed that there were no differences in fixation numbers and numbers of regressions between vertical formats and the standard-text format. But fixation durations were shorter for the standardtext format than for the vertical formats. Taken together, the results indicate that reading vertically presented text from a display device may be nearly as efficient as reading normal horizontal text. Therefore, the fact that text is normally vertically arranged in small-screen devices is not a usability problem.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to historicise research conducted in the fields of Information Seeking and Learning and Information Literacy and thereby begin to outline a description of the history of information in the context of Swedish compulsory education. Design/methodology/approach Document work and documentary practices are used as alternatives to concepts such as information seeking or information behaviour. Four empirical examples of document work – more specifically informational reading – recorded in Swedish primary classrooms in the 1960s are presented. Findings In the recordings, the reading style students use is similar to informational reading in contemporary educational settings: it is fragmentary, facts-oriented, and procedure-oriented. The practice of finding correct answers, rather than analysing and discussing the contents of a text seems to continue from lessons organised around print textbooks in the 1960s to the inquiry-based and digital teaching of toda...

This study investigated the psychometric properties of Information Seeking Anxiety Scale (ISAS) using postgraduate students in a Pakistani university. A 47-item ISAS was administered to 297 students, selected through stratified convenient sampling procedure, by visiting each department. An eighty-five percent (85%) response rate was achieved through usable returned questionnaires. The principal component analysis (PCA) using varimax rotation yielded six-factor solution to the Information Seeking Anxiety Scale (ISAS), namely, (1) Resource Anxiety; (2) ICT Anxiety; (3) Library Anxiety; (4) Search Anxiety; (5) Mechanical Anxiety; and, (6) Thematic Anxiety. This six factors corresponded to those of Erfanmanesh, Abrizah, and Karim (2012) but differed somewhat with regard to the statements loaded on each factor. Moreover, these six-factors combined together accounted for 52.7 % of the total variance explained. Seven item were dropped as a result of reliability analysis resulting 40-item instrument. Also, the values of Cronbach’s internal reliability coefficient alpha for overall ISAS and its sub-scales were found satisfactory as recommended by Nunnally and Bernstein (1994). These results demonstrated the psychometric soundness and stability of ISAS when tested with Pakistani postgraduate students recruited from a research-intensive institute of higher learning. More psychometric studies are required before drawing any sound conclusions regarding adequacy of ISAS in assessing information seeking anxiety in Pakistani information users.

This study investigates the information use (IU), information needs (IN), and information behavior (IB) of graduate students at Kuwait University (KU) to gain deeper understanding of the supporting role of KU libraries for research. In-depth semi-structured interviews, a thematic analysis, and a cross-case analysis were used in the second phase of a mixed methods study to gain insight into the information activities of 48 graduate students studying in four colleges: Engineering, Arts, Science, and Law. Whitley's theory was used as a framework to help understand the influence of disciplinary cultures in shaping the IU and IB of graduate students along their research process. Factors related to the contextual culture of the discipline were found to influence the students' IU and IB. This study provides a domain analytic approach to the IU and IB of graduate students in a KU situation.

The importance of the acquisition and provision of information within knowledge work such as engineering is widely acknowledged. This article reports an extensive empirical study of such information behaviors in engineers, using a novel and effective work sampling method. Seventy-eight design engineers each carried a portable handheld computer (PDA) for 20 working days. Once every hour, they were prompted to enter data concerning the task they were currently performing, including the information behaviors in which they were engaging. The resultant data represent a comprehensive picture of engineers' information behaviors and the percentage of their working time for which each of these behaviors accounts (55.75% in total). Specific hypotheses concerning the time spent engaged in these behaviors were also tested. Accordingly, it was found that participants spent substantially more time receiving information they had not requested than information they had, and this pattern was also reflected when they provided others with information. Furthermore, although there was no difference found between the time participants spent searching for information from other people compared with nonhuman sources, in the former case they spent relatively less time locating the information source and information within that source, and relatively more time engaged in problem solving and decision making. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for theory and organizational practice.

