Fishing Communities

As populations of many fish species worldwide have declined, the price of fuel has increased, and coastal development has mushroomed, fishing communities have suffered economic and social vulnerability. Since its 1996 re-authorization, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (which governs U.S. marine fisheries) has included a definition of "fishing community" as "substantially dependent on or substantially engaged in the harvest or processing of fishery resources to meet social and economic needs" and a requirement (National Standard 8) to minimize economic impacts and sustain participation in fisheries in these communities. These initiatives are being implemented in conjunction with a worldwide move towards ecosystembased management. These legal and policy requirements add a new layer to theoretical discussions of "community" and "vulnerability." We review key themes and issues from the literature on ecological anthropology, vulnerability, disasters, ecosystem-based management and fishing communities in the context of applied anthropological work in the U.S. Critical factors for understanding vulnerability in fishing communities are discussed and put in the context of more inclusive and holistic forms of management.

This article analyzes in historical perspective some process of land occupation by
the Caiçara fishing communities at Santos Estuary. We study only the communities that still
have a commercial fishing labour inside the inhabitants group. To make the work easier we
have restricted the area of study at three fishing villages (Monte Cabrão, Sítio Cachoeira and
Prainha Branca), all of them settled at Bertioga Channel, among Santos, Bertioga and Guarujá
towns. We try to understand how important is the environmental speeches developed after the
Nineties for the policies strategies used by the traditional populations and also by the owners
and entrepreneurs. Both used it to get their objectives: to remain in their villages for the first
ones and to build news undertakings based on sustainability development for the second ones.

This article presents an overview of the long term trends in the trading patterns for salted herring in the area of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea and their hinterlands in the period of c. 1600-1850. The market is defined as ‘the interaction between supply and demand to determine the market price and corresponding quantity bought and sold.’  In this period the north European herring market underwent several changes. This is analysed from four different points of view:
The first main section examines the main trading routes for herring in Northern Europe by use of records from the Sound toll registers as well as from accounts of herring imports in the German North Sea and Baltic cities. Then a number of price series for various parts of northern Europe give indications for the long term development of prices of herring. Following this an analysis of the consumption patterns of salted herring is carried out, and finally the influence of mercantilist policies is evaluated.

In communities with an increased prevalence of hereditary deafness, social, and linguistic adaptations are found in response. Aulbers (1959) describes a high prevalence of deafness in a fishing village on the Dutch coast: Katwijk aan Zee. This article aims to assess the current prevalence of deafness in Katwijk, as well as the current sign language situation there. To this end, data were collected from various sources, including governmental studies on public health, archives, a genealogical database and interviews with deaf inhabitants of Katwijk. The various types of data confirm the presence of a higher prevalence of deafness in Katwijk that continues to date. Linguistic and anthropological research is needed to establish to what extent this has affected the experience and position of deaf people and their sign language usage in Katwijk.

The Economic-Ecological-Zoning developed at Santos metropolitan area until 2004year had shown us several social and environmental struggle and had also offered the mainsources to do this work. In this article, we choose the port and industrial axe to analyze theconflict for the property of the land in two different fishermen communities: Conceiçãozinha andDiana Island. By the way we show how was the evolution of the conflict among the communities,the market economy and the public power

As natural disasters go, Cyclone Ockhi which, between 30 November and 2 December 2017, took the lives of hundreds of fishers, injured many others and destroyed numerous fishing vessels at sea, stands out for the disproportionate damage it caused at sea than on land. The dead included not only fishers from the south Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala who were on short- and long-haul fishing trips, but also undocumented migrant fishers from faraway places. This, arguably, is the first-ever cyclone that took away lives at sea on the southwest coast of India, but spared those on land. There are heart-rending stories of survivors who battled the sea for several days before they were rescued (see reports elsewhere in this issue of SAMUDRA Report).

Several explanations have been presented for this tragedy on the waves—from the rapid genesis and intensification of the cyclone, which cut short the time available for response, to the rarity of such storms on the southern Arabian Sea coast. But even under these circumstances, many lives, especially of those who ventured out on 29 November, could have been saved if there had been a timely response from the authorities. Search-and-rescue operations, particularly in relation to long-haul vessels, were hampered by poor knowledge about the location of these fishing vessels at sea, especially of those engaged in tuna and shark fishing, employing longlines and encircling gillnets from Thoothoor, far away from their base fishing port. There was insufficient coordination between different agencies.

As storm surges or large waves pushed inshore by cyclonic winds have generally led to the most number of casualties of fishers, the meteorological department and disaster managers have tended to focus on landfall. In the case of Ockhi, which only skirted the coasts of southern Kerala and Tamil Nadu and did not make landfall, its terrible impact on those at sea was almost missed out in the absence of a reporting mechanism for long-haul fishing vessels before they go out on fishing trips.

Clearly, the solutions for effectively disseminating warnings to fishers on nearshore vessels, or on the coast, will have to be different from disseminating warnings to fishers on multi-day fishing trips (such as Thoothoor’s tuna and shark fishermen) in faraway fishing grounds. What they need is a culture of safety and disaster-risk reduction integrated into their work in fishing, which needs training. The fisheries and maritime safety authorities have a key role to play in this endeavour. The key learnings from Ockhi for the fisheries sector range from the urgent need to comprehensively address fishers’ safety at sea in all areas of fishing operations, and the importance of disaster-management plans to pay attention to practical and efficient early-warning systems, which reach the last mile, to well-equipped boats and trained fishers to meet emergencies. Whatever be the shortcomings of regulatory compliance, the authorities at all levels, however, have to act with alacrity to save lives at sea in an emergency, paying heed to complaints from families and friends of missing fishers.

