Economics Research

Economics phenomena are notably governed by dynamic, non-linear, bottom-up processes emerging from agents’ interactions. Therefore traditional top-down approaches provide a rather limited insight into these phenomena. Further, research in economics has been mostly focused on addressing tangible factors, while human agents in economic settings often do not adhere to rational reasoning, and trust is one such kind of reasoning. Thanks to recent technological advancements new approaches are enabled, and this paper proposes a novel and anticipatory research methodology for studying economics phenomena that enables inclusion of trust. The methodology, called auxiliary composite simulations, builds upon recent advancements in computational trust management. By doing so it enables bottom-up simulations of trust driven economic phenomena. The paper provides also epistemic evaluation of the methodology and ends up with an example application of the proposed apparatus.

This paper is an essay, a challenge to reflection and debate about the concept of company’s, or corporation’s social responsibility concept (CSR). The fundamental resorts constituting the background of promoting this concept are investigated through critical analyses. As well as the (economic, legal, moral and philanthropic manifestation forms of CSR, and its (reactive, defensive, adjustment and pro-active) typology, the (positive

This paper assesses the impact of two social security reforms using a calibrated, dynamic life cycle model. It quantifies the long-run distributional impact of two sets of reforms in France: (1) the 2013 reform of Prime Minister Ayrault, which modified the parameters of a defined benefit (DB) plan, and (2) a hypothetical reform that changes the system to a notional defined contribution (NDC) plan, similar to that in Italy. First, on aggregate welfare, the Ayrault reform and the hypothetical switch to NDC yield contrasting results. The Ayrault reform improves aggregate welfare, which is not the case for the NDC reform. Welfare comparisons are made with respect to the "benchmark economy," where increases in life expectancy occur and are dealt with only through a higher contribution rate. Second, both reforms yield unequal distributions of welfare changes, with low-skill workers on the losing end. Under the Ayrault reform, low-skill workers delay retirement by two years, to age 62. Under NDC reform, pensions for lowskill workers fall substantially as inequalities during the work life translate directly into inequalities in pensions. The switch to an NDC scheme leads to a more unequal society in terms of asset and welfare distribution. Résumé. Les effets redistributifs des réformes de retraite: le cas de la France. Cet article utilise un modèle de cycle de vie dynamique calibré pour quantifier l'impact distributif à long terme de deux réformes du système de retraite en France: (1) la réforme Ayrault de 2013, qui modifie les paramètres d'un système à prestations déterminées (PD); (2) un passage hypothétique à un système de comptes notionnels à cotisation déterminé (NDC), comme en Italie. Tout d'abord, les deux réformes donnent lieu à des résultats opposés en terme de bien-être aggrégé. La réforme Ayrault améliore le bien-être total, ce qui n'est pas de la réforme NDC. Les comparaisons de bien-être sont effectuées par rapport à une économie de référence caractérisée par une hausse de l'espérance de vie et des taux de cotisation. De plus, les réformes donnent lieu à des distributions inégales du bien-être, avec les travaileurs peu qualifiés dans la queue de distribution. En effet, la réforme Ayrault les contraint à travailler deux années supplémentaires, jusqu'à l'âge de 62 ans. Le système NDC conduit à une réduction marquée des pensions de retraite, en

This paper describes a statistical method for estimating the population of rare stamps from auction catalogs, price lists, expert certificates, and other generally available records. The method presented was developed by biologists to estimate animal populations. Such estimates are done by first capturing, marking, and releasing specimens and then recapturing them. From these data, statistics may be developed to estimate the total population. The latestgeneration computer software used for such analyses, called MARK, was developed by Gary C. White and others at Colorado State University. This paper explains how MARK may be used by everyday philatelists interested in estimating the number of rare or very scarce stamps or covers in their collecting area. The methods described do not require one to be a mathematician to use them successfully. The methodology is then applied to four test cases in order to illustrate the efficacy of the approach. PHILATELIC BACKGROUND One of the most dif...