Submitted for a Master's in HCID Dissertation at City University of London.

Human information behaviour (HIB) research remains focused on work and everyday tasks, rather than examining broader intellectual purpose. Narrowly focusing on detailing specific, discrete HIB misses out on the bigger picture of how these behaviors contribute to a larger process. This study looks for patterns in the information behaviours that contributed to knowledge creation, the most complex form of learning. 12 PhD students were interviewed and asked to recount their knowledge creation process in order to thematically analyse their behaviours. This yielded similar patterns corresponding to a model for knowledge creation, but where the emphasis lay in the iterations and cycles through the process. Unlike other models which make the discrete information acquisition or use behaviour the focus, this model describes both types of behaviours, in a variety of contexts, connected by their common purpose. These findings emphasise the importance of intellectual purpose as a driver for HIB. They also reveal information behaviour patterns that contribute to knowledge creation, which can be leveraged to design contextually situated tools. Ultimately this work advocates using purpose as the level of analysis (or macro) and the HIB itself as the micro to acknowledge problems and existing gaps in our systems.

This paper reports on a recent review of the literature of "information behaviour" as it is studied in a variety of disciplines, other than information science. As a result of the review, areas of research interest to information science are identified and a general model of information behaviour is proposed.

Purpose/Thesis: The article contains theoretical and conceptual reflection and analysis of how emotions and other affective phenomena are defined and understood in contemporary research on human information behavior. The article draws attention to the interdisciplinary nature of research into affective information activities. Approach/Methods: The reported research employs a qualitative approach, relying on critical literature review, and conceptual and thematic analysis. The analyzed material came from select publications from 2014-2020. Results and Conclusions: Information science studies the role of emotions in information behavior. However, the application of the affective paradigm remains very limited. The affective understanding of information activities should be constantly expanded on an interdisciplinary basis with reference to theories and methods of other disciplines, such as psychology. Originality/Value: The article studies the development of the theoretical affective phenomenon paradigm and presents the most important approaches psychology takes to emotions. By analyzing the latest trends in the study of affective information behaviors, the study joins the collaborative effort to develop an agenda providing a theoretical and practical basis for the development of interdisciplinary research within the affective paradigm. Keywords Affective paradigm. Emotions. Information behavior. Interdisciplinary approach. Psychology of emotions. Qualitative analysis. Qualitative content analysis.

Purpose: Apart from information retrieval there is virtually no other area of information science that has occasioned as much research effort and writing as "user studies". Within user studies the investigation of "information needs" has been the subject of much debate and no little confusion.

The main argument behind this paper was to determine the awareness and utilization library resources by library users' of NIMS Central Library, Jaipur India. In this study, a descriptive survey method was used, using a questionnaire as a data collection tool. 60 library users were selected randomly from the NIMS University Central Library and managed by a questionnaire, of which 52 copies were completed and returned. The research questionnaires were analyzed by the frequency counts and simple percentages. The findings showed that participants surveyed disclose that female preferred the library more than their male counterparts less than 30 years of age. It was also noted that the majority of respondents indicated that 34 (65.3%) of library resources, indicated that gazetteers were not available. Users of the NIMS Central Library use more books / e-books, journal/ electronic journals, newspapers / magazines, and Internet /computer. It concluded that for the proficient and effective use of the library for teaching, learning and research, the academic institution must provide a live library of updated library resources to get together the information requirements of the library users'. It recommended that the management of the library or university should bring in the use of library literacy education to teach users how to properly manage the library. This will encourage more users who are not aware of the library resources. Finally, Board Display Services should be expanded sufficiently to reflect the available resources to users' and thus representing all library resources.

