Fish and Marine Ecology

La costa central de Venezuela tiene gran importancia a nivel nacional por ser fuente de recursos pesqueros y turísticos para las comunidades locales; sin embargo, en ella se han realizado poco trabajos de investigación. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y representar, mediante un sistema de información geográfico, la distribución espacial de los principales grupos bentónicos y tipos de fondos someros de la costa central venezolana. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante observaciones con el método del arrastre manta, evaluando 918 transectas (arrastres) de 160 metros en promedio, dispuestas paralelas a la costa, entre 3 y 9 metros de profundidad. El muestreo abarcó 170 kilómetros, divididos en dos regiones: Oeste: entre Turiamo y Catia La Mar (Vargas y Aragua) y Este: entre Naiguatá y Cabo Codera (Vargas y Miranda). Con los datos obtenidos se realizaron mapas de cobertura de cada una de las ocho categorías de organismos bentónicos y tipos de sustratos, promediando las transectas en 1km2. Se encontró que las localidades dentro de cada región difieren en la estructura de sus comunidades más que las regiones entre sí. La cobertura viva promedio fue similar entre regiones (19,22% para la región Oeste y 17,58% para la región Este), mientras que la cobertura de los grupos, fue: zoántidos (4,18%), macroalgas (3,78%), coral duro (2,69%), milepóridos (2,65%), algas coralinas, (2,57%),
gorgonios (2,97%), esponjas (0,27%) y fanerógamas marinas (0,04%). Sin embargo, la cobertura viva alcanza valores de 33% en ciertas localidades dominadas por sustratos duros. Este trabajo presenta por primera vez, para todo este segmento de costa, información sobre las comunidades submareales y provee un marco de organización espacial de esa información, que puede ser empleado para diseñar otros estudios y/o tomar medidas de conservación

subtracting each judge's rating of the typical American from his or her rating of the typical compatriot for each NCS item. Assuming that cultures agree on the typical American, this procedure in effect subtracts the bias plus a constant and leaves a potentially better estimate of national character. We standardized the differences as T scores, using difference score normative values from the worldwide sample, excluding the United States. The difference scores were highly correlated with NCS scores (rs 0 0.65 to 0.91, P G 0.001) and provided essentially the same results. ICCs between difference scores and NEO-PI-R observer ratings ranged from -0.44 for England to 0.48 for Lebanon (median, 0.03). ICCs between differences scores and NEO-PI-R self-reports ranged from -0.47 for Russia to 0.53 for Poland (median, 0.01). For the five factors, correlations with observer ratings across cultures ranged from 0.08 to 0.23, and those with self-reports ranged from -0.37 to 0.23. These results suggest that the lack of correspondence between NEO-PI-R and NCS profiles is not simply due to different standards of evaluation in different cultures. A different issue concerns the referencegroup effect (28), according to which self-reports and observer ratings of individuals are implicitly made by reference to the distribution of scores in the rater's culture. Such an effect would tend to make aggregate personality scores uniform for all cultures, and the failure to find correlations with NCS factors would be due to a lack of variation in aggregate NEO-PI-R means. However, NEO-PI-R means in fact vary systematically across cultures and show strong correlations across methods and with other culturelevel variables . Thus, the reference-group effect cannot explain the failure to find correlations with NCS scales. 28.

Fish communities in seagrass beds at this time due to over-exploitation is threatened continuously by
fishermen. Therefore we need research on fish communities in seagrass beds as a basis for management. This
study aims to determine the diversity of fish species associated with seagrass beds. Data is collected for five
months by using a mini-purse seine fishermen's. Methods of data analysis association with seagrass fish using a
regression model analysis. The results of research obtained the type and number of fish species in the study site
consists of 42 families, 118 species and 16.049 individuals. Types of fish that have a high abundance at all sites
was family Haemulidae seagrass, Mullidae and Engraulidae. The range of index values diversity of fish in the study
sites ranged from 2,448 to 2,948 and dominance indices ranged from 0,077 to 0,164. The most appropriate
regression model to explain the association of fish with seagrass habitats of many species of fish is a quadratic
model, whereas the number of individual fish is the exponential model. The conclusion of this study is the value
of diversity and dominance indices can describe the distribution of fish species at each location of seagrass beds.