The path of destruction in the aftermath of Ockhi underscores the magnitude of fleet migration along the western seaboard from the southern states to the northern ones. Considering the long coastline, constant back-and-forth fleet migration both in territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone, burgeoning employment of migrant fishers with no prior knowledge of fishing, whatsoever, and an ever-expanding fishing ground from the seaboard to the high seas, the safety-at-sea regime has to be fully integrated into fisheries management. In regard to multi-day fishing vessels, in particular, there has to be a fool-proof reporting mechanism of vessel position while on a fishing trip.

The central and state authorities in a federal system also need a coherent national perspective and co-ordinated approach to marine fishing. Different coastal states of India have to act as proxy flag, coastal and port-state authority, respectively, to improve safety and ensure effective fisheries management, considering that fishing vessels registered in one state often undertake fishing operations in the waters off a second state and land their catches in ports under the jurisdiction of a third state

In May 1999, after a severe cyclone on the Arabian Sea struck the Pakistan and India coasts, a comment in this journal urged everyone to act and not wait to be swept away. We hope available international guidelines on sea safety, emergency response, and frameworks for disaster reduction in the context of fisheries, under the auspices of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), especially the SSF Guidelines, can assist in preparing emergency response and disaster-preparedness mechanisms to save lives and protect fishing assets at sea.

India has adopted the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 and is to implement the SSF Guidelines. Both the Guidelines and the Sendai Framework promote and protect all human rights and provide an excellent opportunity to improve emergency response and to reduce disaster risk. Cyclone Ockhi should be an eye-opener to recognize not only the landward but also seaward dimensions of cyclones. We need to save lives both on land and at sea.

This open access book explores the histories and geographies of fishing in North Korea and the surrounding nations. With the ideological and environmental history of North Korea in mind, the book examines the complex interactions between local communities, fish themselves, wider ecosystems and the politics of Pyongyang through the lens of critical geography, fisheries statistics and management science as well as North Korean and more generally Korean and East Asian studies. There is increasing global interest in North Korea, its politics, people and landscapes, and as such, this book describes encounters with North Korean fishing communities, as well as unusual moments in the field in the People’s Republic of China, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). It addresses fish, fishing infrastructure, fishing science and fishing statistics and other non-human elements of North Korean and other nations’ developmental regimes as actors and participants within them as much as humans and their technologies. The book enables readers to gain extensive insights into the aspirations and practices of fishing in North Korea and its neighbours, the navigation of difficult political and developmental situations and changing ecological realities in a time of environmental and climate crisis familiar to many across the globe.

Coastal communities have been widely explored by various archaeological researchers, all of whom have applied and developed their own approaches to interpreting landscapes. Despite the diversity of maritime cultural studies worldwide, terrestrial and marine areas are still frequently studied in isolation, and the field has yet to develop a uniformly accepted theoretical paradigm to guide research. This thesis explores a new approach that amalgamates key theoretical and methodological aspects of other disparate cultural landscape studies to provide a new way to examine spatial social organisation in maritime communities.

The community of Queenscliff (Victoria) is used to explore the problem of how to understand the archaeology of non-indigenous communities living and working across the land/sea divide. It is argued that maritime communities do not necessarily perceive a discontinuity between marine and terrestrial areas, even though each region may be differentially experienced and participated in. Consequently, to fully understand how a maritime community operates, it is necessary to investigate the complex relationships that exist between mariners and terrestrial-oriented community members, and in particular how each group occupies and utilizes the water and land. To this end, a cultural landscape approach will be developed which allows us to overcome the traditional disciplinary and environmental boundaries of historical and maritime archaeology.

The dissertation investigates a variety of methods for collecting and integrating the disparate documentary, oral and archaeological data sets available to the researcher of the Australian colonial period. In particular it seeks a broader understanding of the archaeological expressions of maritime activity in this community, situated both above and below the waterline. The adoption of a thematic approach to distinguish between maritime industries recognised the disparities/similarities in the way various groups experience and create landscape. Observations of social and practical behaviour were linked to relict material cultural remains through the innovative use of GIS technology that facilitated thematic comparative analysis of multiple incongruent data sets. The subsequent ethno-archaeological observations that linked maritime culture with archaeological sites have great utility in other analogous nautical cultures.

The methodological application of the amalgamated theoretical paradigm using a thematic approach proved successful in the case study area and several key outcomes are addressed. Maritime cultural landscapes are only be accessible by accessing disparate data sources, which varied widely in both their type and availability between maritime themes. Alternative data sets provide significant insights into maritime culture that may not be accessible in traditional documentary sources, and GIS data representation proved to be essential for management and interpretation of the ethno-archaeological interrelationships between thematic landscapes. The cognitive driving mechanisms of several common types of maritime thematic landscapes in Colonial Australia are now better understood, as are their potential data sources and archaeological characterizations. These observations have great utility in other contemporary areas where one or more of the data sets might be missing or incomplete. The successful utility of this approach is dependent upon undertaking manageable levels of thematic investigation, and their subsequent comparative examination. Final analysis of the implications and effectiveness of this new amalgamated methodological approach and theoretical paradigm is used to provide recommendations for future directions in cultural landscape research. The thesis has developed and demonstrated a new methodology that enables wider analysis of behavioural and social aspects of maritime heritage sites within a broad regional framework, has demonstrated the range of themes available for investigation, and outlined new ways of accessing cultural meanings imbued in landscape, to provide better understandings of maritime communities..