Over the last decade, 'user experience' (UX) became a buzzword in the field of humancomputer interaction (HCI) and interaction design. As technology matured, interactive products became not only more useful and usable, but also fashionable, fascinating things to desire. Driven by the impression that a narrow focus on interactive products as tools does not capture the variety and emerging aspects of technology use, practitioners and researchers alike, seem to readily embrace the notion of UX as a viable alternative to traditional HCI. And, indeed, the term promises change and a fresh look, without being too specific about its definite meaning. The present introduction to the special issue on 'Empirical studies of the user experience' attempts to give a provisional answer to the question of what is meant by 'the user experience'. It provides a cursory sketch of UX and how we think UX research will look like in the future. It is not so much meant as a forecast of the future, but as a proposal -a stimulus for further UX research.

Think-aloud protocols are a dominant method in usability testing. There is, however, only little empirical evidence on the actual validity of the method. This paper describes an experiment that compares concurrent and retrospective think-aloud protocols for a usability test of an online library catalogue. There were three points of comparison: usability problems detected, overall task performance, and participant experiences. Results show that concurrent and retrospective think-aloud protocols reveal comparable sets of usability problems, but that these problems come to light in different ways. In retrospective think-aloud protocols, more problems were detected by means of verbalisation, while in concurrent think-aloud protocols, more problems were detected by means of observation. Moreover, in the concurrent think-aloud protocols, the requirement to think aloud while working had a negative effect on the task performance. This raises questions about the reactivity of concurrent think-aloud protocols, especially in the case of high task complexity.

This paper presents an outline of models of information seeking and other aspects of information behaviour, showing the relationship between communication and information behaviour in general with information seeking and information searching in information retrieval systems. It is suggested that these models address issues at various levels of information behaviour and that they can be related by envisaging a 'nesting' of models. It is also suggested that, within both information seeking research and information searching research, alternative models address similar issues in related ways and that the models are complementary rather than conflicting. Finally, an alternative, problem-solving model is presented, which, it is suggested, provides a basis for relating the models in appropriate research strategies.

ABSTRAK Tulisan ini bermaksud untuk mengupas teori Fenomenografi karena pengetahuan, pengalaman dan penalaran yang dimiliki oleh setiap orang berbeda-beda maka kebenaran dan realitas yang diyakini orang-orang tersebut adalah relatif. Oleh karena itu, maka setiap kasus yang ada akan berdiri sebagai sesuatu yang unik untuk diteliti. Keunikan ini sulit untuk dirangkum agar menghasilkan pola-pola tertentu tanpa menggunakan suatu perangkat analisis yang tepat. Asumsi yang dapat membantu untuk menghasilkan pola-pola tersebut adalah terdapat bilangan yang terbatas dalam perbedaan individu saat mengalami dan memahami fenomena yang sama. Asumsi ini merupakan suatu asumsi dasar yang dianut dalam pendekatan fenomenografi. Dimana pendekatan fenomenografi ini merupakan bagian dari penelitian kualitatif. Penelitian kualitatif yang ditujukan untuk memahami fenomena-fenomena sosial dari sudut pandang partisipan. Dengan demikian, arti dari penelitian kualitatif tersebut adalah penelitian yang digunakan untuk meneliti pada kondisi objek alamiah dimana peneliti merupakan sebuah instrumen kunci. Adapun tujuan dibuatnya tulisan ini yaitu untuk mengetahui pengertian dari teori fenomenografi dan mengetahui apa saja karakteristik teori fenomenografi, serta mengetahui ilmuwan siapa saja yang meneliti tentang teori fenomenografi ini. Sedangkan manfaat yang didapat dari tulisan ini yaitu sebagai tambahan wawasan dan informasi untuk memahami kemampuan berpikir setiap individu. Kesimpulan dari makalah teori Fenomenografi ini menunjukkan bahwa fenomenografi dapat diartikan sebagai suatu metode untuk mengetahui pemahaman masing-masing individu dalam memahami dan mengkonseptualisasikan yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi cara-cara berbeda secara kualitatif (atau variasi dalam cara) orang mengalami, mengkonseptualisasikan, mempersepsi, dan memahami beragam fenomena. Tujuan umum dari kajian fenomenografi ini adalah mengembangkan secara kualitatif sebuah pemahaman terhadap cara-cara yang berbeda dalam berpikir dan mengkoseptualisasikan suatu fenomena.