The decline of the southern bluefin tuna (SBT) stock since the onset of industrialised fishing has been considerable with estimates of current stock levels being between 5 and 12% of the pre exploitation biomass. If the fishing fleet continues to harvest at its current levels there is a real possibility that the stocks may collapse. Quotas have been enforced dictating the amount of fish each of the participating nations can harvest in an effort to halt the decline and promote the recovery of SBT but there is little evidence that this is having an effect. This aim of this investigation was to examine whether the implementation of marine protected area (MPA) networks would be a more effective method of conserving SBT. The implementation and management of both terrestrial and marine protected areas were studied to gain a better understanding of how these measures work. Lessons were learnt from looking at case studies on how and why MPAs have succeeded or failed and the biology and lifecycle of the southern bluefin tuna was researched to better understand how different conservation measures might be effective. It was found that MPAs in and of themselves would only be useful if they were unrealistically large and covered a large majority of the SBT habitat. Further study indicated that in conjunction with fishing quotas and effort limitations a network of MPAs positioned where the fish are most vulnerable to fishing pressure could be a more effective method of conservation. If this strategy was implemented and successful it is likely that it would also prove to be effective in the conservation of other migratory pelagic species like sharks, rays, sailfish and the rest of the tuna family.

This is a survey of Norwegian Lophelia coral reefs on the continental shelf of Norway, including several oil and gas field locations, at water depths from 250 to 450 m. Despite deep, dark cool waters, at latitudes of up to 70 degrees North, the coral reefs and their over 500 associated macrofaunal species are thriving. The 'hydraulic theory', pertaining that a portion (perhaps as much as 20%) of the nutrients feeding into these spectacular Biosystems originate from the seepage of light hydrocarbons and derivatives thereof through the seafloor. The book describes the documented seepage indications, like pockmarks, methane derived carbonates, and seepage plumes in the seawater column. The book also discusses similar occurrences world-wide, including off Brazil and in the Gulf of Mexico, etc.

This study examined the feasibility of gear substitution as a means to reduce bycatch and habitat impacts of fisheries, using a social-ecological systems approach. The U.S. west coast sablefish fishery is an excellent subject for this study, because it permits three different gear types and has a problem with bycatch of overfished species. Bycatch rates were highest in trawls and lowest in pots.  Combining interview data with findings from a previous study, affirmed that habitat impacts were highest with trawls and lowest with longlines. Interviews with 44 individuals analyzed using grounded theory  yielded several common themes in the opinions of gear substitution. Positive opinion themes included that it would allow better management of the fish populations by reducing bycatch and would allow more business options, flexibility, and increased profit for some trawlers. The main negative opinion theme was that gear substitution could decrease landings needed to support shoreside infrastructure.  Most stakeholder groups saw some benefit in gear substitution. Notably, the trawlers voiced a unanimous preference for converting to pots rather than longlines.  A scenario analysis revealed that the preferable management option would be long-term gear conversion, but incentives are likely to be an important means of encouraging gear conversion. This ecological impacts rapid assessment provided a regional assessment of bycatch and habitat impacts that had never been conducted before for these gear types. It also provided scientific support for a regulatory change that legally allows trawlers to practice gear substitution.

Ratnafuri 230110130228 UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN FAKULTAS PERIKANAN DAN ILMU KELAUTAN PROGRAM STUDI PERIKANAN JATINANGOR Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT atas rahmat dan hidayah-Nya akhirnya kami dari pihak penyusun dapat menyelesaikan tugas mata kuliah Mikrobiologi Perikanan dengan membahas Pembuatan Mikroba Starter dalam bentuk makalah. Makalah ini disusun guna memenuhi tugas sebagai bahan pertimbangan nilai. Dalam penyusunan makalah ini, tidak lupa pula kami mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada seluruh pihak yang telah membantu khususnya dari rekan-rekan sekelompok kami sehingga makalah ini dapat diselesaikan dengan baik, walaupun ada beberapa hambatan yang kami alami dalam penyusunan makalah ini. Namun, berkat motivasi yang disertai kerja keras dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak akhirnya dapat teratasi. Semoga makalah ini, dapat bermanfaat dan menjadi sumber pengetahuan bagi pembaca. Dan apabila dalam pembuatan makalah ini terdapat kekurangan kiranya pembaca dapat memakluminya. Akhir kata dengan kerendahan hati, kritik dan saran sangat kami harapkan demi penyempurnaan makalah ini. Sekian dan terima kasih. Jatinangor, Desember 2014 Penyusun iii DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ii DAFTAR ISI iii DAFTAR GAMBAR iv DAFTAR TABEL v BAB V PENUTUP 24 5.1 Kesimpulan 24 5.2 Saran 24 DAFTAR PUSTAKA vi LAMPIRAN vii iv DAFTAR GAMBAR No. Judul halaman

