Electromechanics

The state estimation and the analysis of load flow are very important subjects in the analysis and management of Electrical Power Systems (EPS). This article describes the state estimation in EPS using the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and the method of Holt to linearize the process model and then calculates a performance error index as indicators of its accuracy. Besides, this error index can be used as a reference for further comparison between methodologies for state estimation in EPS such as the Unscented Kalman Filter, the Ensemble Kalman Filter, Monte Carlo methods, and others. Results of error indices obtained in the simulation process agree with the order of magnitude expected and the behavior of the filter is appropriate due to follows adequately  the true value of the state variables. The simulation was done using Matlab and the electrical system used corresponds to the IEEE 14 and 30 bus test case systems. State Variables to consider in this study are the voltage and angle magnitudes.

Представлена инженерная методика исследования тепловых режимов за-крытых асинхронных двигателей с короткозамкнутым  ротором, эксплуатируемых в широком диапазоне частоты вращения при основных системах воздушного охлаждения. Выводятся аналитические выражения, позволяющие рассчитать: превышение температуры обмотки статора; допустимую нагрузку при изменении интенсивности охлаждения; значения коэффициентов влияния потерь. Уточняется формула расчета сервис-фактора электродвигателя. Расчетный аппарат развивает метод эквивалентных потерь на класс частотно-регулируемых двигателей.

The main objective of the project was the full study about operation and implementation of safety systems for a better optimization of a cargo lift (elevator), starting from a working and existent design, adjusting to a cost-effective budget for a future buyer. Through mathematical calculation and computer software we aimed at re-design and to size maximum capacities than can tolerate all the contraption in reference to structural, mechanic, driving, electrical and safety sector, always behind the caution to use standardized materials and components to easy access at the National level. As final result we got the re-design and the implementation of the safety systems with the ability to transport personal and/or cargo material with the mathematical justification of the choice, and we did a survey of plans to easy reproduction in construction. In conclusion we achieve what we set out, a safe and adjustable mechanism for the needs of each clients, was economized some different component through own manufacture, was modeled through software design the final result for better visualization in appearance and content, and we did the full study of the engine and lift systems that applies with the standards of quality and efficiency requirements.

Keywords: Cargo lift; Cargo elevator; Hoist.

Palabras claves: Montacargas; Elevador de carga; Seguridad en elevación.

A position dependent modulation of the membrane potential difference is induced when an electric field is applied to a cell. When cells are submitted to short lived electric field pulses with an overcritical intensity, a local membrane alteration is induced, which may reseal. Its molecular definition remains unknown. A free exchange of hydrophilic molecules takes place across the membrane. A leakage of cytosolic metabolites is present. However, a loading of polar drugs into the cytoplasm is obtained. A short description of the processes affecting the cell membrane organization is given. Lipids appear as the primary target of the field effect as in the case of liposomes. Nevertheless membrane proteins appear to be affected by a direct or by a back effect. The permeabilized state is long lived. The cell metabolism plays indeed a critical role in the recovery. The cell viability can be nevertheless preserved.

The increase of time in the process of dry of cocoa and the problematic winter season motivated in realizing an automatic drying machine for cocoa that fulfills the characteristics of dry, reducing to a percentage of adequate humidity in the Mirador Lojano Community located in the Province of Santo Domingo of the Tsáchilas. The development of the project has as its scope to design and build an automatic dryer for cocoa based on hot air rotary type for a capacity of 500 Kg; this involved the collection of information necessary to carry out the design methodology, the study of existing technological alternatives in the market and select the most viable one that meets the user's requirements, quality and production parameters. Subsequently the mechanical and energetic design of the elements that make up the machine was made. In conclusion, the automatic drying machine for cocoa achieves an adequate drying of 9% humidity in a period of 4 to 5 hours during the process, thus improving the efficiency and production.