Artisanal fishermen of Bari Old Town are involved in the general small-scale fishing crisis, which makes them worried about the extintion of their job. Because of the faster and faster depopulation of sea, rivalries between different kind of fishers have been increased, so, in this case, fishermen particularly blame the recreational fishing.
In the first part I analyze the fishermen's material culture, techniques and knowledge of nature; then, I give space to the emic anlysis of the crisis, through their own words, to explain their opinions about causes and possible remedies.

I piccoli pescatori di Bari Vecchia attraversano in un momento di forte crisi che fa intravedere, sempre più concretamente, l'estinzione della loro professione. Il sempre più rapido spopolamento del mare ha acuito le rivalità, dando il via a un processo di blaming che ha portato a negare il diritto all'accesso delle risorse marine per tutti, accrescendo le divergenze fra pescatori dilettanti e professionisti. Dopo un analisi della cultura materiale, delle tecniche e dei saperi naturalistici necessari al lavoro, si prende in esame la crisi dal punto di vista emico, sia attraverso le emozioni che attraverso le rappresentazioni dei pescatori, dando spazio anche alla loro analisi razionale su cause e possibili rimedi. Una possibile soluzione è costituita dalla possibilità che le istituzioni che si occupano della tutela del mare attingano dal sistema di regole cristallizzato nei saperi ecologici tradizionali, unici capaci di mantenere un equilibrio virtuoso nel rapporto uomo- natura, poiché costruiti e ricostruiti  attraverso un rapporto secolare con l'ambiente.

This thesis is a study of the Jábega boat, a traditional fishing vessel from Málaga. My intention is to give a general appreciation of this type of boat, by means of an exhaustive analysis of a particular craft, the Rosario y Ana. This boat, which is more than 70 years old, is a perfect example of what these fishing vessels were like, and it clearly embodies a form of cultural syncretism.

In the Jábega boat, we can find oculi or eyes on the sides, typical Spanish flowers, a Christian Virgin or a snake head at the end of the espolón or beak. All this iconography may seem unrelated at first, however it will be of great help in detecting the origins of this kind of vessel.

Thus, before going into all the different elements and features that define these boats I will present historical research, analyze its past and try to identify its most ancient ancestor, so as to understand their evolution. Secondly, a small chapter about the fishing technique they used to practice (Jábega) will be included. It would be unfair not to do so, since this fishing technique did not only give these vessels their name but also their form.

Next, the structural analysis of the Jábega boat will begin. Most of this information will come from the knowledge of local people, and therefore, local vocabulary will be featured. Because these boats have so many unique elements, together with the fact that they are limited to a very close and specific community of Andalucía, some of this vocabulary is untranslatable. Most of the words do not appear in Spanish dictionaries. Thus, many terms will not be translated, instead, a small glossary and several drawings will be added to this project to facilitate the readers’ comprehension.

Finally, and as I will later mention in my objectives, with this analysis I intend to uphold the value of this forgotten and nearly extinct maritime heritage, and show it to the rest of the world. For this reason, I will dedicate the conclusion of this project to convincing the reader that these boats should be protected, because surprisingly, they are not yet considered to be of cultural interest, and quite possibly, by the time they are bestowed their proper recognition, it will be too late. Who knows, perhaps this is the last opportunity to record their existence.

The Coral Triangle in south-east Asia contains over three quarters of the total number of known coral species and more than half of the world’s coral reefs, whilst providing resources to support the livelihoods of around 120 million people. The Wakatobi National Park is centrally located within this region, encompassing 13,000km2 and including a diversity of reefs, seagrass and mangrove habitats whilst also being home to around 100,000 people. The sustainable use of resources within the Wakatobi is therefore of significance with regard to both global marine conservation issues and the well-being of the resident population. Managing these resources necessitates a sound scientific understanding of both the natural environment and the human communities which depend upon them.

Drawing upon contributions from experts in the natural and social sciences, this book offers the first detailed insight into the status of the marine environment in the Wakatobi. It includes recent research focusing upon coral reef growth, loss and recovery, coastal fish assemblages, the connections between seagrass, mangroves and associated habitats and descriptions of the bird populations of the islands. The book enables the reader to appreciate the human dimension of resource usage through a detailed examination of resident communities’ socio-cultural and economic characteristics, most of which has received little prior attention in the literature.

Through integrating diverse strands of research, this book presents a holistic overview of the natural and human environment of this region which is utilised to identify priority areas for future research and conservation activity. The advent of the Coral Triangle Initiative serves to underline the timely nature of these recommendations and their relevance to resource management in this global epicentre of marine biodiversity. The book will be of interest to anyone with an interest in marine resources, including conservation practitioners, policy-makers, government authorities and students of marine ecology, conservation management, geography and related subjects.

Latest information(2013) on the present status of sea turtles along India's mainland. A 2010-12 project initiative by WWF-India.Compiled and Edited by Annie Kurian.