The report provides a spatial and temporal characterization of the fish and benthic communities of Buck Island Reef National Monument and the surrounding seascapes of northeastern St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands. The project is a component of NOAA’s Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystem Monitoring (CREM) project of NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) and the National Park Service (NPS). The project integrates field data on coral condition, living marine resources and benthic habitats through an ongoing multi-agency collaboration between NOAA’s Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment Biogeography Branch (CCMA-BB), NPS, U.S. Geological Survey and the Virgin Islands Department of Planning and Natural Resources (VI-DPNR).
This Technical Memorandum is part one of a series of reports that focus on providing a quantitative spatial and temporal characterization of living marine resources and benthic communities associated with marine protected areas in the U.S. Caribbean. This project complements the National Coral Reef Ecosystem Monitoring Program’s (NCREMP) Coral Reef Ecosystem Monitoring grants awarded to the VI-DPNR by CRCP. The integration of the NOAA/NPS lead efforts with data generated by VI-DPNR provides robust spatial and temporal data to characterize St. Croix coral reef ecosystems. This project was funded by NOAA’s CRCP and National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science’s CCMA and CSCOR, NPS’s Natural Resource Preservation Program (NRPP) at Buck Island Reef National Monument and NPS’s South Florida/Caribbean Inventory and Monitoring Program.

Blackspotted Croaker (Protonibea diacanthus) is one of the most commercially important croakers which migrate along West Bengal coast during winter season. This paper deals with the importance of the species along with its market value and the cause of its popularity in West Bengal. This species is gaining prime importance among the fishermen due to the high market price of its swim bladder. The dried swim bladders are sold in local markets for Rs. 40,000-50,000 per kg. There is a risk factor involved as the fishermen do not get the catch at a time and, moreover, they often lose common pelagic fishes due to the usage of larger mesh nets. In spite of this risk, a shift from pelagic to demersal fishing across the northern Bay of Bengal marks an important emerging trend of winter fishing in this area.

The coastal zone of the Black Sea has great numbers of human activities and demand use of the
coastal space . But coast has a special role in protecting the ecosystems. Human use has a profound
influence on the environmental state of the coastal waters. The habitats of many plant and animal
species in the coastal zone are more numerous than other places in the sea. Additionally, the coast is
the area where people come into contact with the sea. Coastal habitat loss is great problem for
ecosystem and social activities of the coastal city citizens . During the last decades, South Eastern
Black Sea coastal side has a big road structuring. After road structure, region has lost its 60-80%
natural coast. Trabzon Provience lost approximately 75% of 113km total coast. This loss is especially
affected coastal habitat and ecosystem. In the region, poor planning has destroyed much of the
aesthetic resources of the coastlines. For coastal rehabilitation and conservation of habitat in the
region, decision-making process should focused on coastal zone management.

Ecological impacts of military bombing activities in Puerto Rico have often been described as minimal, with recurrent allegations of confounding effects by hurricanes, coral diseases and local anthropogenic stressors. Reef craters, though isolated, are associated with major colony fragmentation and framework pulverization, with a net permanent loss of reef bio-construction. In contrast, adjacent non-bombarded reef sections have significantly higher benthic spatial relief and biodiversity. We compared benthic communities on 35-50 year-old bomb-cratered coral reefs at Culebra and Vieques Islands, with adjacent non-impacted sites; 2) coral recruit density and fish community structure within and outside craters; and 3) early effects of a rehabilitation effort using low-tech Staghorn coral  Acropora cervicornis  farming. Reef craters ranged in size from approximately 50 to 400m 2  and were largely dominated by heavily fragmented, flattened benthos, with coral cover usually below 2% and d...

