Fruit Production in Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand was carved out of Utter Pradesh and became a new state of the Indian Union on November 2000 after a prolonged struggle by the common people of Uttarakhand on the issues of governance apathy by the then UP governments and growing aspirations around an agenda for regional development. After a decade of its inception, it is now imperative to have a look at the achievements and concerns in economic governance in this state. The paper outlined a broad picture of the development efforts undertaken in the state since its inception and highlights the missing links that remained unaddressed even after the political recognition for self-governance was achieved. The paper also summarises the failure of the development design adopted since state formation and presents some key implications of such failure in upholding popular aspirations for local development that once fuelled the Uttarakhand movement for formation of a new state.

While holding cash in hand has its convenience and liquidity benefits, the security and interest payment benefits of depositing cash in banks cannot be argued with. Banks provide a safe place to store the "medium of exchange", accept deposits and make loans. People naturally want to store their hard earned money in a location safe from theft, fire and other hazards. Developed and developing countries have been taking massive steps to ensure 100% financial inclusion. The ability of the masses to not only have access to banks but also use their facilities efficiently so as to maximize their benefit leads to satisfaction and growth. This paper explores the growth of the financial inclusion phenomena in the Indian context.

Cowpea, a legume crop that has high protein content. It is an important economic crop especially in sub-saharan Africa. It is traded among many merchants across Nigeria. A well developed and efficient marketing system of cowpea is essential towards encouraging expansion of its production and consumption. An analysis of marketing margin (maximization of an output-input relationship) as a measure of market performance is a critical element of understanding how cowpea marketing functions. The study consolidates information on cowpea marketing routes across twelve Nigerian major markets that were purposively selected (Iddo-Lagos,

With the touch of globalisation and for a variety of economic and social reasons such as low cost, convenient and time-saving, people are inclining more on food prepared outside the home as a source for takeaway and away-from-home consumption than in the past. Food from fastfood restaurants and away-from-home food consumption style has become trendy, tend to be energy-dense or high in calories and fat; and are associated with poorer nutritional value. As a consequence, a major problem in the society is widening like an epidemic, i.e., obesity in people, especially in children. Previously it was mainly a problem in America and other western countries, but nowadays many Asian countries like Japan, China and India are also suffering from this disease. By creating awareness and taking precautions by the people and government of India we can get recovered from this disease in recent future.

This paper presents the role of Income Generating Activities (IGAs) on the performance of human resource and physical development of Maseno University (MU). The study will form a basic source of reference to the stakeholders who are interested in the private financing of universities. It adopted descriptive exploratory correlation and cross sectional survey research

In order to understand the various dimensions of banker customer relationship first we have to study the origin and evolution of banking, after which we can understand the changing dimension as per the change in time and situation. The evolution of banking has its deep roots in the barter system prevailed in olden days. The defect and drawback in the barter system made necessity of invention of money, there are two theories regarding invention of money, i.e. Theory of Invention and Theory of Spontaneous Growth.

This present paper makes an attempt towards measuring technical progress through estimating input coefficients (technical coefficients) across various years. Such a measurement would shed considerable light on the trends in the rate of technical progress as an important source of growth in the Indian economy and lay to rest various speculations about the role of liberalization in promoting technological progress in the Indian economy. Such an effort would also make it possible to compare the two significant phases of the Indian economy: the 'inwardlooking' phase and the 'outward-looking' phase. In the present paper many tools have been used to find out technological change and to identify the key sectors such as Chenery-Watanabe Categorization, in which, all the sectors of the economy are classified into four categories on the basis of U-W ratios. The study clearly finds that primary sector have low backward and low forward linkages with tertiary sector, high linkages with itself and average linkages with secondary sector. Secondary sector has low linkages with primary sector but high linkages with tertiary sector. Electricity alone has high linkages with all the three sectors. The capital intensive basic industries like iron and steel, electricity, non ferrous basic metals, construction, etc. are supposed to play the role of engine in the process of growth. Investment in these sectors can speed up the industrialization process; as such sectors will stimulate greater economic activities in other sectors.

The study analyzed the profitability of maize processing into flour in Niger State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from one hundred and twenty (120) randomly selected maize flour processors. Descriptive statistics and Gross Margin (GM) Analysis were used to analyze the data collected. The result revealed that most of the processors are between the ages of 30-40 years, they were also married with household size of between 1-5 members. The study also showed that 28.33% of maize flour processors have primary education. Majority of the processors used family labor for their processing activity, more so 59.2% of maize flour processors went into processing mainly for income generation. 100% of the popcorn processors do not have contact with extension agent while 65.00% of maize flour processors are members of association. The study further revealed a GM of N44.95 for maize flour processors It was recommended that female extension agents should be trained, processors should participate in cooperative and improvement should be made on the way of processing so as to improve on their income and general standard of living.

