Fluorescent

As more high-resolution observations become available, our view of ocean mesoscale turbulence more closely becomes that of a "sea of eddies." The presence of the coherent vortices significantly affects the dynamics and the statistical properties of mesoscale flows, with important consequences on tracer dispersion and ocean stirring and mixing processes. Here we review some of the properties of particle transport in vortex-dominated flows, concentrating on the statistical properties induced by the presence of an ensemble of vortices. We discuss a possible parameterization of particle dispersion in vortex-dominated flows, adopting the view that ocean mesoscale turbulence is a two-component fluid which includes intense, localized vortical structures with non-local effects immersed in a Kolmogorovian, low-energy turbulent background which has mostly local effects. Finally, we report on some recent results regarding the role of coherent mesoscale eddies in marine ecosystem functioning, which is related to the effects that vortices have on nutrient supply. frequency mesoscale variability (i.e. the medium-size fluctuations in the general circulation), for the mesoscale and sub-mesoscale coherent vortices (vortical motions at scales smaller than the internal Rossby radius of deformation, McWilliams 1985), or for a generic complicated motion in the presence of turbulence.

This review investigates optical sensor platforms for protein multiplexing, the ability to analyze multiple analytes simultaneously. Multiplexing is becoming increasingly important for clinical needs because disease and therapeutic response often involve the interplay between a variety of complex biological networks encompassing multiple, rather than single, proteins. Multiplexing is generally achieved through one of two routes, either through spatial separation on a surface (different wells or spots) or with the use of unique identifiers/labels (such as spectral separation-different colored dyes, or unique beads-size or color). The strengths and weaknesses of conventional platforms such as immunoassays and new platforms involving protein arrays and lab-on-a-chip technology, including commercially-available devices, are discussed. Three major public health concerns are identified whereby detecting medically-relevant markers using Point-of-Care (POC) multiplex assays could potentiall...

The paper deals with recovery of yttrium from fluorescent powder coming from dismantling of spent fluorescent tubes. Metals are leached by using different acids (nitric, hydrochloric and sulphuric) and ammonia in different leaching tests. These tests show that ammonia is not suitable to recover yttrium, whereas HNO 3 produces toxic vapours. A full factorial design is carried out with HCl and H 2 SO 4 to evaluate the influence of operating factors.

The optical properties of a novel, rhodamine-based derivative, synthesized by reacting rhodamine hydrazide and 5-chlorosalicylaldehyde in ethanol, were investigated in methanol:HEPES solution. The novel sensor displayed selectivity for Cu 2þ , as evidenced by a colourless to dark red colour change, which was characterized using UVevisible spectroscopy and which also allowed visual detection of Cu 2þ . In contrast, selectivity towards VO 2þ was determined from changes in the emission spectra in the nanomolar range. This represents the first reported rhodamine-based sensor capable of detecting both Cu 2þ and VO 2þ using two different modes.

Bifunctional magnetic-fluorescent composite nanoparticles (MPQDs) with Fe 3 O 4 MPs and Mn:ZnS/ZnS core-shell quantum dots (QDs) encapsulated in silica spheres were synthesized through reverse microemulsion method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, vibration sample magnetometer, and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. Our strategy could offer the following features: (1) the formation of Mn:ZnS/ZnS core/ shell QDs resulted in enhancement of the PL intensity with respect to that of bare Mn:ZnS nanocrystals due to the effective elimination of the surface defects; (2) the magnetic nanoparticles were coated with silica, in order to reduce any detrimental effects on the QD PL by the magnetic cores; and (3) both Fe 3 O 4 MPs and Mn:ZnS/ZnS core-shell QDs were encapsulated in silica spheres, and the obtained MPQDs became water soluble. The experimental conditions for the silica coating on the surface of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, such as the ratio of water to surfactant (R), the amount of ammonia, and the amount of tetraethoxysilane, on the photoluminescence properties of MPQDs were studied. It was found that the silica coating on the surface of Fe 3 O 4 could effectively suppress the interaction between the Fe 3 O 4 and the QDs under the most optimal parameters, and the emission intensity of MPQDs showed a maximum. The bifunctional MPQDs prepared under the most optimal parameters have a typical diameter of 35 nm and a saturation magnetization of 4.35 emu/g at room temperature and exhibit strong photoluminescence intensity.