The maritime fur trade (1785–1840s) led to the local extinction of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in many parts of the northeast Pacific. On the basis of studies of extant sea otter populations, it has been established that they have a disproportionate effect on nearshore ecosystems by limiting sea urchin abundance and facilitating the establishment of nearshore kelp forests; in the absence of sea otters, a local reduction in kelp-derived carbon is therefore expected. We measured the isotopic composition (δ13C and δ15N) of rock- fish (Sebastes spp.) bone collagen from late Holocene ar- chaeological sites in southern Haida Gwaii, BC, Canada, using δ13C as a proxy for kelp-derived carbon in the diet and δ15N as a proxy for trophic position. We observed signifi- cant spatial variability in rockfish kelp-derived carbon (δ13C), but not trophic level (δ15N). Kelp-derived carbon varied largely as a function of site characteristics (wave exposure), suggesting that local oceanographic conditions are important factors with respect to consumer tissue isoto- pic compositions. Kelp-derived carbon decreased in post- European contact rockfish relative to pre-European contact rockfish, likely as a result of the reduction of kelp forests associated with the local extirpation of sea otters. Although we detected a reduction in kelp-derived carbon in rockfish diets, we found no shift in trophic level at sites occupied following the maritime fur trade. This implies a shift in local ecosystems, and particularly in carbon sources, following the maritime fur trade, likely due to a trophic cascade resulting from the local extirpation of sea otters. Stability in rockfish trophic levels, however, implies that rockfish continued to feed at similar trophic levels, consuming prey with similar nitrogen isotopic compositions.

The Wendat worldview entails an ongoing acknowledgement and production of relationships, rooted in principles of equality, respect and reciprocity among all people and all elements of the natural world. It is an inherently ecological thinking for its concerns with balance and renewal. The spiritual practices related to fishing in the ancient world of the Wendat Confederacy, near Georgian Bay, will serve as the main case study. Means of communication with fish spirits are recollected from community traditions as well as accounts in missionaries’ writings from the first half of the 17th c. Although they belong to the ‘symbolic’ universe, these practices are not symbolic in the way they are enacted and the purpose they serve; they are part of a contract with other beings that must be continuously lived and renewed.

This paper describes how fish overwhelmingly dominates the animal bone assemblage from the examined column sample deposits at the Huu7ii village site, the named ancestral village of the Huu-ay-aht First Nation. Fish represent 99.9% of all identified bone specimens and are present in every examined litre of sediment indicating the importance of fish in the everyday life of site occupants. The bone assemblage is numerically dominated by Pacific herring, which vastly outnumbers the next most abundant fish: anchovy, salmon, hake, greenling, dogfish, and rockfish as well as two-dozen other fish taxa. I conduct a series of descriptive, quantitative, and graphical analyses that seek to interpret resource harvesting practices at the two examined portions of the site: a very large house (17x35m) dating to the late-Holocene (ca. 1,500-400 yr BP) and mid-Holocene midden deposits recovered on a raised beach terrace (ca. 5,000-3,000 yr BP).

Full Citation:
McKechnie, Iain (2012) Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Indigenous Fishery at the Huu7ii Big House and Back Terrace, Huu-ay-aht Territory, Southwestern Vancouver Island. In Huu7ii: Household Archaeology at a Nuu-chah-nulth Village Site in Barkley Sound, by Alan D. McMillan & Denis E. St. Claire. pp. 154–186. Archaeology Press, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby.

In this study, a buckler crab, Cryptopodia angulata, reported for the first time from Majali, Karwar, West coast of India. This species occurs rarely in the Indian coastal waters and this is the first report from Karwar coast. External characters have been photographed and examined.

Odyssey Marine Exploration's Atlas Shipwreck Survey Project in the western English Channel and Western Approaches has recorded 267 shipwrecks across 4,725 square nautical miles. A high density of the sites displays evidence of detrimental impacts from the deep-sea fishing industry, predominantly trawler, scallop dredge and gill net fishing activities.