This study investigates the importance of the quality of human capital investment and collegiality (i.e., good colleagues) in achieving the type of acclaim in economics captured by receipt of the Yrjö Jahnsson Award, arguably the second-most prestigious award that a European economist can receive as recognition of the importance of his or her research endeavors. We provide an economic model as a foundation for both qualitative and quantitative analyses. Our results indicate that four institutions, namely the

In what we believe is the largest ranking of its kind in economics, this study extends the economics journal ranking literature by examining the impact of papers published in more than 550 economics journals. Based on Google Scholar citations per article to all articles published in the 15-year period from 2001 through 2015, we find that the top five journals are the American Economic Review,

The main purpose of this paper is to provide an initial assessment of French households’ pension entitlements on the basis of currently available data, extended with estimates made by running the World Bank pension model (PROST) on French social security liabilities. In the light of this new information, it examines French household portfolios in terms of risk, as well as household saving behaviour, comparing these realities with those of American households. The United States has been chosen for comparison because employers’ pension schemes play a larger role in the US than in France, leading, it has been thought, to different saving behaviours.

The economic culture represents that side of the human culture which refers to the way a society is reported to the production, resources and everything that means the economic life of the society. The energetic resources represent some of the most important resources for the human society. In this paper, the authors try to identify a model of the energy consumption in the Romanian society, because this consumption practically represents the position that different members of the society have, compared to this resource. The purpose is represented by identifying features of the consumption that are specific to the residential consumption, along with the particularities of the various sectors of the Romanian economy.

Zadnji članak časopisa Histria archaeologica naslovljen je »Starohrvatska populacija iz Triblja-zdravlje i bolesti«. Autorice Z. Premužić i P. Rajić Šikanjić analizirale su skeletne ostatke 25 osoba iz 18 grobova otkrivenih tijekom istraživanja 1999. i 2000. god. kod crkve sv. Marije u Triblju, na Vinodolskom području. Autorice su podijelile skupinu po spolu i dobi pomoću morfološke analize, to jest pregledom izgleda i oblika pojedinih kosti. Zatim su potražile na kostima promjene koje se mogu vezati uz posljedice bolesti ili traume. Na temelju svog istraživanja donijele su pretpostavke o životu u starohrvatskom Vinodolu od 9. do 11. stoljeća. S obzirom na mali broj lomova kosti, koji su svi zarasli za života osobe, autorice su pretpostavile da je razina nasilja bila niska i da su lomovi posljedice nesreća. Među skeletnim ostatcima djece uočile su veliki postotak znakova skorbuta (kroničnog nedostatka vitamina C), zbog čega su pretpostavile da je ta zajednica doživjela duža razdoblja poljoprivredne katastrofe i nedostatak svježega voća i povrća. Autorice su uočile i veliki postotak tragova osteoartritisa i drugih bolesti vezanih uz mehanički stres i teške fizičke aktivnosti među starijim osobama. Na temelju obavljene analize, autorice su zaključile da je populacija u Triblju živjela u lošim uvjetima koji su se očitovali u neprimjerenoj prehrani i dugotrajnom fizičkom radu, čime su značajno doprinijele poznavanju materijalnih prilika na području starohrvatskoga Vinodola.

In this study, a bibliometric analysis is conducted to evaluate bibliographic content of all scientific publications in the field of remote sensing published by scholars with Vietnamese affiliations, indexed in the Scopus database, for the 2000-2019 period. Results indicated that the number of scientific publications in this research field increased gradually by years and then rapidly from 2015 with at least 50 articles per year. Most of the studies were concentrated in a few research institutions, and 65% of the publications were from top-10 Vietnamese research institutions. Vietnamese scholars had the most international collaboration with the USA, followed by Germany and Japan. The Mekong Delta is the most frequently studied area. Climate change, land-use change, groundwater, and landslides were the most popular research topics; machine learning and artificial neural networks were the most popular techniques studied in recent years.