A new fluorescent sensor capable of sensing Cr 3+ has been synthesized. Complexing with Cr 3+ triggers the formation of a highly fluorescent ring-open form which is pink in color. The sensor shows extremely high fluorescence enhancement upon complexation with Cr 3+ and it can be used as a 'naked eye' sensor. Binding of Cr 3+ was found to be reversible as the pink color disappears with excess EDTA.

The objective of this study was to develop a fluorescent bacteriophage assay (FBA) for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef and raw milk. The FBA is a two step assay that combines immunomagnetic separation, to separate the target organism from mixed culture, with a highly specific fluorescently stained bacteriophage to label the E. coli O157:H7 cells. When used in conjunction with flow cytometry, the FBA was able to detect 2.2 CFU / g of artificially contaminated ground 1 2 beef following a 6 h enrichment. Between 10 and 10 CFU / ml of artificially contaminated raw milk were detectable after a 10 h enrichment step. The results show that the FBA is potentially useful as a rapid technique for the preliminary detection of E. coli O157:H7 in food.

Nanocrystalline cellulose is an amphiphilic, high surface area material that can be easily functionalized and is biocompatible and eco-friendly. It has been used singularly and in combination with other nanomaterials to optimize biosensor design. The attachment of peptides and proteins to nanocrystalline cellulose and their proven retention of activity provide a route to bioactive conjugates useful in designs for point of care biosensors. Elastase is a biomarker for a number of inflammatory diseases including chronic wounds, and its rapid sensitive detection with a facile approach to sensing is of interest. An increased interest in the use of elastase sensors for point of care diagnosis is resulting in a variety of approaches to elsastase sensors utilizing different detection technologies. Here elastase substrate peptide-celluose conjugates synthesized as colorimetric and fluorescent sensors on cotton cellulose nanocrystals are compared. The structure of the sensor peptide-nanocellulose crystals when modeled with computational crystal structure parameters demonstrates the spatio-stoichiometric features of the nanocrystalline surface that allows ligand to active site protease interacttion. An understanding of the structure/function relations of enzyme and conjugate substrate of the peptides covalently attached to nancellulose has implications for enhancing the biomolecular transducer. The potential applications of both fluorescent and colorimetric detection to markers like elastase using peptide cotton cellulose nanocrystals as a transducer surface to model point of care biosensors for protease detection are discussed.

A colorimetric and fluorometric dual-model probe for mercury (II) ion was developed employing fluorescein hydrazide (FH) in ethanol-HEPES solution (1:1, v/v, pH 8.0). The probe exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity for Hg 2+ detection using UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Addition of Hg 2+ caused a visual color change from colorless to coloured and a fluorescence change from colorless to bright green. Other metal ions did not interfere with the detection of Hg 2+ .

HTS supplement | reviews w We are just beginning to see how radically gene-based science can change the ways in which new drugs are discovered and developed. In the future, new generations of drugs will increasingly be tailored to individual patients and will target not only disease treatment but also disease prevention. Within the next decade, doctors will be able to remove much of the guesswork from diagnosis and drug prescription by sequencing a patient's DNA (Ref. 1). Tests will be available that will either guide preventative therapy, signal a need for lifestyle changes, or enable early intervention with medicines. However, it is not just healthcare that will benefit. To understand how genes work, scientists will compare them between many individuals at different stages of life and under different conditions. By studying the