Schon seit Jahrtausenden stellen Flussläufe und Auen ein bevorzugtes Siedlungsgebiet für Menschen dar, die sich das Wasser zunächst für die Nahrungserzeugung (Landwirtschaft, Fischfang), später als Handelsweg und in jüngster Zeit auch für die Energieerzeugung zu Nutze machten. Die fortschreitende Intensität dieser Nutzung ging jedoch mit immer mehr Eingriffen in die natürliche Beschaffenheit von Flussläufen einher – darunter etwa Begradigungen, Aufstauungen oder die Verschmutzung durch Einleitung schädlicher Substanzen. Diese im Rahmen des interdisziplinären Fernstudiums Umweltwissenschaften an der FU Hagen entstandene Arbeit widmet sich einer spezifischen Konsequenz menschlicher Aktivitäten an Flüssen – dem Verlust der sogenannten ökologischen Durchgängigkeit.

Little is known about the occurrence of Otariids in El Salvador. In the country, there are records of specimens belonging to four species (Arctocephalus philippii townsendi, A. galapagoensis, Otaria flavescens and Zalophus californianus). There are 16 records in all, seven of them identified by species, from three departments (two in Sonsonate, two in La Paz, and three in La Unión) and eight records of unidentified species from five departments (four in Sonsonate, one in Ahuachapán, one
in La Paz, one in La Unión, one in Usulután and one more without site).The occurrence of this type of marine mammal has been linked
to atmospheric phenomena of El Niño or La Niña since four sightings took place during weak forms (two during El Niño and two during La Niña), seven in moderate modes (five during El Niño and two during La Niña) and four in strong modalities (two during El Niño and two during La Niña). All the records occurred from beached individuals within
1970 to 2015

Richard Gould’s classic 1966 monograph, Archaeology of the Point St. George Site and Tolowa Prehistory, provided an important source of information on settlement and subsistence systems on the north coast of California. This article provides a quantitative assessment of two key ideas set forth in the study: (1) that there was profound variation in hunter-gatherer land use between the Middle and Late period components of the site, where marine foods were initially largely ignored and only later became a major focus; and (2) that the Late Period component was largely analogous to the ethnographic Tolowa, thus supporting an ethnoarchaeological approach. Drawing on previously unpublished quantitative macro-scale data from Gould’s excavations and new micro-scale data from CA-DNO-13, we conclude that the components reflect two fundamentally different adaptive strategies: a more mobile foraging system in the Middle Period where people were targeting almost exclusively highly ranked taxa (regardless of whether they were marine or terrestrial foods), and a sedentary village-based system in the Late Period, when mass extractive methods, storage, and the logistical procurement of resources became important strategies. Identified dietary remains include all major staples used by ethnographic Tolowa, but certain interior resources (salmon and acorns) may have been less of a focus than previously portrayed.

Macrourids are among the most abundant and diverse demersal fishes in all deep oceans, including the Southwestern Brazilian continental slope. Although not targeted by Brazilian fisheries, they suffer impact similar than the target species, being among the most discarded fishes by deep bottom trawling.
Trophic Ecology: Data from research surveys and commercial fishing were used to analyze the trophic ecology of four species inhabiting the upper slope of southern Brazil: Coelorinchus marinii, Malacocephalus occidentalis, M. laevis and Lucigadus ori. For the two abundant ones, ontogenetic changes, seasonal variations, intra- and interspecific dietary overlap, parasite fauna and aspects of functional morphology are also described. C.marinii had an extremely diverse diet, preying infauna, epifauna, plankton, necton and carcasses.
M.occidentalis fed on larger and nektonic prey, but also included crabs and carcasses in the diet. Both species showed ontogenetic shifts and seasonal variations in diet composition, both leading to changes in intra- and interspecific diet overlap patterns. Species showed quite distinct feeding anatomy and proportions of body with mouth size, reflecting on feeding strategies. There was little interspecific food overlap. In most cases when the diet was more similar there was a spatial segregation. The coexistence of these species appears to be facilitated by the development of different functional morphologies and feeding strategies. A considerable portion of the diet of these species is due to the consumption of carcasses of pelagic and mesopelagic organisms, and even insects, bypassing the benthic trophic web. Conservative (minimum) estimates of the mean weight
of carcasses in diet ranged from 3 to 20%, increasing with the size of the predators and towards deeper waters. C.marinii showed a lower consumption of carcasses and a high proportion of mesopelagic fishes and cephalopods, however, the analysis of the feeding morphology and prey size leads to believe that most of these two groups of prey were consumed as carcasses. This source of food bypass the detritus food chains and connect the concentrations of macrourids to fluctuations in the abundance of epi and mesopelagic organisms and to oceanographic processes that increase their concentration and mortality (e.g. mesoscale anticyclonic eddies).