La teoría del valor es un tema económico que ha sido investigado por los más grandes pensadores económicos a través de la historia, tanto por ortodoxos como heterodoxos. En este artículo se realiza una investigación descriptiva con base en revistas especializadas en temas económicos, de las corrientes ya mencionadas, acerca del estudio y el énfasis que tienen sobre el tema de la teoría del valor a través de sus diferentes volúmenes. Se seleccionaron distintas revistas. Con esta investigación se busca saber la frecuencia con la que se aborda la teoría del valor en sus diversos artículos y así comprobar la importancia y utilización de la teoría del valor en las revistas en la actualidad.

As collaboration became widespread in academia and educational systems, and the number of authors per article increased, the count of publication is no longer an accurate indicator of scientific output in many cases. In order to overcome this limitation, the study defined and computed a relative count of publications called ‘CP’ (credit-based contribution point), based on the sequence-determinescredit (SDC) method, as a proxy for the output of authors taking into account their level of contribution of each author. Analyses were done on a sample of 410 Vietnamese social scientists whose publications have been indexed in the Scopus database during 2008-2017. Results showed that the average CP of Vietnamese researchers in the field of social sciences and humanities is very low: more than 88% of authors have CP

The aim of this paper is to highlight aspects relating to the relationship between a company's political culture and social capital. Thus, a high level of political culture leads to the development of the social capital and the whole social body in general. At the same time, the relationship between the two concepts is directly influenced by other elements such as the level of education or the standard of living of an individual.

The structures of social interaction affect individual behavior and economic performance in important ways. This leads us to ask: does the architecture of social interaction exhibit particular patterns and are these patterns stable over time? We examine interaction among economists by looking at the evolution of co-authorship relations over a thirty year period. We find that in the 1970's this world was quite fragmented with the largest interconnected group { the giant component { covering only 15% of the population. However, by the 1990's economics was much more integrated, with the giant component covering over 40% of the population. The average distance between individuals was small and declined over the period, leading us to conclude that economics is an emerging small world. A crucial stable feature of the network over this period is the existence of several stars (economists with many co-authors each of whom have few collaborators and rarely work among themselves). The world of economics is thus a collection of inter-linked stars. We also find that a growth in the average number of co-authors is the main reason behind the growth in the giant component and the fall in average distances within it. The second part of the paper develops a simple theoretical model of collaboration in economics. We find that an unequal distribution of collaborations and inter-linked stars arise naturally in this environment. Falling costs of communication and increasing credit for joint research lead to greater co-authorship and this supports a larger giant component.

Akademski život razvija se usporedno s razvojem znanosti, tehnologije i društva te uvodi nova očekivanja i pravila u već postojeće – pisane i nepisane običaje. Akademski bonton, doslovnoga prijevoda – akademsko lijepo ponašanje, promatran je u širem značenju i primjenjiv je na sva znanstvena područja, premda se u ovoj knjizi ponajprije odnosi na društvene i humanističke znanosti. Posebna poglavlja posvećena su istaknutim vidovima akademskog djelovanja: izražavanje, zaključivanje (Klasični model i Skandinavski model), ponašanje, čestitost, svečanosti te diplomacija. U poglavlju Akademsko zaključivanje predstavljen je andizetski model meandriranih pregleda za učinkovitu suradnju mentora i studenata. Prilozi su podlogom za primjenu istraženih i predloženih postavki akademskog djelovanja, istraživanja i zaključivanja.