Social network communities (SNC’s) are seen as a potential technology enabler to share knowledge around difficult and sensitive topics. Identity information disclosure in SNC can
be evaluated to understand the capability of this technology in breaking down social barriers, engendering trust and enabling wider learning. This pilot study is to evaluate the identity-sharing behaviour in SNC’s by presenting the quantitative analysis of the disclosure as well as subject opinions regarding identity information sharing in SNC’s identified.  Recommendation for research in this area of study centres on methodological issues, including a wider scope of subject opinions such as trust and learning attitude within SNC’s.

This qualitative study extends our earlier research on what we have learned about the information needs of Malaysian male juvenile offenders. This study explores the extent to which the prison library is used as the environment for information seeking of male juvenile delinquents. Data were collected using participants' observation with 27 juveniles (13 to 21 years old) living in five correctional schools in Malaysia. Our observation at all research sites has led us to conclude that the prison library does not play much role in addressing the participants' information needs. The findings in this research are useful for the purpose of designing and delivering the best possible library services to this group. findings add to the limited literature on juvenile offenders' information needs and how the prison libraries meet the needs of this people.

merupakan sekumpulan data atau fakta yang telah diproses dan dikelola sedemikian rupa sehingga menjadi sesuatu yang mudah dimengerti dan bermanfaat bagi penerimanya. Jadi karakteristik informasi adalah ciri khas dari sebuah data atau fakta yang telah diproses agar menjadi bermanfaat bagi penerimanya.

This article aims to understand the adoption of e-books
by academic historians for the purpose of teaching and
research. This includes an investigation into their knowl-
edge about and perceived characteristics of this evolv-
ing research tool. The study relied on Rogers’s model of
the innovation-decision process to guide the develop-
ment of an interview guide. Ten semistructured inter-
views were conducted with history faculty between
October 2010 and December 2011. A grounded theory
approach was employed to code and analyze the data.
Findings about tradition, cost, teaching innovations, and
the historical research process provide the background
for designing learning opportunities for the professional
development of historians and the academic librarians
who work with them. While historians are open to experi-
menting with e-books, they are also concerned about the
loss of serendipity in digital environments, the lack of
availability of key resources, and the need for techno-
logical transparency. The findings show that Rogers’s
knowledge and persuasion stages are cyclical in nature,
with scholars moving back and forth between these two
stages. Participants interviewed were already weighing
the five characteristics of the persuasion stage without
having much knowledge about e-books. The study find-
ings have implications for our understanding of the dif-
fusion of innovations in academia: both print and digital
collections are being used in parallel without one replac-
ing the other

This paper highlights the important role of cult media fans as gatekeepers of knowledge within fan communities.  Based on a literature analysis and Delphi study, this work shows how the traditional role of the gatekeeper – a term historically associated with academic subject areas – has been assumed by fans, who display an exceptional degree of information and digital literacy in their acquisition, organisation, storage, promotion and sharing of fanworks.  This is manifested in unique practices such as fan-tagging, “tag wrangling”, beta-reading, rec-list writing, wiki-contributing, and so on.  This key role underpins the ‘serious leisure’ discipline of fandom, as fanworks generally fall outside of the mainstream collections of libraries and archives.  It also echoes a general trend in the digital world, where the crowdsourcing of dedicated enthusiasts and amateurs is powering an information explosion on sites such as Galaxy Zoo – except that fanworks are the cultural artefacts created and consumed by fans themselves.
The role of the fan-gatekeeper is therefore essential for the preservation of what is undeniably part of our cultural heritage, one that has been largely ignored by the mainstream.  This work informs the library and information professions of the existence of fan expertise on which it could draw to improve understanding of and access to an enormous body of non-mainstream creative works.  It also has potential implications for education (in harnessing the passion of fans to help pass on valuable, transferable skills) and publishing (in the movement from established to DIY forms of publication).