(This survey is after a decadal gap since the last GOI-UNDP survey carried out between 2000-2002.And editors of this report-Marine Turtles of the Indian Subcontinent-were Kartik Shanker and BC Choudhury)

P.S  Included in the 2013 report is comprehensive chapter contribution by  Dr.Chandrashekar Kar, and a good review effort Dr.S.Bhupathy- predecessors and among the foremost in sea turtle research and conservation in India. It is sad that both of them passed away in April 2014, and this report probably constitutes among the last of their visible efforts!My deep gratitude and respect to both these wonderful people who enlightened other lives!

SAMUDRA Report No. 80, dated December 2018, features articles on fisheries from around the world that focus on a diverse range of issues, from small-scale fisheries and community fisheries to illegal fishing, the SSF Guidelines, conservation of manta rays and fisheries governance, among other topics. The editorial Comment in this issue discusses how the Regional Plan of Action for Small-scale Fisheries in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea is a model for other regional fisheries management organizations. The tide of fortune for small-scale fisheries in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea is turning, says the opening article. The article from Cambodia shows how extensive and well-developed is the nation's system of community fisheries.  Sri Lanka's SSF communities can be strengthened in the context of the SSF Guidelines, argues another article, while a report from Vietnam on a recent consultation workshop discusses illegal fishing and co-management in the central coastal region. The piece from Indonesia discusses how Lamakera village has initiated a programme for the conservation of manta rays. From Pakistan comes a report on a Peoples Long March against dams on the Indus River. Effective fisheries governance has led to democratization and decentralization in Myanmar, according to another article. The social contexts and lives of fishing communities are analyzed in another article, while the last article in the current issue points out that only collective action in SSF can overcome the problems of poverty and marginalization. SAMUDRA Report No. 80 also features the regular Roundup section that carries news snippets, analysis and tidbits on fisheries from around the world. SAMUDRA Report No. 80 can be accessed at
https://www.icsf.net/en/samudra/article/EN/80.html?limitstart=0

Myos Hormos (modern Quseir al-Qadim, Egypt) was well known to Greek and Roman geographers for its role in the Indian Ocean trade from the late first century BC to third century AD (Peacock & Blue 2006). Myos Hormos was on a stretch of western Red Sea coast inhabited by the Ichthyophagi Arabaegypti (Ptolemy, Geogr. 4.5), renowned for their fishing economy, where 'Poseidon had assumed the function of Demeter' (see below). A combination of excellent preservation and extensive archaeological research in the region has enabled a thorough study of fishing on the Red Sea during this period.The artefacts preserved include weights, floats, nets and hooks that supply the main body of evidence for this paper, though historical, ethnographic and faunal data help illustrate how the fishing equipment was used (Wendrich & Van Neer 1994). Faunal (Van Neer et al. 2004) and epigraphic (Cuvigny, 2003b) data have also greatly increased our understanding of fishing methods and marketing in
the Red Sea region during the Roman period. Fish (depending upon species) was marketed fresh, salted, dried, pickled, as sauce (fermentation) or smoked. In conclusion the archaeological evidence suggests there was a significant demand for fish products in the region that fuelled a diverse fishing industry at Myos Hormos (Thomas 2007).

This paper will discuss the fishing equipment from Myos Hormos, and other contemporaneous finds from the Red Sea region. The combination of fishing artefacts complemented by epigraphic, historical, faunal and ethnographic data has provided us with a detailed insight into fishing gear, techniques, and the wider fishing industry in the Red Sea region during the first three centuries AD. This paper will also will discuss production,marketing and very briefly the social importance of this to the Red Sea port communities.

Kerala's fishing communities are the scapegoats of negligence by the pseudo proponents of welfare state. The fishery co-operative movement of Kerala is a brave attempt to wage war against the cut-throat competition forced by India's liberalized economy. However, the chronology of this movement in Kerala presents a dismal picture. The objectives of the present research paper are a) to assess whether the marine co-operatives abide by the internationally recognised co-operatives principles such a: Voluntary and open membership; Democratic member control; Autonomy and Independence; Education, Information and Training; and Concern for Community, b) to assess whether the primary marine co-operatives find their current performance satisfactory, and c) to identify the problems and challenges faced by the primary marine co-operatives. Scope of the study is limited to three districts of Kerala. Results show that total absence of political neutrality is the most serious challenge faced by Matsyafed. Institutional and governance problems are also identified affecting performance of the cooperative.

This text considers how knowledge change is expressed in speech, focusing on the members of a community of fisherfolk who have experienced several decades of dramatic social, economic and environmental change. It draws on fourteen months of fieldwork in a coastal village in the South Indian state of Kerala.

The opening editorial Comment in the current issue argues that as the implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication (SSF Guidelines) gets under way, it is imperative to lobby for policies and processes that will empower small-scale fishing communities.

How the Guaranis, indigenous people of Morro dos Cavalos in Brazil, are being displaced from their lands to satisfy the interests of politicians and businesses is analyzed in one article, while another details how the Seafood Slavery Risk Tool tracks abuses of labour and human rights in seafood supply chains.

The current issue also features a report on the Danish Institute for Human Rights’ meeting on the contribution of human rights to the sustainable development of fisheries. Continuing on the theme of livelihood rights, the article from Indonesia delineates the causes for the poor nutritional intake in Indonesia's coastal communities.