In this paper, the design and aerodynamic simulation of a rotor for horizontal axis wind turbine for the Cerro Villonaco was carried out. The aerodynamic design aimed for a blade with an optimal geometry, which is defined by the chord and the twist angle of the airfoil. The design parameters conferred to the project were given by the characteristics of the wind in the Villonaco Wind Farm. Results were validated with an aerodynamic simulation, developed in a software employing the mathematical model known as blade element momentum theory, to verify its optimum performance against the requirements established with a TSR, with the goal to set a design method for subsequent investigations. Finally, a rotor analysis was carried out, obtaining an output mechanical power of 107 KW, thus corroborating the design power with the characteristics of the Villonaco Wind Farm.

This model presents a technical application of topological optimization, applied through the study of the behavior of the frame of a brand competition motorcycle, Honda CRF 230 model, with the aim of reducing the weight of the original component without altering its mechanical properties, and obtain a higher performance of the engine, greater maneuverability for the pilot and the reduction of manufacturing costs. This method of analysis is used to obtain the percentages of the chemical elements of a piece by the intensity of the light emitted by a spark, thereby acquiring the mechanical properties of the material. By means of the results, they are analyzed in different points of stress concentration of the frame; the conditions of the border are set to establish the simulation in the CAD model, and the application of the optimization of the structure through the use of the MEF method. Finally, the reduction of 67.6 % of the weight of the original chassis was included, with a safety factor of 1.41.

Caracterización de las propiedades tensiles de un material compuesto laminado Epoxi-Carbono empleado en la fabricación de un monoplaza tipo Fórmula SAE (Characterization of the tensile properties of an Epoxy-Carbon laminated composite used in the development of a single-seater Formula SAE type) Resumen El presente artículo analiza las propiedades tensiles de un material compuesto polimérico reforzado con fibras de carbono empleado en la fabricación del monoplaza para competición Fórmula SAE. Para ello se manufacturaron com-puestos a partir de preimpregnados con diferentes orientaciones de fibra mediante un proceso de curado al vacío. Se evaluó el efecto de la orientación de las fibras sobre la resistencia y la rigidez de los compuestos formulados. Se instrumentaron las probetas de tracción con extensómetros biaxiales para obtener un registro real de la deformación y posterior determinación del módulo de Young. Los resultados experimentales fueron comparados con los resulta-dos analíticos obtenidos a partir de la Teoría Clásica de Laminados mediante software especializado. Se desarrolló también un análisis microscópico de la región fracturada de las probetas para evaluar el efecto del proceso de ma-nufactura. El conjunto de información generada a partir de los resultados experimentales y analíticos proporciona un entendimiento de la anisotropía de los materiales compuestos Epoxi-Carbono que permitirá tomar decisiones de diseño en futuros desarrollos dentro del proyecto Fórmula SAE. Palabras clave Fibras de carbono; preimpregnado; material compuesto, anisotropía; Fórmula SAE. Abstract This article presents the analysis of the tensile properties of a carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite used in the manufacture of the single-seater for Formula SAE competition. Composites were manufactured from pre-pregs with different fiber orientations by a vacuum curing process. The effect of the fiber orientation on the strength and rigidity of the formulated composites was evaluated. The tensile specimens were instrumented with biaxial exten-someters in order to obtain a real record of the deformation and subsequent determination of the Young's modulus. The experimental results were compared with the analytical results obtained from the Classical Laminate Theory using specialized software. A microscopic analysis of the fractured region of the specimens was also developed to evaluate the effect of the manufacturing process. The set of information generated from the experimental and analytical results provides an understanding of the anisotropy of Epoxy-Carbon fiber composites that will allow design decisions to be made in future developments within the Formula SAE project.

The measurement of electrical parameters through phasor measurement units in the power systems is fundamental, since the obtained data is used to estimate the state of its operation. In the present investigation the problem arises for the optimal deployment of phasor measurement units regarding restrictions of observability, redundancy and N-1 contingencies. Unit minimization considers the output of a transmission line or the failure of a phasor measurement unit and guarantees 100 % observability of the power system; For the optimization mixed integer linear programming was used. The proposed algorithm was tested with the IEEE test models of 9, 14, 30 and 118 nodes.