Academic life develops parallel to the development of science, technology and society, and introduces new expectations and rules into already existing ones – written and unwritten customs. "Academic etiquette", or literally translated as good academic manners, is viewed in a broader sense and it is applicable to all scientific fields, although in this book it primarily refers to social sciences and humanities. Special chapters are devoted to prominent aspects of academic activity: expression, reasoning (the Classical model and the Scandinavian model), behaviour, honesty, ceremonies and diplomacy. Chapter "Academic Reasoning" presents the "Andizet model" of meandering reviews for effective cooperation between mentors and students. "Appendices" are the basis for the application of the studied and proposed academic activity settings, research and reasoning.
Key words: academic cooperation; economic research; economic education; (un)written standards; scientific and professional research

In this study, a bibliometric analysis is conducted to evaluate bibliographic content of all scientific publications in the field of remote sensing published by scholars with Vietnamese affiliations, indexed in the Scopus database, for the 2000-2019 period. Results indicated that the number of scientific publications in this research field increased gradually by years and then rapidly from 2015 with at least 50 articles per year. Most of the studies were concentrated in a few research institutions, and 65% of the publications were from top-10 Vietnamese research institutions. Vietnamese scholars had the most international collaboration with the USA, followed by Germany and Japan. The Mekong Delta is the most frequently studied area. Climate change, land-use change, groundwater, and landslides were the most popular research topics; machine learning and artificial neural networks were the most popular techniques studied in recent years.

This report was financed by and prepared for the use of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice; Unit D2 'Equality between men and women', in the framework of a contract managed by the Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini (FGB) in partnership with Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale (IRS). It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or position of the European Commission or of the Directorate-General for Justice and nor is any person acting on their behalf responsible for the use that might be made of the information contained in this publication.

Social Sciences & Humanities Peer Awards (SSHPA) is an ecosystem of a scientific database and a science communication website. The project was funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under the National Research Grant No. 502.01-2018.19. The SSHPA database was validated by Nature's Scientific Data.

On average, people who retire earlier die sooner, partly because poor health is an important reason for early retirement. Several theories also predict that retirement is detrimental to health and increases mortality, and that retirement should affect people in different occupations differently. Yet, there is apparently no consensus about the causal relationship between retirement and mortality. We treat a Norwegian pension reform that lowered retirement eligibility age by three years in 1973 as a natural experiment. The reform affected virtually the entire elderly working population. We estimate the long-term effect of retirement age and the short-term effect of retirement eligibility using instrumental variables and difference-indifferences methods. The results show that neither earlier retirement nor retirement eligibility affect male mortality substantially. Analyses by educational level and occupational groups show no occupational or educational differences in the effect of retirement on mortality. We also argue that the 1973 reform serves as a critical case; a situation where we should be able to identify an effect if there were one. In other words, this study provides strong evidence that retirement does not have a causal effect on male mortality.

When speaking of a 'central bank', the first idea which probably comes to mind is that it is the institution that issues money. And money is the instrument we use as a unit of account, a means of payment and a store of value. Granted, the key objective of any central bank is to ensure that the value of money is preserved over time".

Social Sciences & Humanities Peer Awards (SSHPA) is an ecosystem of a scientific database and a science communication website. The project was funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under the National Research Grant No. 502.01-2018.19. The SSHPA database was validated by Nature's Scientific Data.

Social Sciences & Humanities Peer Awards (SSHPA) is an ecosystem of a scientific database and a science communication website. The project was funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under the National Research Grant No. 502.01-2018.19. The SSHPA database was validated by Nature's Scientific Data.

Background: In 2007-2012 the Mexican government launched the National HIV program and there was a major change in HIV policies implemented in 2013-2018, when efforts focused on prevention, increase in early diagnosis and timely treatment. Still, late HIV diagnosis is a major concern in Mexico due to its association with the development of AIDS development and mortality. Thus, the objectives of this study were to identify the determinants of late HIV diagnosis (i.e. CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3) in Mexico from 2008 to 2017 and to evaluate the impact of the 2013-2017 National HIV program.

Methods: Using patient level data from the SALVAR database, which includes 64% of the population receiving HIV care in Mexico, an adjusted logistic model was conducted. Main study outcomes were HIV late diagnosis which was defined as CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3 at diagnosis.