This paper offers an alternative approach to the study of information and religion by exploring information seeking practices in the context of religious conversion. Based on a search for peer-reviewed articles and conference proceedings in the major library and information science (LIS), religious studies, anthropology, and sociology databases, this paper includes what Marcia J. Bates has called a “rigorous systematic bibliography” (1976). I identify ways in which the concept of information seeking has been presented in the existing literature on religious conversion.

The attempt to establish a unified taxonomy for the field of Information Ethics is both unattainable and unwarranted. The categorization of Information Ethics as a defined discipline, an applicable practice, a philosophy and a worldview remains constantly in flux due to, what Luciano Floridi terms, ‘philosophical naturalism’. As such, a broadening understanding of the field will only serve to further collapse categorization. The following paper will outline, using a discourse analysis methodology, how the nature of the field of Information Ethics at a foundational level must necessarily defy classification. The assumptions behind the current classifications of the field will be questioned. Beginning with the history of the inception of the field through Librarianship and Cybernetics and questioning the yet unresolved ontological debates between information philosophers such as Rafael Capurro and Floridi, this paper will explicate how any such attempt to develop an agreed upon taxonomy will and should always remain incomplete.

We take the view that it is unwise to think of an information system as necessarily a computer-based system but far better to think of it as an organisation. Information technology is only able to play a limited role in an organisation by capturing, storing, forwarding and processing the signals. Organised human behaviour depends on a far richer form of communication than any machinery can account for.

Abstract: This paper attempts to study the possibilities of establishing Institutional Repositories (IRs) in select Bangalore theological libraries. Open Access Repositories play an important role in dissemination of scholarly works. The benefit of IRs is huge, it helps preserve and disseminate the knowledge. Institutional repositories Theological institutions in India are yet to make their invaluable historical, cultural and resources accessible in open access repositories. Implementation of IRs at UTC and SAIACS open up the opportunity for theological community to be part of the global community of scholars and share their scholarly productivity. The success of IRs demands the cooperation and support of the heads of the institutions and a change of attitude of the faculty towards IRs as a potential place for making their scholarship visible and available to others. National and regional theological organizations, library associations and other theological fraternity should come forward to support this new initiative for the benefit of everyone.

This research sought to determine whether a blended information literacy learning and teaching intervention could statistically significantly enhance undergraduates’ information discernment compared to standard face-to-face delivery. A mixture of face-to-face and online activities, including online social media learning, was used. Three interventions were designed to develop the information literacies of first-year undergraduates studying Sport and Exercise at Staffordshire University and focused on one aspect of information literacy: the ability to evaluate source material effectively. An analysis was devised where written evaluations of found information for an assessment were converted into numerical scores and then measured statistically. This helped to evaluate the efficacy of the interventions and provided data for further analysis. An insight into how the information literacy pedagogical intervention and the cognitive processes involved in enabling participants to interact critically with information is provided. The intervention which incorporated social media learning proved to be the most successful learning and teaching approach. The data indicated that undergraduate students’ information literacy can be developed. However, additional long-term data is required to establish whether this intervention would have a lasting impact.

انطلق البحث من تساؤل حول مشاركة الباحث التربوي العربي في التبادل العلمي في مجال اختصاصه، ومدى استخدامه للإنتاج العلمي في موضوع اهتمامه. فمن خلال مصادر المعلومات التي يستند إليها في دراسته، يعبّر الباحث عن علاقة بحثه بالأبحاث الأخرى، ويحدد المرجعيات العلمية العربية والعالمية التي ارتكز إليها. وقد تعيق بعض العوامل المادية والمالية والثقافية واللغوية وصوله إلى مصادر المعلومات والاستفادة من التراكم المعرفي في مجال اختصاصه والمشاركة في هذا التبادل العلمي. وركّز البحث على  موضوع الإدارة التربوية باعتباره يعني كافة أنواع ومجالات التربية، ورصد عينة من 113 مقالة علمية والصادرة في 31 دورية تربوية عربية من قاعدة معلومات شمعة، للاطلاع على ملامح التأليف والنشر في هذا الموضوع،  ولوصف خصائص المراجع المعتمدة من حيث لغتها ونوعها ومصدرها وتوزيعها الجغرافي وتاريخ إصدارها.  كما استخدم البحث الببليومتريك وتحليل الاستشهادات المرجعية الواردة في قائمة مراجع هذه المقالات، وخلص إلى أن هناك عوائق تحد من وصول الباحث التربوي العربي إلى الأبحاث العالمية والاستفادة منها. ويبدو أن الحواجز المادية قد تقلصت بينما ثمة عوائق لغوية وثقافية أمام انخراط الباحث التربوي العربي في حركة التبادل العلمي العالمي.