On-the-ground reports of two meetings – one on the largest conference on occupational safety and health in the fishing industry, held in Canada, and the other, on the 33rd Session of the FAO Committee on Fisheries (COFI) – provide insights into issues that plague the fisheries sector in different ways.

Another article in SAMUDRA Report No. 79 explains how fishermen and scientists are being brought together to track wind and waves, and save lives, through new innovative weather forecasting technology.

A report on the Pêcheurs du Monde film festival, held in Lorient, France, and which turns 10 this year, as well as a review of a book on the global implementation of the SSF Guidelines, swing the spotlight to the problems that small-scale fishing communities face around the world.

SAMUDRA Report No. 79 also features the regular Roundup section that carries news snippets, analysis and tidbits on fisheries from around the world.

SAMUDRA Report No. 79 can be accessed at
https://www.icsf.net/en/samudra/article/EN/79.html?limitstart=0

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Kegiatan penangkapan hiu sebagai target tangkapan utama bagi perikanan rawai di Tanjung Luar, Lombok Timur berlangsung sepanjang tahun dengan upaya penangkapan yang terus meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil tangkapan hiu dari alat tangkap rawai hanyut dan rawai dasar yang dioperasikan oleh nelayan yang berbasis di PPI Tanjung Luar, Lombok Timur. Data tangkapan diperoleh melalui catatan enumerator di Tanjung Luar, Lombok Timur dari Januari – November 2015. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif berdasarkan laju pancingnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laju tangkap rawai hiu yang dioperasikan nelayan Tanjung Luar berfluktuasi tiap bulan dengan rerata 12,97±6,131 ekor/hari dan rerata laju pancing 4,32±2,23 ekor/100 pancing. Fishing Power Index untuk rawai hanyut dan dasar sebesar 1,00 dan 0,55. Laju tangkap cenderung mulai mengalami peningkatan pada April dan mencapai puncaknya sekitar November. Laju tangkap rawai hanyut lebih tinggi dibandingkan rawai dasar karena frekuensi hiu tertangkap lebih banyak pada rawai hanyut. Jenis hiu hasil tangkapan rawai dasar lebih beragam (26 jenis) dibanding rawai hanyut (18 jenis). Rawai hanyut cenderung lebih banyak menangkap jenis hiu dengan status konservasi rawan dan langka menurut Daftar Merah IUCN serta masuk dalam Appendiks CITES. Total hasil tangkapan hiu didominasi oleh Carcharhinus falciformis (42,12%), Prionace glauca (10,51%) dan C. limbatus (10,32%). Jenis C. falciformis dan P. glauca cenderung lebih banyak tertangkap oleh rawai hanyut sedangkan C. limbatus banyak tertangkap oleh rawai dasar.

KATA KUNCI: Elasmobranchii; konservasi; laju tangkap; rawai; Tanjung Luar; Lombok Timur

Already on the margins of an agrarian society, the marine fisherfolk of the South Indian state of Kerala are faced with a severe environmental problem: overfishing. The actions of trawlers and industrial fishing ships, it seems, have caused the resources on which they depend to dwindle rapidly. Yet what may appear to be a clear-cut case of cause, effect and responsibility turns out to be a complex issue. Local perceptions of the environment are deeply enmeshed with notions of morality, the self and people's understanding of their place in society. Overfishing is one of several environmental issues that bring into focus parallel knowledges, giving rise to contradictory views on what the problems are, whether changes are good or bad, and how they are to be remedied. As the fisherfolk confront the state, a discourse develops on what is innate to the environment, or "natural", and on what its malleability entails.
Based on ethnographic fieldwork among Hindus and Muslims in a coastal village, this book explores the fisherfolk's environmental knowledge, its transformation in a period of rapid socio-economic and political change as well as its role in dealing with the state and the science - putatively universal and objective - upon which the state's policies are claimed to be based. The book emphasises conversation as a cultural process, metaphors and figurative speech in the investigation of knowledge, as well as the use and limits of memory in conceptualising environmental change.

Various countries provide legal protections and preferential policies to Indigenous peoples, ethnic minority groups, and minority nationality communities. Such communities tend to be territorialized, with conceptions of indigeneity rooted in a specific Indigenous territory, homeland, or locality. This territorialization is problematic because it supports state strategies to frame Indigenous peoples as objects of development and creates a false choice between maginalization and culture loss. We use the case of the Indigenous Dan fishing community of Sanya City, Hainan, China to explore how the territorialization of indigeneity can furthermore complicate efforts to protect Indigenous communities that have never been associated with any particular territory. The Dan’s maritime lifestyle has contributed to them not being regarded as one of China’s official and protected minority nationalities. The Dan of Sanya City face severe livelihood and cost of living challenges during a major urban renewal process occasioned by Sanya City’s development policy. This has left the Dan with neither state protection nor opportunities to assimilate into or adapt to the majority society. We call for a radical deterritorialization of concepts of indigeneity both to empower Indigenous groups that cannot be easily territorialized and to help prevent Indigenous peoples in general from becoming objects of assimilationist development policy.

A fin de determinar los implementos de pesca utilizados por los aborígenes que visitaban la isla Dos Mosquises, Archipiélago de Los Roques, Venezuela, se identificó la muestra de arqueofauna marina proveniente del tamizado fino (malla de 1 mm ) de una sección del único yacimiento
prehispánico presente en la isla (1200 a 1500 años D.C.), una vez determinado su contexto arqueológico. Posteriormente, se estudió la biología y ecología de las especies identificadas, los
informes etnohistóricos, la pesca artesanal actual del área y datos proporcionados por los informantes nativos.
Se discute el posible y efectivo uso de trampas y redes en la captura de las especies zooarqueológicas identificadas, concluyendo que la red ha sido el arte de pesca principal.