Results: The study included 106,830 individuals newly diagnosed with HIV and treated in Mexican public health facilities between 2008 and 2017 (mean age: 33 years old, 80% male). HIV late diagnosis decreased from 45 to 43% (P < 0.001) between 2008 and 2012 and 2013-2017 (i.e. before and after the implementation of the 2013-2017 policy). Multivariable logistic regressions indicated that being diagnosed between 2013 and 2017 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.96 [95% Confidence interval [CI] [0.93, 0.98]) or in health facilities specialized in HIV care (OR = 0.64 [95% CI 0.60, 0.69]) was associated with early diagnosis. Being male, older than 29 years old, diagnosed in Central East, the South region of Mexico or in high-marginalized locality increased the odds of a late diagnosis.

Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the 2013-2017 National HIV program in Mexico has been marginally successful in decreasing the proportion of individuals with late HIV diagnosis in Mexico. We identified several predictors of late diagnosis which could help establishing health policies. The main determinants for late diagnosis were being male, older than 29 years old, and being diagnosed in a Hospital or National Institute.

Objective: The study describes health care services utilization contextualized by the needs of the Mexican population during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Materials and methods: We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey, Covid-19. Among the population with symptoms compatible with Covid-19, we describe the proportion who sought care, received care, were tested, were diagnosed positive, and survived, and whether they received care in public or private services. We estimated factors associated with the probability of seeking and receiving care.

Results: Out of 7.1% of the population with symptoms compatible with Covid-19, 64.4% received care, and 15.4% tested positive; 74.5% received care in the private sector, even among the population with social security. Those with social security, in contact with a suspected or confirmed Covid-19 case, and with at least one comorbidity had a higher probability of seeking and receiving care.

Conclusions: The most relevant finding of our study is the large proportion of the population with Covid-19 symptoms who sought and received care in private facilities an essential aspect for decision-makers to consider as the current health reform moves forward in Mexico.

We conduct an analysis of recent trends on the subfields of study that doctoral students in economics choose for their dissertations. By investigating data on the JEL classification codes of dissertations reported by the Journal of Economic Literature from 1991 to 2007, we find that the trends in the subfields of study of doctoral dissertations follow those of articles published at five major general-interest journals (American Economic Review, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Journal of Political Economy, Review of Economic Studies, and Review of Economics and Statistics). In particular, the co-movement pattern is salient in subfields such as Microeconomics (D), Health, Education, and Welfare (I), and Economic Development and Growth (O). Our findings suggest that the fashion exhibited in the top-notch research journals is one of the most influential factors when doctoral students choose a subfield.

Many European countries have implemented pension reforms to increase the statutory retirement age with the aim of increasing labor supply. However, not all older workers may be able or want to work to a very high age. Using a nation-wide register data of labor market transitions, we investigated in this natural experiment the effect of an unexpected change in the Dutch pension system on labor market behaviors of older workers. Specifically, we analyzed transitions in labor market positions over a 5-year period in two nation-wide Dutch cohorts of employees aged 60 years until they reached the retirement age (n = 23,703). We compared transitions between the group that was still entitled to receive early retirement benefits to a group that was no longer entitled to receive early retirement benefits. Results showed that the pension reform was effective in prolonging work participation until the statutory retirement age (82% vs. 61% at age 64), but also to a larger proportion of unemploy...

There are many people that I would sincerely thank for their contributions to this dissertation. In the first place, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Cathal O’Donoghue, whose guidance and support from the initial to the end enabled me to develop this piece of work. He shared his knowledge, insightful comments and hundreds of thousands lines of code from previous work which built the foundation of this research. I am truly grateful to my promoter, Prof. Dr. Chris De Neubourg, who offered me a great working environment at the Maastricht Graduate School of Governance and made the school a home with many nice memories. I would like to express my profound gratitude to Dr. Mindel van de Laar, Dr. Franziska Gassmann and Dr. Annemarie Rima for their support and encouragements in every important step of my PhD. I would also like to sincerely express thanks to the reading committee members for their valuable comments as well as the international microsimulatio...