In the classical approach of Time-Triggered Control (TTC),  the control signal is updated  at  each  sampling  time  as  well  as  the  system  states  to  be  controlled,  which could imply a redundancy in the computational calculation as well as in the transfer of information in the regulation objective. On the other hand, the Event-Triggered Control (ETC) approach performs the same task in an asynchronous way, i.e,, it only updates the control signal when a performance requirement is violated and the states are updated at each sampling time. This reduces the amount of computational calculation without affecting the performance of the closed loop system. For this reason, in the present work the ETC is developed for the stabilization of a manipulator robot with three Degree of Freedom (DoF) in the joint space where a Lyapunov Control Function (LCF) is proposed to formulate the event function (e¯), which indicates whether or not  is required  the  control  signal  updating.  Simulation results show the reduction of the updates compared with a TTC.

Los controladores MPC son buenos eliminando el error de estado estacionario aun si el sistema controlado es afectado por perturbaciones. Pero el MPC no fue pensado para mantener su desempeño bajo condiciones de falla por sí solo. El control tolerante a fallas se compone de algoritmos de control, estrategias de detección y compensación de fallas. En este trabajo se implementó un controlador MPC usando la estrategia de matriz dinámica junto con un generador de residuo basado en modelo para detectar la ocurrencia de una falla en el sistema controlado. La cuantificación de fallas se logró mediante el uso de Redes neuronales artificiales y un filtro pasa banda, lo cual permitió realizar una acción de compensación para mejorar el tiempo de recuperación del sistema ante una falla.

This paper aimed to evaluate the behavior of an Otto Cycle internal combustion of a 1.6 L engine measuring its performance by the energy and exergy balance. The energy calculation was developed in a previously set route at a constant speed of 50 km/h and    90 km/h. It was determined, that the analysis of the energy and exergy balance contributes to recognize the performance of an internal combustion after the experimentation based on observation, measurement, methods of induction, deduction and synthesis. Also, it was resolved that the engine has an average energy efficiency of 27.57 % for a speed of            50 km/h, while the total exergy flow of the system is 22 %. Therefore, there is no significant difference with the efficiency results at 90 km/h.

En este ensayo presentamos en español los conceptos fundamentales y de aplicación de nuestro concepto de propulsión espacial prolongada y sus ventajas comparativas comparadas con los sistemas vigentes hoy. Se trata de un aporte fundamental hacia la conquista del viaje espacial prolongado, de bajo costo y sin el uso de propelentes químicos que promete, de ser aplicado extensamente, transformar la industria aeroespacial global.

Elektromechanische Systeme aus elektrischen, mechanischen und akustischen Teilsystemen haben im Präzisionsgerätebau, in der Sensor- und Aktortechnik, der Elektroakustik sowie in der Medizintechnik eine große Bedeutung. Die Vermittlung einer anschaulichen, ingenieurmäßigen Entwurfsmethode für diese Systeme auf der Grundlage einer schaltungstechnischen Darstellung ist das Hauptanliegen des Lehrbuchs.
Es ermöglicht einen raschen Einstieg in die mechanischen, akustischen, hydraulischen und thermischen Problemstellungen durch die  Anwendung des schaltungstechnischen Grundwissens. Die 2. Auflage wurde neu bearbeitet und didaktisch verbessert. Die Netzwerkbeschreibungsmethodik wurde auf finite Netzwerkelemente und die Kombination mit der Finite-Elemente-Beschreibung (FEM) erweitert: aus der Kombination der Vorteile beider Beschreibungsmethoden ergeben sich neuartige Lösungsansätze vor allem im höheren Frequenzbereich. Das Buch bietet zahlreiche aktuelle Beispiele zum Entwurf von Sensoren und Aktoren sowie von direkt gekoppelten Sensor-Aktor-Systemen. Der Anhang enthält anspruchsvollere Grundlagen zur Signalbeschreibung sowie eine Zusammenstellung wichtiger Materialdaten.