Las comunidades de peces en las zonas tropicales y subtropicales del Pacífico Mexicano están influenciadas tanto por las corrientes oceánicas como por cambios asociados a la temperatura. La corriente de California, la Contracorriente Norecuatorial y el fenómeno El Niño han sido considerados como los eventos más importantes que tienen influencia sobre la estructura de las comunidades de peces en el Pacífico Central Mexicano (Madrid y Sánchez 1997).

A small island of less than 250 km2 which lies off the northeast coast of Newfoundland, Fogo Island is home to one of Canada’s oldest communities and also to a design laboratory which is composing the island’s future.
Gulangyu - First Creative Asia Forum. Theme: “Islands - a cultural ecology” - Organised by the China Academy of Art (NAnjing), Xiamen, China, August 24-25th 2016

For no less than 300 years, c. 1550-1860 the Dutch way of fishing was the envy of neighbours in the North Sea area and looked upon as the undisputed best practice. This was a lasting consequence of the Dutch Golden Age in fishing outliving the reality of best practice with at least 150 years. This paper explores the consequences of the image of Dutch dominance, as seen through 41 different attempts to build a fleet and run fishing operations similar to the Dutch. Most of them were short lived, and some never made it to the fishing grounds before going bankrupt. When reviewed one by one, they all have unique reasons for lacklustre performances. Privateering, warfare, bankruptcy, bad fishing luck are all valid explanations at the level of politics and short term events. However, when looked upon in connection to each other, some recurrent features of more or less sound policies appear, as well as structural social and natural conditions for varying degrees of success and failure. Two waves of imitation emerge from this comparison. In the mid-17th century and during the 1760s-70s there was a particularly strong European wide interest in emulating Dutch fisheries.

Yemaya No. 60, dated April 2020, features articles from India, Costa Rica, Japan, European Union, and a special supplement, Turning Points: A decade of change for women in fisheries. The article from India details the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on women fishworkers in Mumbai. The Costa Rican article shows how the women fishers, shrimp peelers and mollusc workers identify their priority areas for the recognition and formalization of work. The article from Japan looks at the challenge of excluding women from fishery cooperative associations. The article from Africa looks at the gradual transformation of the African Confederation of Artisanal Fishing Organization (CAOPA) from 2010 onwards. The article talks about how the organization made gender issues as a priority area in their advocacy work.

The article on Southeast Asia narrates the story of how declining incomes and ageing villages mean that women are likely to be the mainstay of families and communities in the small-scale fisheries. The article on small-scale fisheries and the contribution of women highlights that part-time fishing and gleaning activities globally may contribute nearly 3 million tonnes of seafood, with a landed value of around US$5.6 bn. The article on AKTEA, The European Network of Women in Fisheries and Aquaculture, looks at what are the challenges and the way forward for the network. In her review of the recently published book, "Practical Guide for Gender Analysis in Small-scale Fisheries and Aquaculture in Southeast Asia", Susana Siar looks at how the book is designed to support the SSF Guidelines.

The Yemaya Supplement, Turning Points: A decade of change for women in fisheries, focuses on a change that has happened over a decade: a truthful appreciation of women’s role in fisheries. Their involvement in the sector follows a similar arc the world over, despite wide differences in society, culture, politics and economics. This supplement is an effort to understand and identify the main factors affecting this over the decade -- the causes that have shaped their role, both positively and negatively.

The Profile column looks at how a fishing village in India mourns the death of an Italian nurse, Lauretta Farina of Bergamo. The Milestones column features a recently published report of the WHO Global Health Workforce. The report calls for gender-transformative policies and measures to be put in place if global targets for better health and gender outcomes are to be followed. The What's New, Webby? column presents the details of a new gender initiative via a mobile app and an online platform. The app tracks the gender-specific progress in each country. The current issue of Yemaya also carries the ever-popular cartoon strip, "Yemaya Mama".

Historically, communities persisted in remote, isolated areas of Alaska in large part because of the abundance of marine and terrestrial resources, as well as the ability of local people to opportunistically access those resources as they became available. Species switching and the ability to shift effort away from fisheries during poor years allowed local residents to diversify their livelihoods in the face of uncertainties and ecological change. The advent of modern fisheries management, which views Alaskan fisheries as the property of all citizens of the United States, has fundamentally altered the relationship of place-based communities to fishery resources. Local access to fisheries has been particularly affected by the development of transferable fishing privileges, making it possible for fishing rights to leave place-based communities through the choices of individual community members to sell or to move away. When fishing communities in Alaska lose active fishing businesses, over time the loss of various types of community capital will follow, including human, social, cultural, technical, and financial capital. In some cases, communities are able to adapt or transform through diversification of their local economies. In other cases, no alternatives to a fishery-based economy are accessible. We have used resilience theory to explore drivers of change affecting Alaskan fishing communities. Emphasis was placed on two primary change drivers, the regulatory environment and rural out-migration, as well as their interconnections and their impacts on individuals, communities, and the larger social-ecological system. We summarized several government programs that have been implemented to support the continued participation of communities in Alaskan fisheries. In addition, we reviewed informal and private-sector efforts to generate resilience strategies that can facilitate new entry into fisheries or retain fishing businesses and fishing rights within communities, as well as respond to increasing uncertainty related to the global market and climate changes.