Novel fluorescent polyimides (PIs) were prepared from a new diamine, 4-(4-(4-amino-2-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) phenoxy)phenoxy)-3-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzenamine, and three tetracarboxylic dianhydrides. The new symmetrical diamine was successfully synthesized by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of hydroquinone with 2-(2-chloro-5-nitrophenyl)-4, 5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole (I). The PIs synthesized here are amorphous and soluble in polar aprotic solvents and demonstrate the ability to form films; their inherent viscosities ranged from 43 to 82 ml g À1 . The PIs had suitable thermal stability and relatively high T g values (245-274 1C), 10% weight loss temperatures in excess of 500 1C and char yields at 600 1C in air up to 62%. The PIs show emission in the solid state and in dilute (0.20 g per 100 ml) N,N-dimethyl acetamide solution at 431-464 nm with photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields in the range of 11-25%. The chemiluminescence activity of PIs in the presence of peroxyoxalate was also investigated.

It is well known that ultraviolet radiation can exacerbate skin disease in patients with lupus erythematosus. While many patients are advised to avoid sunlight and artificial tanning, it is not clear how best to counsel patients regarding the use of indoor lamps. Indeed, many of the light bulbs commonly used in the home and workplace emit low-dose ultraviolet radiation. The irradiance is considerably lower than that of the sun, however the exposure time can last for hours and is typically repeated on a daily basis. Therefore, it is possible that this chronic exposure could ultimately result in a significant accumulation of damage.

Fully de-N-acetylated chito-oligomers were prepared by de-amination of chitosan using nitrous acid (HNO 2 ). The dimer to hexamer fractions of chitosan oligomers were fractionated with preparative sizeexclusion chromatography (SEC) and characterized using 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The purified oligomers were polymerized by reductive N-alkylation by the action of NaCNBH 3 , in a reaction between the terminal 2,5-anhydro-d-mannofuranose (M-unit) and the primary amines of the repeating units (1 → 4) bound ␤-d-glucosamine (D-unit) resulting in a covalent bond and formation of secondary amines. The polymerized products were studied by SEC-RI and SEC-MALLS-RI and were confirmed to be branched reaching molecular weights of up to 10 000 g/mol. Analysis by 1 H NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the chitosan oligomers had been branched by formation of secondary amines.

New diamines bearing substituted 1,2,4-triazole and quinoxaline moieties with OCH 3 or Br units were successfully synthesized and used for preparation of novel polyamides (PAs) by direct polycondensation with aromatic and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. Chemical structure of the diamines as well as the resulting polymers was confirmed by elemental analysis, FT-IR and 1 H NMR spectroscopic methods. Inherent viscosities of these PAs were in the range of 0.52e0.56 dL/g, they were readily soluble in a variety of organic solvents and formed low-coloured and tough thin films via solution casting. The aromatic PAs exhibited T g between 284 C and 300 C, and their 10% weight loss temperatures were in excess of 420 C with up to 70% char yield at 600 C in N 2 . These PAs emitted green or blue fluorescence in dilute NMP solution and in the solid state. Silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles modified by silane coupling agent were used to prepare SiC/PA particle-reinforced composites by solution blending. Thermal properties of nanocomposites by using DMTA, DSC and TGA and also solubility and optical properties were investigated. The results show that both the uniform particle dispersion and the strong chemical bonding between the nanoparticles and the polymerematrix contributed to the enhanced T g , storage modulus and thermal stability.

Pyrrole bis-coumarins as fluorescent probes have been synthesized from 1,4-dicoumarinyl-1,4-diones, themselves prepared in moderate to high yields in one step from the corresponding a-bromo-3-acetylcoumarins using Zn-I 2. The mechanism of the reaction can be explained through a Wurtz-like self-condensation of a-bromo-3-acetylcoumarins.

h i g h l i g h t s 8-Hydroxyquinoline functionalized mesoporous silica is introduced as a selective fluorescent probe for lutetium ions. Fluorescent intensity of the chemical probe enhances upon binding to lutetium ions. Fluorescence measurements were done in a suspension of mesoporous silica in aqueous solution.

