Engineering Thermodynamics

In this paper, using the combination of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, the work bounds in thermodynamic cycles are investigated generally and, to show the application, the results are extracted for some physical systems. Also, a new concept on the available work limits is extracted. To provide information on the maximum or minimum amount of work to be done during a thermodynamic cycle, energy balance, as well as irreversibility, should be considered. Entropy production during a thermodynamic cycle as a limiting criterion for work to be done is expressed as Clausius inequality. Therefore an inequality extracted from the first and second laws of thermodynamic to obtain lower and upper bounds of available work. The obtained upper bound of the work to be done is in agreement with Carnot's rule. The lower bound is obtained at the maximum possible irreversibility during the respective cycle.

Graduate Texts in Physics publishes core learning/teaching material for graduate-and advanced-level undergraduate courses on topics of current and emerging fields within physics, both pure and applied. These textbooks serve students at the MS-or PhD-level and their instructors as comprehensive sources of principles, definitions, derivations, experiments and applications (as relevant) for their mastery and teaching, respectively. International in scope and relevance, the textbooks correspond to course syllabi sufficiently to serve as required reading. Their didactic style, comprehensiveness and coverage of fundamental material also make them suitable as introductions or references for scientists entering, or requiring timely knowledge of, a research field.

The paper deals with the development and verification of an educational add-in for Microsoft Excel that determines the thermo-physical properties of various synthetic and natural refrigerants used in vapour-compression refrigeration (VCR) systems. To determine the properties of saturated and compressed liquid refrigerants, the add-in uses a linear interpolation function to interpolate the data published by ASHRAE. For superheated refrigerants, the add-in determines the enthalpy and entropy by adopting ideal-gas relationships in which the specific heat is also taken from ASHRAE data, but at a reduced pressure. The paper tests the accuracy of these relationships with different options for evaluating the reduced pressure by comparing their estimates against ASHRAE data for refrigerant R134a. The paper then shows how the add-in can be used to analyse a two-stage compression VCR system and compares the results with those obtained by using another Excel add-in for R134a developed at the University of Alabama. Finally, the paper shows how the add-in can be used with Solver to perform optimisation analyses of a three-stage compression VCR system also using R134a.

International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of VLSI Design & Communications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced VLSI Design & communication concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.

Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the VLSI design & Communications.

Metanexus Institute Conference June 3-6, 2006, Philadelphia
“Continuity and Change: Perspective on Science and Religion”

“Continuum, Discontinuum and the Middle Way”

Summary and Comments 15 years later.

The 2006 essay argues that there are two opposite scientific metaphysical frameworks that are irreducibly involved in all approaches to understanding the nature of the universe. In the science of the pre-Socratics the opposition was between the Parmenidean and Heraclitan frameworks. In modern physics the opposition is between the Newtonian particle mechanics and the Maxwellian field mechanics. Per hypothesis, a version of the same opposition arises in all scientific disciplines.

Each of the scientific metaphysics, taken by itself, is unable to account for all phenomena. They are both false (inherently incomplete) is their claim to universality. Yet each is clearly essential in account for its own paradigmatic type of phenomena. For instance, in modern terms the Newtonian accounts for particle phenomena and the Maxwellian accounts for wave/field phenomena. But there are no particles (in the Newtonian sense) in the Maxwellian fields. And with the exception of gravity (as a continuing separate issue) there are no fields in Newtonian mechanics (viz. only the three laws).

I argue that the opposition of the two types of scientific metaphysics is unresolvable within any possible scientific (mechanical) framework. Because these opposites, per hypothesis, are complementary neither can be reducible to the other. One way to express this is to say that reality is more ample than can be captured by any one scientific conception. The unresolvable, yet unavoidable opposition, poses for us, what I call, a Dialectical Dilemma.

The overall theme of the essay is that we are forced to a Third Metaphysics that is more general and can subsume the complementary scientific metaphysics as limited idealizing special cases. The Third must also supersede the scientific metaphysics, meaning that it understands them, their successes and limitations, in a new way. The Third metaphysics involves a conceptually more comprehensive understanding of reality – a reality where we, as observers and inquirers, are essential components.

The explication of the Third is only cursory. I argue, following Bartlett, that the ancient response to the Dialectical Dilemma, was the Socratic Turn. And I suggest that this is quite analogous to the modern Pragmatic Turn. There is a fundamental shift, a meta-paradigm shift, involved wherein the question, and the nature of inquiry changes. In the scientific representation of inquiry, the question is about ‘how the (objective) universe – out there – works’, independent of our presence or actions. With the turn to the more general Third, the question has to do with ‘how to work in the world’. Dewey characterizes these as the Spectator and Participant representations of inquiry. The key point is that the questions and the nature of questioning is more general, more comprehensive in the Participant Third.

Following Kant, our actions, as characterized in his Critique of Practical Reason, are concern with developing ‘how we live and work in the world’. In the Critique of Judgment Kant notes that the indeterminate nature of the question ‘how we should live’, thus requiring judgment. He further notes that the question ‘how should we live’ is the fundamental, defining question of morality. Socrates similarly maintains that the question ‘how should we live’ is the most important question. In the Third, the question ‘how should we live’ defines the framework of inquiry and action. The scientific questions are important but idealizing and subsidiary.

We present a method for predicting the free energy landscape of fluids at low temperatures from flat-histogram grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations performed at higher ones. We illustrate our approach for both pure and multicomponent systems using two different sampling methods as a demonstration. This allows us to predict the thermodynamic behavior of systems which undergo both first order and continuous phase transitions upon cooling using simulations performed only at higher temperatures. After surveying a variety of different systems, we identify a range of temperature differences over which the extrapolation of high temperature simulations tends to quantitatively predict the thermodynamic properties of fluids at lower ones. Beyond this range, extrapolation still provides a reasonably well-informed estimate of the free energy landscape; this prediction then requires less computational effort to refine with an additional simulation at the desired temperature than reconstruction of the surface without any initial estimate. In either case, this method significantly increases the computational efficiency of these flat-histogram methods when investigating thermodynamic properties of fluids over a wide range of temperatures. For example, we demonstrate how a binary fluid phase diagram may be quantitatively predicted for many temperatures using only information obtained from a single supercritical state.

АБСТРАКТ
Теоретическая  попытка  анализа причин повышения информационной насыщенности – те повышения сложности системы – в сочетании с  физическими и нейрофизиологическими побудительными  мотивами поведения акторов Сложной Адаптивной Системы Биосферы в эпоху антропоцена на основе модели системного инжинеринга, представленные  Dr Terry Bristol  в своих лекциях 2018 Middle way of engineering and evolutionary design (ref 8)

This paper presents a macroscopic applied innovate modeling to study the performance effects of the second law of thermodynamics on the mechanical systems. To investigate the irreversibility in mechanical systems, the energy structure of the system can be studied. Some energy components relate to the reversible processes and remaining relate to the irreversible process. Exiting models are based on the studying sub structures and therefore, need a large volume of the calculations. In this paper, at first, using a macroscopic quasi-statistical approach, a new energy structure equation is extracted and by examining it's variation in the different paths, the irreversible components as well as their structures are studied. Using the kinematic theories of dissipated energy, it can be concluded that the extracted equations have the same base as the different formulations of the second law of thermodynamics. Finally, as a mechanical system example with the possibility of irreversibility in the possible performed processes, the extracted equations are developed for viscoelasticity problems. And also the matching of the results with expected results is shown.