This paper will highlight the historical, current and future developmental roles maize plays as food to Ghanaians and how the food chain is affected by political, economical, social, technological and environmental factors. It also analyses the value of maize as food in Ghanaian culture in a gastronomic context. The author concludes that food serves to bind people linked by blood, religion or citizenship; and consumed in accordance with existing trends in keeping our food choices not only healthy, but natural, and sustainable.

The objective of this paper is to distinctively elucidate on how strategic performance management has engendered growth and survival in notable gamut of organisations Nigeriawide. Many organizations install Performance Management Systems (PMS) formally and informally in their organizations, with the motivation to achieve better organizational results. In effect, the application of strategic performance in this paper is to highlight the focus on organisational as the end product of the contributions of individuals and groups on a sustained basis for competitive niche.

With the touch of globalisation and for a variety of economic and social reasons such as low cost, convenient and time-saving, people are inclining more on food prepared outside the home as a source for take-away and away-from-home consumption than in the past. Food from fast-food restaurants and away-from-home food consumption style has become trendy, tend to be energy-dense or high in calories and fat; and are associated with poorer nutritional value. As a consequence, a major problem in the society is widening like an epidemic, i.e., obesity in people, especially in children. Previously it was mainly a problem in America and other western countries, but nowadays many Asian countries like Japan, China and India are also suffering from this disease. By creating awareness and taking precautions by the people and government of India we can get recovered from this disease in recent future.

Lack of adequate marketing facilities in the agricultural sector has remained one of the most talked about bottlenecks in the efforts for wellbeing of the agriculture dependent population in the newly formed state of Uttarakhand. Following the guidelines of the model national Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) Act of 2003, Uttarakhand also adopted the Act in the year 2011 with a hope that the Act would streamline the marketing possibilities for farmers and the sector would flourish with new investments pouring in through increased private participation. The present article, with an attempt to review the performance of the Act in the state of Uttarakhand, highlights that not only the Act has failed in improving the marketing opportunities for the agricultural sector, it has in reality squeezed the market for the common producers due to inordinate delays in institutionalizing the Act and other factors related to governance of the Act

This paper will highlight the historical, current and future developmental roles maize plays as food to Ghanaians and how the food chain is affected by political, economical, social, technological and environmental factors. It also analyses the value of maize as food in Ghanaian culture in a gastronomic context. The author concludes that food serves to bind people linked by blood, religion or citizenship; and consumed in accordance with existing trends in keeping our food choices not only healthy, but natural, and sustainable.

India is predominantly an Agrarian state with more than 50 percent of the population directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture and allied activities. This easily shows that agriculture is backbone of Indian economy and social fabric. Infrastructure plays an important role in the growth of any sector. The paper tries to list down all the basic infrastructural facilities that are required for proper carrying out of agriculture as a business. It also checks whether these facilities are available to the farmers of the region and how they affect the growth of agriculture sector in hilly state of India. The area chosen for the study is Nainital district of Uttarakhand.. Questionnaire method was used for collecting the data for the research. The major finding of the research is that agriculture has lot of potential in hilly areas but the farmers of region are devoid of the basic infrastructural facilities required for the of agricultural business smoothly.

Horticulture is the science and art of gardening and of cultivating fruits, vegetables, flowers etc.. Manipur has highly suitable agroclimatic conditions for a wide variety of horticultural crops especially in the foothills, mild hill slopes and along the river banks. Various potential horticultural crops of Manipur are Pineapple, Khasi Mandarin, Passion fruit, Kachia Lemon, Banana, Papaya, Tomato, brinjal, chilli, capsicum, Allium hookeri (Maroi Nakopi), Ginger, turmeric, King Chilli, Coriander, Onion, Garlic, and many types of flowers etc.The varied climate conditions and its topography with average temperature of 15.40C to250C, rainfall of 161.62cm, and an altitude of about 750 meters in the valley to about 3000meters in the hills and mountain peaks. Manipur favors for the cultivation of all horticulture plants. With the changes of the environmental process, herbal products are in great demand as a medicinal plant which solely depends on the development of Horticulture cultivation. Many of the foods that share the same medicinal properties reap the benefits, balance variety and moderation of life is the key to success from horticulture. Marketing of horticultural produce in Manipur has not been systematically organized. The lion's share of the consumers' rupee goes to the pockets of innumerable middlemen working in between the producer and the ultimate consumer. The Horticulturists of Manipur are generally the persons of small means. Their holdings are small and scattered. As such, they have got very  Associate Professor,