Designed and synthesized a new highly water soluble N,N 0 -bis(2-((5-((dimethylamino)methyl)furan-2-yl)methylthio)ethyl)perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide from 2-((5-((dimethylamino)methyl)furan-2-yl)methylthio)ethanamine and perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride. The compound was characterized by 1 H, 13 C, 2D NMR, mass and IR techniques. The compound is highly fluorescent with good solubility in water and other polar solvents.

Unprecedented phthalonitrile based fluorophores are reported and studied for incorporation into organic light emitting diodes. The phthalonitriles were obtained using a very simple synthetic procedure and were found to be highly fluorescent with quantum yields approaching unity; they are also thermally stable and electrochemically active. When incorporated into OLEDs as fluorescent dopants, the resulting devices have good device efficiencies and emit in the deep-blue area of the spectrum with CIE coordinates that are close to the NTSC standard for blue.

This study is the first demonstration of preferential accumulation of a water soluble phthalocyanine dye in atheromatous plaques in the rabbit. Two groups of rabbits with diet-induced atheromatous plaques were killed 4 and 24 h following intravenous administration of copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate. Uptake of the dye by plaque-containing and normal appearing aortae was evaluated macroscopically and quantitatively by extraction of the dye from the tissues. The concentration of the dye in the atheromatous plaques was 2.6 and 1.7 times higher than in the normal vessel wall at 4 and 24 h, respectively. The concentration of the dye in normal appearing aortae in the 2 study groups was similar to that of aortae of control rabbits which were fed a normal diet and exposed to the dye for the same time periods. We conclude that copper phthalocyanine accumulates preferentially in atheromatous plaques in rabbits. These findings provide a basis for the utilization of phthalocyanines for plaque identification and for photodynamic therapy of atherosclerosis.

Current methods of automated genotyping offer many advantages over traditional gel-based approaches, including reduced handling and processing times, and increased accuracy and consistency. Unfortunately, these advances have come at a substantial cost; at present, roughly one-half of the cost of automated genotyping is due to fluorescently labelled internal size standard. Here we describe detailed methodologies for generating a highly consistent, fluorescently labelled, internal size standard using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The methods are simple and the required reagents are inexpensive, making the in-house production of fluorescently labelled size standards a more widely accessible alternative to commercially available size standards.

Allergic fungal sinusitis is a non-invasive disease characterized by pansinusitis with nasal polyps, with most causative agents being members of the dematiaceous fungi. Reported herein is the ninth Japanese case of allergic fungal sinusitis; an Alternaria species was culturally identified as the etiological agent. The present patient, a 32-yearold man, presented with multiple sinusitis and nasal polyps. Allergic mucin, which is a histological hallmark of this disease, was examined intraoperatively on frozen section. Although characteristic histology, including laminated masses of mucin and aggregates of eosinophils, was seen in HE-stained sections, fungal hyphae were scarce and recognized merely as clear spaces. Because fluorescent stilbene derivatives seem useful for the rapid detection of fungi, Fungiflora Y, a commercially available staining kit that includes a fluorescent stilbene derivative, was applied to the sections, and hyphae were successfully visualized using a fluorescence microscope. This stain takes only several minutes to perform. It is concluded that Fungiflora Y should be used when fungal elements are hard to find on HE stain, especially in cases in which rapid detection of fungus is requested.

A fluorescent biosensor assay has been developed for near real-time detection of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). The assay was based on fluorescent detection principles that allow for the analysis of antibody/antigen interactions in solution using the KinExA™ immunoassay instrument. Our KinExA™ consisted of a capillary flow observation cell containing a microporous screen that maintains a compact capture antigen-coated bead bed. The bead