Electrostatic charge causes sheets to misfeed from the input stacks in inkjet and laser printers. Conductive layers within sheets that suppress discharges and reduce particulate contamination also aggravate sheet sticking. The surface potential of sheet media is a direct measure of the charge in the buried conducting layer. Our experiments find that the times characterizing the voltage transients range from 10 to 1000 s for conductive layers with sheet resistivities in the range from 10 þ9 to 10 þ11 U/,. Our models predict that charge flowing in the conducting layer increases the electrostatic sticking force. Model predictions are in agreement with our experimental measurements.

The purpose of this study is to compare and examine the performance of an engine, using gasoline with 92 octanes (Super), 87 octanes (Extra) and two volume mixtures of these two types of gasoline, the first one had 50% of volume of each type, the second one had a volume value of 70% of Super with 30% of Extra. To evaluate the performance of the engine, a dynamometer was used to obtain the characteristics curves of power and torque, a gas analyzer was used to determine the level of emission of pollutant gases from the engine (CO, CO2, HC, y NOx), finally an homologated cycle was carried out to measure fuel consumption. The mixture of Super 50% with Extra 50% obtained a higher power value with 81.3 HP, the Super gasoline obtained a higher torque value of 89.2 lb-ft, in cycle ASM 2525, the CO, HC and NOx were measured, the Super gasoline, Extra gasoline and the mixture of 50% of each gasoline were the least polluting ones, in cycle ASM 5015, CO, HC and NOx were measured, Super gasoline, Extra and the Super 70% V mixture with Extra 30% V respectively were less polluting, in the static gas test the least polluting was Super.

The use of electric vehicles expands slowly due to many problems; one of them is charging the car using cable, a method known as plug-in. A technological alternative that can replace cables is the system of energy transfer by electromagnetic induction; for the moment this energy transfer is low power compared to the cable system. The objective of this research project is to demonstrate that the induction charging system is totally feasible for a parked vehicle. It uses a source coil located on the floor of the parking lot, and a pickup coil located in the frame of the car. This paper experimentally demonstrates how the power of transfer varies when the distances between the two coils vary too; three alternatives are considered: coils with cores of air, coils with common iron core and coils with separated iron cores. The measurements are made in a prototype formed by two coils separated by a distance d and provided with a scale of measurement in millimeters. Finally, the behavior of the transferred energy is evaluated according to the distance between coils and the three magnetic core alternatives

Cable Direct Driven Robots (CDDRs) are a special class of parallel robots but they are formed by replacing all the supporting rigid links with cables. Compare with traditional robots, these robots are good candidates for performing a wide range of potential applications. A Planar CDDR model is considered in this paper since no rotational move and no moment resistance are required on the end-effector, all 4 cables convene in a single point and the end-effector is modeled as a point mass. The main goal of this paper is to present a new approach in control by developing a Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) with a Fuzzy-PI as sliding surface using Fuzzy logic toolbox in Matlab/Simulink. The tests performed were Step change reference test and Tracking trajectory test to observe the behavior of the cables during the trajectory and the end-effector movement. Simulation was carried out on Planar 4-Cable CDDR to prove the effectiveness of the proposed control law and the results were compared with a PI Controller and a conventional SMC in terms of integral square error (ISE) index. Only the kinematic model of Planar 4-Cable CDDR is considered in this paper.

A position dependent modulation of the membrane potential difference is induced when an electric field is applied to a cell. When cells are submitted to short lived electric field pulses with an overcritical intensity, a local membrane alteration is induced, which may reseal. Its molecular definition remains unknown. A free exchange of hydrophilic molecules takes place across the membrane. A leakage of cytosolic metabolites is present. However, a loading of polar drugs into the cytoplasm is obtained. A short description of the processes affecting the cell membrane organization is given. Lipids appear as the primary target of the field effect as in the case of liposomes. Nevertheless membrane proteins appear to be affected by a direct or by a back effect. The permeabilized state is long lived. The cell metabolism plays indeed a critical role in the recovery. The cell viability can be nevertheless preserved.