The Timi-Kurm or Whale-Turtle festival is a novel effort that links a diverse group of stakeholders to share a collective appreciation of our natural environment and facilitate holistic conservation of marine, coastal, and terrestrial resources in Karwar, India. Besides environmental education, a key focus the 3-day Timi-Kurm fest was to build monetary and in-kind support for the true environmental stewards — the traditional and vulnerable small-scale fishing communities of India.
The word “timi” in Sanskrit means a whale, and “kurm” means a turtle – the name was chosen to signify the cultural and enduring relationship Indians have with the marine environment since ancient times. Dolphins and whales are aquatic throughout their life but sea turtles need both the land and the sea, for example, a female sea turtle buries her eggs on the beach sand for incubation.
The link between land and sea is not limited to these magnificent creatures, but the same bond exists between humans and the sea. Our coastal communities and the wider world depend on the oceans for food. But the oceans play a more prominent role in our lives by influencing earth’s climate, by being a source for oil, minerals, and other valuable resources, and by housing an incredible diversity of animals and plants that have spawned eco-tourism activities worldwide.
Cultivating an enduring relationship with the marine environment and making critical links with the coastal communities, especially traditional fishing communities is integral to all of Terra Marine Research Institute (TeMI’s) activities and the Timi-Kurm fest!
To meet this goal, TeMI networks with the local fishing community and public, and government & non-government environmental organisations, academic, corporate and non-profit sectors from coastal, rural, and urban areas. Smart wildlife conservation happens best when conservation awareness, responsibility and positive action are inspired by people from different backgrounds and disciplines.
Traditional subsistence fishing communities are found throughout the Indian coast including the islands of the Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep. Their methods of fishing are largely environment friendly, but are sadly being displaced, due to pressure from industrial fisheries, leaving them with scarce fish to catch.
The Timi-Kurm fest has made its beginning in Karwar and will simultaneously cater to similar needs in the bordering state of Goa, primarily due to significant environmental concerns and collaboration interests expressed by major stakeholders and participants during the 2013 Timi-Kurm fest held in Karwar.

The Timi-Kurm  festival does not conclude as a mere three day event. Its objectives are long-term, and include:

1)  To empower coastal communities in India to holistically conserve marine and terrestrial resources in the  Western Ghats bordering the coasts.
2) To support the welfare of artisanal or traditional fishing communities in the Karwar region and nationally.
3) To engage in conservation-oriented research and awareness efforts with local communities, integrating local traditional knowledge and scientific approaches.
4) To boost the local economy where the fests is held and build capacity by encouraging conservation champions among both the wildlife enthusiast and marginalized communities.

SAMUDRA Report No. 82, dated February 2020, features articles on fisheries from around the world, notably Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Seychelles, Brazil, Chile and France. The current issue has extensive analysis and commentary on the Blue Economy and Blue Growth against the backdrop of the FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication (SSF Guidelines).

The article from Seychelles analyzes the several contradictions in the conservation initiative of the country’s Blue Bond scheme, while the one from Sri Lanka points out that the National Fisheries Policy needs to be remodelled to incorporate the SSF Guidelines. Yet another says that women in fisheries can utilize the SSF Guidelines to advance their interests and build a common vision. The biggest-ever oil spill disaster in Brazil's history points to the need for State-sponsored disaster management, says another report. From neighbouring Chile comes a piece that argues for a new type of autonomous social movement to create a democratic and representative Constitution.

India's draft National Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy (NIFAP) is analyzed in one article, while another explains how artisanal fishers’ experiential knowledge can help address many problems, including climate change. SAMUDRA Report No. 82 also carries an obituary tribute to Sidney Holt, a towering intellect and a committed conservationist, who died late last year.

Os moradores e a gente oriunda da Praia da Longa, localizada na Ilha Grande, município de Angra dos Reis (RJ), ao mesmo tempo em que sempre estiveram conectados a processos de mudança da sociedade abrangente, guardam uma identidade própria que vivida e expressada como “ser da Longa”. Este trabalho teve a imagem como ferramenta e produto de pesquisa, incluindo um filme como parte do seu conteúdo. Adotando uma perspectiva processual em relação às idéias de cultura e identidade na/da Longa, trata de valores e práticas em que se sustentam e se manifestam essa identidade e o sentimento de pertencimento a esse lugar, ilustrados: na referência ao (tempo do) sertão; na festa de São Pedro; e nas reuniões ‘de projeto’.

By combining critical discourse analysis and multi-sited ethnography, this article looks at the discursive spheres where ideologies of race and development intersect in tourism contexts outside the Andean highlands. It illustrates how dominant discourses construct and situate social subjects within the structure of Peruvian society, while ideologically justifying the expansion of the tourism industry. Based on the case of Máncora, Piura, it explores the tensions and negotiations that emerge from implementing tourism within fishing communities in Northern Peru. The author argues that the tourism industry has advanced into a contemporary platform where old discourses and racialized practices are reproduced, creating the conditions for the processes of social exclusion to occur.