Distribution, Biomass and Oceanography: Data from two seasonal bottom trawl surveys were used to provide information on distribution, abundances, densities, sizecomposition and biomass estimates for seven species: Coelorinchus marinii, Malacocephalus occidentalis, M. laevis, Lucigadus ori, Hymenocephalus billsam, Ventrifossa macropogon and V. mucocephalus. The total biomass was estimated in 5.5 and 8.3 kt respectively in winter-spring and summer-autumn. C.marinii and M.occidentalis comprised 98% of the biomass. For these two abundant species, surface maps were made with spawning areas, feeding index, sex and immature/mature ratios, and were related to
oceanographic processes, providing insights on strategies and important processes regulating distribution and abundance patterns. Both species showed a marked seasonal variation in the extent and location of spawning areas. Most C.marinii females were mature (90%), suggesting an early maturation during pelagic phase and acquiring demersal habit just prior the onset of maturation, while M.occidentalis showed few matures females and settle to bottom well before maturity. Temperature rather than depth seems to be the main factor regulating the batimetric distribution of both species. We describe three processes responsible for distribution and abundance patterns found in these species. Different patterns of spatial segregation were found in both species, related with depth, sex and maturity. It is suggested that areas with high biomass Macrouridae (scavengers) are induced by zones of occurrence semi-permanent mesoscale processes (e.g. eddies). These processes increase productivity and enable large biomass of short-lived organisms found in the upper layers, and also increase the concentration, mortality and availability of carcasses, favoring scavenger predators. These processes may be responsible for inconsistencies in biomass of megafauna and macrofauna found in some studies, where biomass of megafauna was of the same order of magnitude or larger than macrofauna, contradicting the Eltonian principle. It is suggested that future studies attempt to relate mesoscale processes with the biomass of potential short-lived prey in surface waters and higher biomass of scavengers. This work highlights the importance of the study of ocean dynamics, combining biological and oceanographic observations, trying to understand the role of mesoscale physical processes on the distribution and abundance patterns of species.

This study presents isotopic data (d13C and d15N from bone collagen) for 104 samples representing 29 vertebrate taxa from late pre-contact through to contact era (ca. 2000 – 100 BP) Haida Gwaii (British Columbia, Canada) from a wide variety of mostly marine organisms. The results demonstrate the considerable isotopic variability that characterizes potential prey items in coastal contexts and underscores the need for baseline faunal data to interpret human subsistence practices. Based on these data, a detailed marine food web was constructed, which provides insight into local ecological conditions. We present a simple method for quantifying the trophic level of ancient fauna using d15N of bone collagen. Finally, we discuss the implications of this study for the reconstruction of human diet.