Background: Recently, polarized microscopy was reported as helpful in the evaluation of alopecia biopsy specimens. Objective: We sought to determine the usefulness of polarized microscopy relative to elastic tissue staining and fluorescent microscopy. Methods: Histologic sections from 60 alopecia specimens were evaluated to determine the pattern of elastic tissue in elastic van Giesonestained sections. Comparable hematoxylin-eosin sections were examined under a fluorescent microscope to determine the elastic tissue pattern and examined under polarized microscopy to determine the pattern of birefringence. Results: Elastic van Gieson staining demonstrated high sensitivity (1.0) and high specificity (1.0) for the identification of nonscarring alopecia. In 54 of 60 cases, fluorescent microscopy demonstrated an identical pattern of elastic tissue. High background eosin fluorescence made it impossible to interpret the elastic tissue pattern in the remaining 6 specimens. Strong birefringence in dermal collagen sparing fibrous tracts had high specificity (1.0) but lower sensitivity (0.59). Strong collagen birefringence within the dermis and broad fibrous tracts were present in all 6 cases of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia. Limitations: Elimination of the 6 uninterpretable specimens with high background fluorescence from our calculations may be a source of bias, as these cases could potentially all have been either negative or positive. Conclusion: Elastic tissue staining is the most reliable means to determine the pattern of scarring in alopecia biopsy specimens. In most cases, fluorescent microscopy of hematoxylin-eosin sections shows an identical pattern. Although a pattern of collagen birefringence on polarized microscopy distinctly sparing fibrous tract is specific for nonscarring alopecia, not all cases of nonscarring alopecia demonstrate this pattern. Strong collagen birefringence within both the dermis and fibrous tracts suggests a diagnosis of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia.

The measurement of ligand receptor binding parameters for G-protein-coupled receptors is indispensable in the drug discovery process. Traditional ligand receptor binding assays require scale-up of cells and membrane preparations, which is an expensive and time-consuming process. In this report, the authors describe the development of a homogeneous live-cell binding assay for GPCRs using a fluorophore-labeled nonpeptide ligand. The model assay used Cy3B-labeled telenzepine and Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. This homogeneous live-cell fluorescence binding assay format is superior to the traditional binding methods because it measures binding of a ligand to intact receptors on living cells. The assay requires no washing or separation steps, thereby allowing a real-time kinetic readout for the determination of ligand association and dissociation from the intact receptors. The results also suggest that miniaturization is feasible without compromising the data quality. (Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2008:748-754)

A 3.0-in. 308-ppi WVGA top-emission AMOLED display with a white OLED and color filters, driven by LTPS TFTs demonstrating a color gamut of >90% and a ∆(u′,v′) of <0.02 is reported. A white-emission source with a unique device structure was developed using all fluorescent materials and yielded efficiencies of 8.45% and 16 cd/A at 4000 nits with CIE color coordinates of (0.30, 0.32).

Through understanding of the device and photo-physics we have developed a fluorescent and phosphorescent hybrid materials set and device architecture for stable white Polymer OLED (P-OLED) lighting devices yielding 25 lm/W efficiency. We show that this technology can be transferred to solution processed ITO-free lighting panels realizing 32 lm/W efficiency with out-coupling film.

ÐTotal organic carbon (TOC) analysis has been typically used as an aggregate measure of natural organic matter (NOM) in water. NOM from New Jersey surface water sources were isolated and fractionated by resin adsorption techniques into hydrophobic acid, hydrophobic neutral, hydrophobic base, hydrophilic acid, hydrophilic neutral and hydrophilic base. The Spectral Fluorescent Signatures (SFS) technique through a database of spectral characteristics speci®c to each fraction was developed for the identi®cation of the six dissolved organic carbon (DOM) fractions. Among the main advantages of the technique are high sensitivity and rapid identi®cation. The potential use of the technique for the rapid qualitative and quantitative identi®cation of the DOM fractions for source water assessment and water treatment process optimization is presented.

The use of gas discharge lamps is an important instrument to reduce energy demand and to increase efficiency at the end use of energy. It has been considered under the electrical energy reduction purposes. In this work the environment point of view was aggregated. After the bulb life time end the final destination of the harmful elements

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