Resumen: Turismo en comunidades de pescadores en Perú: Discursos dominantes y exclusión social Este artículo combina el análisis crítico del discurso y la etnografía multi-lugar para analizar las esferas discursivas donde las ideologías de raza y de desarrollo se intersectan en contextos turísticos costeros. Ilustra cómo los discursos dominantes construyen y sitúan sujetos sociales dentro de la estructura de la sociedad peruana, al mismo tiempo que justifican ideológicamente la expansión de la industria turística. Utilizando el caso de Máncora, en el departamento de Piura, este artículo explora las tensiones y negociaciones que surgen a partir de la implementación del turismo entre comunidades de pescadores artesanales del Norte del Perú. El autor argumenta que el turismo en el Perú se ha convertido en una plataforma contemporánea a través de la cual antiguos discursos y prácticas racializadas se reproducen, creando a su vez condiciones que fomentan procesos de exclusión social.

Utilizando material etnográfico recolectado en diversos trabajos de campo realizados en Máncora, Piura y Lima durante los años 2007, 2010 y 2011 (González 2007, 2013), en este artículo comenzaré por analizar, desde una aproximación interdisciplinaria, las características de lo que he denominado el “modelo turístico neoliberal”, mirando detenidamente las diferencias de poder entre políticas de promoción y desarrollo implementadas desde los años 1990 en adelante y explorando las ideas de límite de demanda que mantienen los principales actores turísticos del país. Luego, pasaré a describir y examinar los problemas socioambientales que surgieron de desarrollos turísticos liderados por el mercado capitalista y las inversiones privadas en un contexto neoliberal. Finalmente, analizaré los cambios ocurridos en materia de política ambiental y los aún escasos intentos por modificar un modelo turístico que viene incrementando los niveles de vulnerabilidad de las poblaciones rurales costeras.

This paper explores the early stages in the history of fishing in the Aegean Sea in Greece, and highlights its formative phases and its specific characteristics in different points in time. This is testified by various physical remains, such as fish bones, fishing tools, and representations in art, which are gathered in the course of archaeological research. The aquatic resources in the Aegean Sea have been exploited and managed for millennia by communities that lived near the water and often made a living from it. The earliest evidence for a systematic, intensive exploitation of marine resources in the Aegean Sea dates to the Mesolithic, eleven millennia ago. In the Neolithic period, the adoption of a sedentary, agro-pastoral way of life led to a reduction in the intensity of fishing and shellfish gathering. Its importance as an economic resource remained high only in certain regions of rich, eutrophic waters. In the Bronze Age, an era of social complexity and centralized economy, the exploitation of aquatic, mostly marine, resources became a complex, multi-faceted activity which involved subsistence, industry and ideology. The range of preferred fish and invertebrate species, the fishing technology, and the processing of fish and shellfish in order to produce elaborate foods or prestige items are all traceable aspects of the complex relationship between humans and the aquatic resources throughout the prehistory of fishing and shellfish gathering in the Aegean area. The broadening of collaboration between archaeology and physical sciences offers new means to explore these issues in a more thorough and nuanced manner.

More than three years since the endorsement of the SSF Guidelines in June 2014, it is important to recall that these Guidelines, the first internationally recognised instrument for the small-scale fisheries sector, expressly call upon all stakeholders to adopt strategies to promote gender mainstreaming in the fisheries. It is important to ask, how are women in fishing communities articulating their demands in the context of the SSF Guidelines? Women in fish processing and trade in many parts of the world are increasingly getting organised and networked to build capacity and entrepreneurial capabilities. The current issue brings together many such examples: from the Caribbean, of women fishers' organisations working towards networking, representation and capacity building; from Africa, of women across several fishing nations networking to build capacity, adopt best practices and increase their incomes, while also advocating for more gender responsive fisheries policy; from Europe, of the women's network AKTEA campaigning for equal rights for women in fisheries as well as for sustainable fishing practices. However, we see that even today, in many parts of the developed world, especially in fish harvesting, the contribution of women tends to get ignored, and they do not share equal rights with men. In Norway, the number of women registered as full-time fishers was the highest in 1990, and has consistently declined since then. Low female workforce participation means low participation in fisher associations, leading to gender blind fishing policies. We read in this issue that it was only after they were recognised as professional fishers that women shellfish harvesters in Galicia were spurred to organise. At first organising independently but with affiliation to the fishermen's organisations, in time, these women were even able to gain leadership positions in the predominantly male cofradias. Formal recognition of women's work is thus often necessary to mobilise and build organisation, and allow women's leadership to emerge. While formal recognition of women's work is of critical importance, without family and domestic support, women would find it difficult, if not impossible, to stand up to community taboos and policy indifference. In this context, the story of K.C. Rekha, who, with her husband's support, became India's first deep sea fisher, is particularly heartening. Another important enabling condition for women is access to simple technology and local data, particularly in today's context of environmental degradation, climate change and increasing encroachment of the seas by other stakeholders. The article on beach profiling in Tamil Nadu, India, highlights the importance of fishing communities taking control of such access. It brings out how women of the community can work with the men to master simple techniques towards building local data to support their own struggles for coastal rights. All the articles in this issue thus represent examples of gender mainstreaming in different contexts, whether by external inputs of capacity building or by women's self-organisation or through access to simple technologies, with family support being crucially important. For the local implementation of the SSF Guidelines to be truly gender sensitive, lessons learnt from such diverse global contexts are of great significance.