Yaşar Kemal, 1972 yılında yayımladığı Denizler Kurudu adlı eserinin moral coğrafyasında, ünlü doğa korumacı, ekolog ve doğa yazarı Aldo Leopold’un ekosistem sağlığını ön plana alan ve genişletilmiş bir toplum anlayışı içeren Toprak Etiği (Land Ethic) düşüncesinde olduğu gibi, üst predatörleri dahil tüm deniz canlılarını ve denizel alanları etik sorumluluğun sınırlarına dahil etmiştir. Denizler Kurudu’da tasvir edildiği üzere Marmara Denizi’ndeki balık tükenişi, Leopold’un “Bir Dağ Gibi Düşünmek” adlı klasik anlatısında olduğu gibi avcı-av (predator/prey) dengesindeki bozulmayı hatırlatır. Bu yazıda Leopold, çağlar boyu geçerli olacak bütüncü bir doğa koruma felsefesi yaratarak, ekosistem sağlığı için, düşüncesizce yok edilen üst predatör kurtların da korunması gerekliliği üzerinde durmuştur. Bu durumda Kemal’in Denizler Kurudu’da anlattığı üst predatör yunusların aşırı avlanması ve bunun neticesinde deniz ekosisteminde meydana gelen tahribat, Toprak Etiği’nin temel ilkelerinin deniz ekosistemleri için de geçerli olabileceğini düşündürür. Bu bağlamda Denizler Kurudu, dünya denizlerinde ve okyanuslarında süregelen -yunuslar gibi- üst predatörlerin aşırı avlanmasını durdurmaya katkı sağlayacak bir eser olup Marmara Denizi örneğinde denizlerin sağlığı için avcı-av dengesinin korunması gerektiğine işaret eder. Kemal’in bu duruşu, sadece Marmara Denizi’nde değil, tüm dünya denizlerinde süregelen balık tükenişinin önüne geçilmesini sağlayacak bir “Deniz Etiği” olarak değerlendirilebilir.

The Commerson's anchovy (Stolephorus commersonii) for the study were collected from fish landing center at Cochin, India. Fish samples were transported to the laboratory in iced condition in insulated Styrofoam boxes. The samples were cleaned with distilled water and surface water was blotted with filter paper and whole anchovies were homogenized to form mince. The homogenized fish samples were stored at -20 0 C pending analysis. A portion of homogenized samples were used for evaluation of proximate composition, evaluation of amino acid and fatty acid profiles and mineral contents.

Padang lamun merupakan habitat potensial bagi sumberdaya hayati ikan yaitu sebagai daerah asuhan, daerah pemijahan, tempat berlindung dan mencari makan. Salah satu jenis ikan yang senantiasa didapatkan pada daerah padang lamun dalam jumlah melimpah yaitu ikan baronang (Siganus canaliculatus). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peranan ekologi padang lamun bagi S. canaliculatus yang dilaksanakan di perairan Teluk Ambon Dalam. Pada penelitian ini, dipilih 3 lokasi padang lamun berdasarkan perbedaan karakteristik dan keragaman vegetasi lamun dengan asumsi bahwa karaktersitik habitat lamun yang berbeda akan memberikan peranan ekologi yang berbeda ditinjau dari perbedaan kelimpahan dan struktur ukuran ikan yang berasosiasi di dalamnya. Pengumpulan ikan dilakukan dengan menggunakan pukat pantai (beach seine) pada setiap padang lamun dengan karakteristik berbeda selama periode Maret-Mei 2011, dengan dua kali penarikan sampel setiap bulan mewakili periode pasang (spring tide) dan surut (neap tide). Dilakukan pengukuran panjang dan berat setiap individu ikan yang tertangkap. Pengamatan isi lambung dan pengukuran kematangan gonad juga dilakukan pada sejumlah sampel ikan yang terpilih. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa padang lamun dengan keragaman dan kerapatan vegetasi yang tinggi mendukung tingginya kelimpahan individu S. canaliculatus. Hasil analisis lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa secara ekologi ekosistem padang lamun di perairan Teluk Ambon Dalam lebih berfungsi sebagai tempat asuhan dan mencari makan bagi S.canaliculatus. Upaya konservasi padang lamun pada perairan Teluk Ambon Dalam sangat diperlukan untuk mendukung keberlanjutan fungsi ekosistem ini bagi sumberdaya ikan.