Electrostatic-driven microelectromechanical systems devices, in most cases, consist of couplings of such energy domains as electromechanics, optical electricity, thermoelectricity, and electromagnetism. Their nonlinear working state makes their analysis complex and complicated. This article introduces the physical model of pull-in voltage, dynamic characteristic analysis, air damping effect, reliability, numerical modeling method, and application of electrostatic-driven MEMS devices.

The control of slow and fast light propagation, in the probe transmission in a single experiment, is a challenging task. This type of control can only be achieved through highly nonlinear interactions and additional interfering pathway(s), which is therefore seldom reported. Here, we devise a scheme in which slow light, and a tunable switch from slow light to fast light can be achieved in the probe transmission based on a hybrid setup, which is composed of an optical cavity with two charged nano mechanical resonators (MRs). The two MRs are electrostatically coupled via tunable Coulomb coupling strength ($g_{c}$) making a quantum opto-electromechanical system (QOEMS). The parameter $g_{c}$ that couples the two MRs can be switched on and off by controlling the bias voltages on the MRs, and acts as a tunable switch that allows the propagation of transmitted probe field as slow light ($g_{c} \neq 0$) or fast light ($g_{c} = 0$). In our scheme, the magnitude of delay and pulse advancement can be controlled by tuning the Coulomb interaction and power of the pump field. Furthermore, we show that slow light regime in our model is astonishingly robust to the cavity decay rate. In comparison with previous schemes, our scheme has clear advantages that empowers the state-of-the-art photonic industry as well as reflects the strength of emerging hybrid technologies.

The control of slow and fast light propagation, in the probe transmission in a single experiment, is a challenging task. This type of control can only be achieved through highly nonlinear interactions and additional interfering pathway(s), which is therefore seldom reported. Here, we devise a scheme in which slow light, and a tunable switch from slow light to fast light can be achieved in the probe transmission based on a hybrid setup, which is composed of an optical cavity with two charged nano mechanical resonators (MRs). The two MRs are electrostatically coupled via tunable Coulomb coupling strength (gc) making a quantum opto-electromechanical system (QOEMS). The parameter gc that couples the two MRs can be switched on and off by controlling the bias voltages on the MRs, and acts as a tunable switch that allows the propagation of transmitted probe field as slow light (gc≠0) or fast light (gc=0). In our scheme, the magnitude of delay and pulse advancement can be controlled by tuni...

Cells are ion conductive gels surrounded by a ∼5-nm-thick insulating membrane, and molecular ionic pumps in the membrane establish an internal potential of approximately −90 mV. This electrical energy store is used for high-speed communication in nerve and muscle and other cells. Nature also has used this electric field for high-speed motor activity, most notably in the ear, where transduction and detection can function as high as 120 kHz. In the ear, there are two sets of sensory cells: the “inner hair cells” that generate an electrical output to the nervous system and the more numerous “outer hair cells” that use electromotility to counteract viscosity and thus sharpen resonance to improve frequency resolution. Nature, in a remarkable exhibition of nanomechanics, has made out of soft, aqueous materials a microphone and high-speed decoder capable of functioning at 120 kHz, limited only by thermal noise. Both physics and biology are only now becoming aware of the material properties...

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las tecnologías de impresión 3D realizadas por Modelado Deposición Fundida (FDM) y PolyJet, a partir de ensayos mecánicos con materiales de Acrilonitrilo Estireno Acrilato (ASA) y VeroWhitePlus RGD 835 para la selección del material y tecnología adecuada en la fabricación de ductos de aire aplicados a autopartes automotrices. Con el fin de alcanzar el objetivo se realizaron pruebas de tracción mecánica a probetas fabricadas por ambas tecnologías; según la norma ASTM D638-14 para las pruebas de tracción y para los ensayos a flexión con la norma ASTM 790; para evaluar el comportamiento del flujo del aire en ducto se seleccionó como caso de estudio el ducto de aire empleado en la camioneta pick up Toyota Stout 2200 modelado por medio del software Ansys Student. Los resultados mostraron que el material VeroWhitePlus RDG 835 utilizado en la construcción del ducto por medio de la tecnología PolyJet presentó los mejores resultados con límite de fluencia a la tracción de 4.7 MPa y esfuerzo máximo de flexión de 28 MPa. Palabras clave Autopartes; FDM; PolyJet; Impresión en 3D; ensayos mecánicos. Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the 3D printing technologies made by Molded Deposition Modeling (FDM) and PolyJet from mechanical tests with Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA) and VeroWhitePlus RGD 835 materials, for the selection of the material and adequate technology in the manufacture of air ducts applied to automotive auto parts. To achieve theis purpose, mechanical tensile tests were carried out on specimens manufactured by both technologies, according to ASTM D638-14 for tensile tests and for bending tests according to ASTM 790. To evaluate the behavior of air flow in the pipeline, the air duct used in the Toyota Stout 2200 pickup truck modeled by the Ansys Student software was selected. The results showed that the VeroWhitePlus RDG 835 material used in the construction of the duct by means of the PolyJet technology presented the best results with a yield strength of 4.7 MPa and a maximum bending stress of 28 MPa.