The main purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effect the reforms undertaken in the Romanian agriculture have had upon the revenues and the competitive edge of Romanian farmers. While, statistically speaking, the social and economic structures of Romania and the other EU member countries appeared to display a certain degree of convergence along some four decades towards the end of the previous century, the indicators of the past two decades reveal a wide gap between Romania and the EU countries, the fact being indicative of the existence now of economic, technical and institutional asymmetries and divergences, rather than convergences. At present, Romanian agriculture and Romanian farmers are at a strong disadvantage from their European counterparts in respect of competitiveness. In Romania, the economic and institutional mechanisms created over the past twenty years have most often favoured subsistence farming, leaving the door open to the added value to migrate to other sectors, which was to the detriment of agricultural production.

This paper is an essay, a challenge to reflection and debate about the concept of company&#39;s, or corporation&#39;s social responsibility concept (CSR). The fundamental resorts constituting the background of promoting this concept are investigated through critical analyses. As well as the (economic, legal, moral and philanthropic manifestation forms of CSR, and its (reactive, defensive, adjustment and pro-active) typology, the (positive and negative) motivations that determine companies to adopt a more and more responsible and coherent attitude with respect to the internal dimension, and the external one of CSR. It is estimated that CSR&#39;s viability could be proven only to the extent it will gain a planetary size, so as to assist not only to economies globalisation, but also to a &quot;social justice globalisation.

This paper develops a general equilibrium simulation model of a heterogeneous population in which both consumption/saving and labour/leisure choices are endogenous. The authors use it to explore the effects of the different state benefit systems on the labour supply of old and older workers in Denmark, Germany and the UK. In broad terms, they find that differences in labour force participation can be accounted for by the differences in benefit structures. These conclusions are not altered when they allow for the effects of poor health at different ages. The UK system is found to be preferable by young persons while the German arrangement is preferred by old and older people (who make up the majority in the simulated population).

Dynamic programming methods are now commonly used to describe behaviour in contexts where uncertainty is likely to have an important bearing on decision making. Using a publicly available structural dynamic microsimulation model, LINDA, this paper provides new insights into how unobservable preference parameters-particularly those associated with risk aversion-can be coherently identi ed on broad-based moments of decision making observed for a population cross-section. Preference parameters identi ed on UK data are found to be in-line with those reported in the wider econometric literature.

Statutory retirement age is the most visible parameter of the old-age pension system and one which sets a clear signal for people in making economic decisions. The contribution analyses different concepts of statutory retirement ages under the different welfare regimes. These regimes and models have been heavily influenced by the politics and public choice. Early retirement age regimes became a new phenomenon in the latest half-century, making the retirement more flexible and risky – for the providers. The Czech experience reveals the fiscal risk of the retirement age reforms and of the financial illiteracy of the clients. Actuarial neutrality of the early retirement benefits should decrease the fiscal risk and support the equivalence principle in the Czech pension system. Statutory and early retirement ages play a different role under different pension pillars and products.

The extractive industry is unanimously acknowledged as being a vital sector of any country which owns workable natural resources. The experts claim that this industry is a source of foreign income, of direct foreign investments and it is also the main and sometimes the only energy provider of a country. The activities carried out within the extractive industry of any country provide employment to population and contribute to the public budget by taxes and dues, while the incomes resulted from these activities can be directed towards charity; however, at the same time, there is a certain environmental risk related to each initiative that is being carried out in this industry.Given that ecological research has begun to study environmental phenomena and interpret data and information on economic and social relations taking into account environmental restrictions, as to draw conclusions about the effects that such restrictions have on economic and social life, this paper intends to determine the extent to which costs provide maximum benefits for quality of life in general and human in particular.

IrpetDin is a dynamic microsimulation model, developed by IRPET (Regional Institute for Economic Planning of Tuscany) to study the future sociodemographic structure of the population and to evaluate the effects of social security programmes in Italy and in Tuscany over the medium to longterm. The model, based on the Eurostat Survey on Income and Living Conditions, makes projections from 2009 to 2050 and it is organised in modules: demography, education, labour and income and social security. IrpetDin produces realistic projections even for the Region of Tuscany and models education and labour with details. Probabilities and rates are estimated differently for Italy and Tuscany, trough regional administrative data. Education careers are completely simulated, from the choice of secondary school to dropout, from university enrolment to graduation. Labour supply is endogenously determined while labour demand is driven from IRPET’s macro model. The matching of labour supply and demand is...