vi Acknowledgements viii PersonnelforMainComponentsoftheProject Abstract The Beaufort Sea Marine Fishes Project (BSMFP) was developed as a multistakeholder initiative aimed to address information gaps for deep-water fish communities relevant to the regulatory review, assessment, and management of offshore oil and gas exploration and development in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. The BSMFP provides important basic knowledge as to what species are present, habitat parameters, and ecological linkages (e.g., food web connections), which together allow for an understanding of ecosystem structure and function. Prior to this project, only 70 fish species were known to occur in the region, most of which were found on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf, whereas offshore fish habitats remained virtually unstudied. A total of 184 stations were sampled from 2012-2014. Sixteen new marine fish species (12 pending expert taxonomic verification) are tentatively recorded for the Canadian Beaufort Sea during the BSMFP. Benthic and mid-water trawling confirmed that there was low water column diversity and relatively high bottom diversity in marine fishes. Sampling of marine fishes in waters deeper than 200 m, coupled with information on water properties and different components of the food web, allowed us to determine that fish communities in the Canadian Beaufort Sea differ by habitat and by area. Ultimately, by increasing our knowledge of the fishes and their relationships to other important organisms harvested by Inuvialuit within this critical Arctic marine ecosystem, results from this project provide a benchmark from which environmental stressors and anticipated effects of climate change may be assessed. vii View from the bridge of the F/V Frosti, overlooking the bow. Photo credit: S. Atchison. viii Acknowledgements The Beaufort Sea Marine Fishes Project science team and partners thank Frosti Fishing Inc. and the crew of the F/V Frosti for their professionalism and enthusiasm both on board the vessel and in the planning and preparation, and execution of three highly successful field seasons.

The study was conducted in March -May 2011 in the coastal waters of Tanjung Tiram inner Ambon bay. The aims of the study were to determine the composition of species and structure of fish communities in seagrass beds ecosystems. Fish were collected every spring and neap tide for three month periode with a swept area method using beach seine. Fishes were collected as many as 6444 individuals representing 68 species from 29 families. Siganus canaliculatus was contributed up to 62.91% of the total individual fish found.The fish community structure was varied between spring and neap tide. Index of dominance was in low category, diversity in medium, and evenness in unstable conditions. Moreover, the results indicated that seagrass ecosystems in Tanjung Tiram (TAD) have an important role as spawning, nursery ground, and feeding ground. Therefore, management and conservation efforts are urgently needed to maintain the ecological role of seagrass ecosystems for the sustainability of the fish resources.

Etroplus suratensis is known for the high commercial value fish available in South India. The identification of the species of this fish cumbersome and inaccurate in different life stages of the fish. Therefore, DNA sequence of cytochrome Oxidase subunit I gene was analysed for the species identification and phylogenetic relationship of the species. The average genetic distance of conspecifics species value was found to be 0.005%. The present work suggests that COI sequence provides sufficient information on phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship to distinguish the Etroplus suratensis species, the brackish waters species of pearl spots, unambiguously. Further, this work revealed that every species having individual genetic distances depended upon the environmental stress and water quality, which play an important role for its minor morphometric variations. Therefore, it was concluded that a DNA COI barcoding tool can be used for fish identification by non technical personnel (other than taxonomist). ____________________________________________________________________________________

Relative abundance and distribution are two of the most important life-history characteristics that fishery managers use to make informed decisions, such as identifying nursery grounds or protecting specific habitats. Many researchers have already estimated the relative abundance and distribution of various commercially and recreationally important species (e.g., permit [Trachinotus falcatus], tarpon [Megalops atlanticus], and bonefish [Albula vulpes]) found within and outside of the United States. Unfortunately, comparative information for ladyfish (Elops saurus) is limited and nonexistent for most regions of the world. Given the need to examine the early life-history of ladyfish in more detail, and at a finer scale, the specific objectives of this study were to evaluate the annual relative abundance and distribution (spatial and temporal) of juvenile ladyfish in nine distinct Florida estuaries (USA). Findings showed that juvenile ladyfish recruitment and abundance in Florida waters varied seasonally and annually. Also, the results indicated that juvenile ladyfish recruited into secluded freshwater sites from late-winter to summer depending on the estuary. Annual juvenile ladyfish abundance demonstrated an alternating pattern, and the findings showed that the estimated annual abundance had increased in Tampa Bay and in the Indian River Lagoon during 1987 through 1995. Results also showed that juvenile ladyfish were unevenly distributed throughout Florida estuaries; juvenile ladyfish distribution was skewed towards a limited number of specific locations. It was evident that juvenile ladyfish did not recruit to a wide-variety of habitats; they required specific micro-habitats. In summary, juvenile ladyfish were collected primarily at specific stations located near, or adjacent to, freshwater input or protected bayou areas during late-winter through early summer months.