It is a great discovery that we now share. We show that a simplification of the force between the electron and nucleus, solves Quantum Mechanics in the simplest way possible.
This results in a new atomic model where the electron cloud is mathematically explained, Bohr's postulates are rewritten, the relationship between the electric and magnetic force is revealed, light is emitted without Bohr's orbitals, and we get a new term of the fine structure constant.  The new term of the fine structure constant is the simplest term ever discovered, and give strong mathematical proof in favor of the simplified orbital mechanics model.
All of this might sound like complicated physics, but it is simplified orbital mechanics which is not complicated at all, and this draft simply explains it in 10 images. Research partners are welcome. Enjoy!

You can find all calculations in this google spreadsheet: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1jE6hjJNPcY7h98DkkGVEJiO9x3LK-_ZK6553cd2b_M8/edit?usp=sharing

In this study, the effects of cardiac fibroblast proliferation on cardiac electric excitation conduction and mechanical contraction were investigated using a proposed integrated myocardial-fibroblastic electromechanical model. At the cellular level, models of the human ventricular myocyte and fibroblast were modified to incorporate a model of cardiac mechanical contraction and cooperativity mechanisms. Cellular electromechanical coupling was realized with a calcium buffer. At the tissue level, electrical excitation conduction was coupled to an elastic mechanics model in which the finite difference method (FDM) was used to solve electrical excitation equations, and the finite element method (FEM) was used to solve mechanics equations. The electromechanical properties of the proposed integrated model were investigated in one or two dimensions under normal and ischemic pathological conditions. Fibroblast proliferation slowed wave propagation, induced a conduction block, decreased strains in the fibroblast proliferous tissue, and increased dispersions in depolarization, repolarization, and action potential duration (APD). It also distorted the wave-front, leading to the initiation and maintenance of re-entry, and resulted in a sustained contraction in the proliferous areas. This study demonstrated the important role that fibroblast proliferation plays in modulating cardiac electromechanical behaviour and which should be considered in planning future heart-modeling studies.

In the classical approach of Time-Triggered Control (TTC),  the control signal is updated  at  each  sampling  time  as  well  as  the  system  states  to  be  controlled,  which could imply a redundancy in the computational calculation as well as in the transfer of information in the regulation objective. On the other hand, the Event-Triggered Control (ETC) approach performs the same task in an asynchronous way, i.e,, it only updates the control signal when a performance requirement is violated and the states are updated at each sampling time. This reduces the amount of computational calculation without affecting the performance of the closed loop system. For this reason, in the present work the ETC is developed for the stabilization of a manipulator robot with three Degree of Freedom (DoF) in the joint space where a Lyapunov Control Function (LCF) is proposed to formulate the event function (e¯), which indicates whether or not  is required  the  control  signal  updating.  Simulat...