The extent to which memory for information content is reliable, trustworthy, and accurate is crucial in the information age. Being forced to divert attention to interrupting messages is common, however, and can cause memory loss. The memory effects of interrupting messages were investigated in three experiments. In Experiment 1, attending to an interrupting message decreased memory accuracy. Experiment 2, where four interrupting messages were used, replicated this result. In Experiment 3, an interrupting message was shown to be most disturbing when it was semantically very close to the main message. Drawing from a theory of long-term working memory it is argued that interrupting messages can both disrupt the active semantic elaboration of content during encoding and cause semantic interference upon retrieval. Properties of the interrupting message affect the extent and type of errors in remembering. Design implications are discussed.

Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to historicise research conducted in the fields of Information Seeking and Learning and Information Literacy and thereby begin to outline a description of the history of information in the context of Swedish compulsory education.

Design/methodology/approach. Document work and documentary practices are used as alternatives to concepts such as information seeking or information behaviour. Four empirical examples of document work – more specifically informational reading – recorded in Swedish primary classrooms in the 1960s are presented.

Findings. In the recordings, the reading style students use is similar to informational reading in contemporary educational settings: it is fragmentary, facts-oriented, and procedure-oriented. The practice of finding correct answers, rather than analysing and discussing the contents of a text seems to continue from lessons organised around print textbooks in the 1960s to the inquiry-based and digital teaching of today.

Originality/value. The paper seeks to analyse document work and documentary practices by regarding “information” as a discursive construction in a particular era with material consequences in particular contexts, rather than as a theoretical and analytical concept. It also problematises the notion that new digital technologies for producing, organising, finding, using, and disseminating documents have drastically changed people’s behaviours and practices in educational and other contexts.

As more and more information is available on the Web finding quality and reliable information is becoming harder. To help solve this problem, Web search models need to incorporate users’ cognitive styles. This paper reports the preliminary results from a user study exploring the relationships between Web users’ searching behavior and their cognitive style. The data was collected using a questionnaire, Web search logs and think-aloud strategy. The preliminary findings reveal a number of cognitive factors, such as information searching processes, results evaluations and cognitive style, having an influence on users’ Web searching behavior. Among these factors, the cognitive style of the user was observed to have a greater impact. Based on the key findings, a conceptual model of Web searching and cognitive styles is presented.

This paper explores how a foreign language librarian investigated workplace information environments of bilingual (Spanish/English) professionals in the United States in order to design more relevant information literacy (IL) instruction. Drawing from interviews and participant observations of professionals whose careers correspond with Spanish language student graduate opportunities, the primary goal of the paper is to provide an initial understanding of the information environments of professionals in bilingual workplaces. The paper will then describe how this data will be used to design appropriate learning opportunities for Spanish undergraduates. Through reflecting on these multilingual information experiences, the paper also considers the role of workplace IL within higher education as well as contributing more broadly to studies on cultural approaches to IL. Accordingly, this paper will be of interest to foreign language librarians, as well as librarians who work with global studies, international relations or bilingual and international populations.