EU and the USA share a lengthy history of cooperation initiatives and successful projects, meant to bridge the gap between two of the most dynamic economies worldwide. Since negotiations for the most recent scheme-the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership-sparked a mass of concerns, our aim in this paper is to create a pluridimensional analysis of the treaty, deepening the focus on the eco-innovation field, while keeping a balanced point of view. Our main goal is to understand the implications of the aforementioned agreement in order to formulate adequate recommendations which augment its proposed advantages.

European Commission. Matthias Deschryvere acknowledges the financial support provided through the European Community's Human Potential Program under contract EU Commission/HPRN-CT-2002-00330. The ECHP data were provided by the CEPS Institute on the condition that they are not disseminated. I wish to thank the organizers and participants of the Second International Conference of Users of the European Community Household Panel (EPUNet 2004, Harnack Haus, Berlin, 24-26.06.2004). My further gratitude for useful comments goes to Uwe Jensen, Edvard Johansson, Jukka Lassila, Niku Määttänen, Hannu Piekkola and Tarmo Valkonen. 65 62 e 65 65 65 63 aEmployment/ population rate (in %) adjusted for weekly hours worked for the age group 50-64 in the year 2000. bUnemployment rate (in % of total labour force) of the age group 50-64 in 2001. cEffective retirement age: Average age of withdrawal from the labour force for individuals older than 40 years in 1995-2000. dOfficial retirement age. e65 for women working in the public sector. The data underline that the (adjusted) employment rates for the age group 50 to 64 are very low. In relation to that stands the gap between the official and the effective retirement age. Variation in this gap has been created by institutional changes enabling employees to retire