Modeling the Paced LV. Introduction: For efficient pump function, contraction of the heart should be as synchronous as possible. Ventricular pacing induces asynchrony of depolarization and contraction. The degree of asynchrony depends on the position of the pacing electrode. The aim of this study was to extend an existing numerical model of electromechanics in the left ventricle (LV) to the application of ventricular pacing. With the model, the relation between pacing site and patterns of depolarization and contraction was investigated. Methods and Results: The LV was approximated by a thick-walled ellipsoid with a realistic myofiber orientation. Propagation of the depolarization wave was described by the eikonal-diffusion equation, in which five parameters play a role: myocardial and subendocardial velocity of wave propagation along the myofiber c m and c e ; myocardial and subendocardial anisotropy a m and a e ; and parameter k, describing the influence of wave curvature on wave velocity. Parameters c m , a e , and k were taken from literature. Parameters a m and c e were estimated by fitting the model to experimental data, obtained by pacing the canine left ventricular free wall (LVFW). The best fit was found with c m = 0.75 m/s, c e = 1.3 m/s, a m = 2.5, a e = 1.5, and k = 2.1 × 10 −4 m 2 /s. With these parameter settings, for right ventricular apex (RVA) pacing, the depolarization times were realistically simulated as also shown by the wavefronts and the time needed to activate the LVFW. The moment of depolarization was used to initiate myofiber contraction in a model of LV mechanics. For both pacing situations, mid-wall circumferential strains and onset of myofiber shortening were obtained. Conclusion: With a relatively simple model setup, simulated depolarization timing patterns agreed with measurements for pacing at the LVFW and RVA in an LV. Myocardial cross-fiber wave velocity is estimated to be 0.40 times the velocity along the myofiber direction (0.75 m/s). Subendocardial wave velocity is about 1.7 times faster than in the rest of the myocardium, but about 3 times slower than as found in Purkinje fibers. Furthermore, model and experiment agreed in the following respects. (1) Ventricular pacing decreased both systolic pressure and ejection fraction relative to natural sinus rhythm. (2) In early depolarized regions, early shortening was observed in the isovolumic contraction phase; in late depolarized regions, myofibers were stretched in this phase. Maps showing timing of onset of shortening were similar to previously measured maps in which wave velocity of contraction appeared similar to that of depolarization.

The work presents the performance of the MapReduce technique to reconstruct the load curve from a previously stored amount of information coming from smart metering of electrical energy and currently considered as Big Data. The management of information in the stage of an intelligent electrical network considered as a System of Management of Measured Data or MDMS needs reducing the times with respect to the reports that are required in a certain moment for decision making in relation to the electrical demand response. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of MapReduce as a technique to obtain information of the load curve in a suitable time to obtain trends and statistics related to the residential electric pattern.

We present first results from a number of experiments conducted on a 0.53 kg cylindrical dumbbell-shaped sapphire crystal. This is the first reported optomechanical experiment of this nature utilising a novel modification to the typical cylindrical architecture. Mechanical motion of the crystal structure alters the dimensions of the crystal, and the induced strain changes the permittivity. These two effects result in parametric frequency modulation of resonant microwave whispering gallery modes that are simultaneously excited within the crystal. A novel low-noise microwave readout system is implemented allowing extremely low noise measurements of this frequency modulation near our modes of interest, having a phase noise floor of -165 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz. Fine-tuning of the crystal's suspension has allowed for the optimisation of mechanical quality factors in preparation for cryogenic experiments, with a value of Q=8 x 10^7 achieved at 127 kHz. This results in a Q x f product of 10...

Electromechanical mapping is a new diagnostic tool that can be used to identify viable myocardium. In the case reported here, the technique was used before intervention to map areas of viable myocardium; post-intervention mapping showed improved mechanical function of the revascularized areas. Electromechanical mapping offers the potential of assessing left ventricular function in the cardiac catheterization laboratory before and after interventional procedures.

This paper presents a research was carried out for the management of a photovoltaic system in a Microgrid, with applications and the use of tools applied to modeling and computational simulation in the Microgrid laboratory implanted in the facilities of the University of Cuenca (Ecuador). Additionally, through the use of automatic learning techniques, the behavior of the photovoltaic system has been modeled in the study area based on radiation and temperature with very good results. In addition, several applications can be made in real engineering studies such as feasibility, performance analysis, energy estimation, educational models, etc.