Archaeology intersects with information research both as an empirical domain of investigation and as a perspective to inquire into how people interact with information. This special issue explores an interdisciplinary nexus of information science and archaeology that has been generating practices, fields of knowledge, methodologies, and theorisations in information research. The archaeologies both here and more broadly can be envisioned to include archaeology proper, media archaeology, the archaeology of knowledge and other archaeological approaches, whereas information research includes, library, museum and archival studies, as well as other relevant disciplines. The six articles in this special issue consider the practices of archaeologists and information professionals around data sharing, management, and curation, the archaeological sites as information structures, media archaeology, and the application of archaeological concepts to archival ethnography. In archaeology, improved understanding of archaeological information work, knowledge creation, and management processes has been acknowledged as being critical in ensuring future reuse of the escalating amounts of data created during archaeological fieldwork. Heritage legislation in a large number of countries worldwide has been a key contributing factor of the increase in archaeological data. Essentially the legislation requires landowners or property developers to fund fieldwork prior to a development project when archaeological remains are found. The development of new digital documentation methods, which have enabled archaeologists to capture increasingly large quantities of diverse data (Zubrow, 2006) is another contributing factor. The increased awareness of the custodial responsibility to preserve archaeological record for purposes of future research, but also due diligence, led to the emergence of digital archaeological archives such as the Archaeology Data Service in the UK (Richards, 2008), the Digital Archaeological Record and Open Context in the USA (Kansa 2012; Kansa and Kansa 2013; Kintigh and Atschul, 2010), and the ARIADNE consortium in Europe (Niccolucci and Richards, 2013). Moreover, several million archaeological resources are now part of the Europeana digital library through metadata aggregation projects such as CARARE (Hansen and Fernie,

Despite the urgent need to develop professional moral principles regarding information behavior, several obstacles exist in Japan and the greatest is the lack of individuals' moral principles of responsibility. Japanese core moral principles were established in the Tokugawa era as an amalgam of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Shintoism, providing the Japanese people with the idea that they were existential beings in society, and therefore, should carry out their social responsibility. However, the Japanese lost sight of these core moral principles in the early Showa era, and to restore and maintain them are key to developing professional moral principles that are effective in modern Japanese society. To overcome this difficulty, we must examine and reflect on the historical circumstances that led to the formation of Japanese core moral principles and on  the sociocultural context that compensates for the lack of individuals' moral principles of responsibility.

During adolescence period, an adolescent undergoes physical, intellectual, emotional and psychological growth. An adolescent also experiences a social environment growth during that period. Out of all the problems regarding adolescent changes, the curiosity towards reproductive issue is enormous since during this period their reproductive organs already able to function as it should be. This study aims to create a model for reproductive health information dissemination thus adolescent will be able to find the proper reproductive health information. This is a qualitative study based on case study approach. The data collection incorporates observation, focus group discussion, interviews with the students of Library and Information Science Program Faculty of Communication Science Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung Indonesia class 2015 and literature study. Triangulation incorporates sources triangulation and theory triangulation. The results show adolescent in Bandung prefer to seek for reproductive health information through their significant others, such as mothers for female adolescent and friends for male adolescent. The model of reproductive health information dissemination in Bandung needs to involve parents and youth organizations or communities as the government representative to deliver information and government programs properly. This study may contribute in disseminating the reproductive health information for adolescent effectively.

Introduction. This paper problematises how children are categorised as a specific user group within information behaviour research and discusses the implications of this categorisation. Methods. Two edited collections of papers on children's information behaviour are analysed. Analysis. The analysis is influenced by previous discourse analytic studies of users within information science and by the sociology of childhood and the discourse analytic concept of subject positions guides the analysis. Results. In the children­-focussed discourse of information behaviour research, children are described as being characterised by distinctive child-­typical features, which means that similarities between children and other groups, as well as differences within the group, are downplayed. Children are also characterised by deficiencies: by not being adults, by not being mature and by not being competent information seekers. The discourse creates a position of power for adults, and for children a position as those in need of expert help. Children are also ascribed a subject position as users of technologies that affect the group in various ways. Conclusions. It is suggested that information behaviour research would benefit from shifting the focus from trying to explain how children innately are and therefore behave with information, to creating understandings of various information practices which involve people of a young age.