The idea of this case study is to examine whether the part-time pension arrangement has extended working lives in Finland. This report is an edited version of a deliverable within a contract with Eurofound, as an input for Eurofound's Research Report 'Extending working lives through flexible retirement', available at http://bit.ly/PartialRetirement. With slight modifications, this case study report follows the guidelines and structure that were agreed for the deliverable with Eurofound. Opinions expressed are those of the contractor only and do not represent Eurofound's official position. The authors would like to thank Janne Salonen for providing the register data and valuable comments. We are also thankful to Susan Kuivalainen, Mikko Kautto and Marjukka Hietaniemi for their guidance. In addition, we would like to express our gratitude to Hans Dubois, Georgiana Runceanu and Robert Anderson from Eurofound for their insightful comments during the research process. We are grateful to Suvi Pohjoisaho for the layout of the report, and to Joanna Nylund for the language checking of the text. TIIVISTELMÄ Vuodesta 1987 alkaen ikääntyneillä työntekijöillä on ollut mahdollisuus siirtyä osa-aikaiseen työntekoon osa-aikaeläkkeen avulla. Tämän tapaustutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää, onko osa-aikaeläke pidentänyt työuria. Osa-aikaeläke on osa Suomen nykyistä työeläkejärjestelmää. Lakisääteinen työeläkejärjestelmä kattaa kaiken yksityisellä ja julkisella sektorilla tehtävän työn. Osa-aikaeläke luotiin yksityiselle sektorille vuonna 1987 ja julkiselle sektorille 1989. Osa-aikaeläke lakkautetaan vuoden 2017 alussa ja korvataan osittain varhennetulla varhaiseläkkeellä. Vuosien saatossa osa-aikaeläkkeen sääntöjä on muutettu useaan otteeseen. Alun perin osa-aikaeläkkeelle saattoi jäädä 60-64-vuotiaana, mutta vuonna 1994 ikäraja laskettiin 58 vuoteen. Vuonna 1998 ikärajaa laskettiin neljäksi vuodeksi 56 vuoteen. Eläkkeen yläikäraja pysyi samana koko tämän ajan. Vuonna 2011 ikärajoiksi tuli 60-67 vuotta, ja vuonna 2013 alaikäraja nousi 61 vuoteen. Osa-aikaeläkkeeseen tehtyjen muutosten vaikutukset näkyvät selvästi osaaikaeläkkeelle siirtyneiden määrissä eri vuosina. Ensimmäisinä vuosina osa-aikaeläkkeen voimaantulon jälkeen vain harva käytti mahdollisuutta siirtyä osaaikaeläkkeelle. Samanaikaisesti oli voimassa muutamia muita täyden eläkkeen varhaiseläkejärjestelyjä, jotka kiinnostivat ihmisiä enemmän. Kun osa-aikaeläkkeen ikärajaa laskettiin, sen suosio kasvoi. Vuonna 2015 noin 12 000 henkilöä oli osa-aikaeläkkeellä. Tämä vastaa noin 12 prosenttia niistä 60-67-vuotiaista henkilöistä, jotka olivat työelämässä, mutteivät nostaneet vanhuus-tai työkyvyttömyyseläkettä. Noin 60 prosenttia osa-aikaeläkeläisistä on naisia. Osa-aikaeläkeläisistä miehet ovat enemmistönä yksityisellä sektorilla, kun taas naisia on julkisella sektorilla enemmän. Tämä jaottelu vastaa hyvin työntekijöiden sukupuolijakaumaa eri sektorien välillä. Tutkimme tässä raportissa väestötason tilastoja ja vertaamme työurien pituutta kahden ryhmän välillä: niiden, jotka siirtyivät 58-vuotiaina osa-aikaeläkkeelle ja niiden samanikäisten, jotka jatkoivat työelämässä. Vertaamme näiden kahden ryhmän työuran pituutta vuosina 2005 ja 2014, kun seurantajoukko on saavuttanut 67 vuoden iän. Selvityksemme osoittaa, että osa-aikaeläkeläisillä on pidemmät työurat. Tämä kuitenkin selittyy sillä, että osa-aikaeläkeläisten työurat olivat jo pidempiä ennen kuin he siirtyvät osa-aikaeläkkeelle. Osa-aikaeläke on selkeä väylä vanhuuseläkkeelle, noin 90 prosenttia osa-aikaeläkkeistä päättyy siirtymiseen vanhuuseläkkeelle. Vanhuuseläkkeelle siirty

This paper provides an overview of dynamic microsimulation modeling as well as its recent developments. It then discusses in detail a recent trend in microsimulation research, which uses alignment methodologies to simulate microsimulation models in conjunction with macroeconomic models. The goal of this "top down-integrated approach" is to jointly assess the budgetary costs of demographic ageing and pension reform, as well as their consequences on the adequacy of pensions. This paper then discusses, also in detail, how such an integrated approach using shared demographic and macroeconomic assumptions has been developed in Belgium. It describes the dynamic microsimulation model MIDAS, highlighting how it aligns to the simulation results of the semi-aggregate model MALTESE. Finally, this paper suggests that the joint assessment using the joint application of two similar models might be useful to assess pension reform in the Japanese context.

This paper argues that pensions modelling should be a parsimonious process using different methodologies for different purposes. A range of methodologies exists and is being extensively used in different countries and quarters. Very simple aggregate accounting models can yield robust results as for the sustainability of pension systems, an issue that worries most analysts and governments. While more sophisticated formally derived models have the advantage of yielding results that take into account general equilibrium effects, ad hoc models have the advantage of being better able to cope with the fine structure of pensions programmes and formulae. Focusing on the Spanish pension system to illustrate the output of an ad hoc model, several applications are briefly presented: sustainability indicators up to the horizon 2050, effects of increased migratory flows and an evaluation of recent pension reform legislation. Some attention is paid to the fact that societal issues and behaviours are intertwined with pensions in a way difficult to be captured by standard modelling methodologies.