Dissability

This paper discusses the implementation of policies on school inclusion in different educational systems of Rio de Janeiro, especially from 2008, when legal changes associated to the National Policy on Special Education in the Perspective of Inclusive Education ( BRAZIL , 2008) and the Operational Guidelines of the Educational Service Specialized in Elementary Education, Special Education modality (BRAZIL, 2009) occurred. From the data collected in field researches, the focus of the article consists on reflecting about the impacts of these changes in the context of teaching practices and the development of the students with special educational needs. The data collection was performed by (1) participant observation, (2) semi-structured interviews with school managers and teachers from specialized educational service (3) filming of pedagogical practices developed in classes of specialized educational treatment. The results, analyzed in the light of cultural-historical theory, showed that, despite of the existence of federal guidelines, the counties’ networks have implemented very different actions among themselves. The paper highlights this diversity and problematizes the strategies and challenges experienced by teachers from Specialized Education Treatment, particularly in the work with students with intellectual and multiple disabilities.

Όψεις της έκκεντρης γραφής και ιδεολογίας του Γιάννη Σκαρίμπα ΕΚΔΟΣΕΙΣ ΝΕΦΕΛΗ ΑΘΗΝΑ 2016 Στον Αχιλλέα μου Τι προστέθηκε; Τίποτα. Τι έλειψε; Σχεδόν πάλι τίποτα. Μα κάτι έγινε. Αχτινοβόλησε η έκφραση. Πήρε απήχηση ο λόγος. Και πάλθηκε -λες ως τα έσχατα μόρια-το μικροσκοπικό αυτό «σύμπαν». 1 Γιάννης Σκαρίμπας 1. Παπαγεωργοπούλου-Ιωαννίδη, 1995, σ. 261. ΑΣΥΜΒΑΤΗ ΣΥΝΟΔΟΙΠΟΡΙΑ 12

The issue of the approach has existed from human existence. Adequacy of architectural
facilities for disable people is a problem not only in Kosovo, but also the whole region
and beyond. As such, this problem has started its discussion in the last decades, with the
appraisal of voices for equal human rights, regardless of physic abilities one human can
have or not. Unfortunately the determining factors in this situation are from different
nature. From this view, the architect‟s role is important enough in the process of
implementing the needed standards.
While the design of the new facilities accessible to disable people takes almost no time,
because it can be applied immediately and does not need additional investment,
adaptation of new facilities takes time and additional investments.
Disabilities can be accommodated in the three groups: people with disabilities on the
move, first injured persons and persons with impaired hearing.
Common barriers for people with disabilities are:
- Urban communication,
- Barriers in public buildings and other buildings,
- Inadequate design for urban elements and interior
The purpose of this project is the full integration of persons with disabilities in society.
This means that should provide access to all buildings and use of buildings in
independently (without escort) from the whole population of people with disabilities.
Year: 2014
Number of Pages: 137
Keywords: disable people, universal design, architectural barriers, accessibility for
everyone, Kosova

Accessible summary Title: Saying 'yes' or 'no' to research • People with learning disability should get the chance to say 'yes' or 'no' to taking part in research. • This can be hard if you have difficulty in understanding or speaking. • This paper is about how we tried to find ways to help people understand and say what they felt about taking part in research. • We found:-people with learning disability need more time to make decisions about research-researchers need to be good at communicating and getting to know people-researchers need to use different ways to communicate-not just speech Summary Research in the field of learning disability presents particular ethical challenges when obtaining consent from participants. This is further exacerbated when the nature of the research requires participation at all ability levels and involves people with communication impairments. The process of obtaining consent in a research study with 48 participants at four levels of comprehension ability is discussed in this paper. The specific issues of recruitment, seeking consent, ongoing consent and feedback are detailed as are the adaptations made in this project to research methodology and the accessible methods of communication employed. Implications for researchers and future directions for further studies are presented.

En el presente artículo se pretende estudiar la pensión de invalidez para víctimas del conflicto armado como una garantía en favor de la población con discapacidad que contribuye a la realización del imperativo constitucional de la dignidad humana, entendiendo que esta pensión especial es trascendental para sus beneficiarios ya que se constituye como la única fuente de ingresos y de modalidad pensional, tal como lo exigen los requisitos de la prestación. La metodología utilizada combina el análisis jurisprudencial de las sentencias de la Corte Constitucional, e igualmente propone una lectura desde el modelo social de la discapacidad desarrollado a partir de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad de 2006, la cual propende por cambiar el paradigma del modelo médico que entendía la discapacidad como una enfermedad que debía curarse. La reflexión resulta pertinente toda vez que en el escenario de implementación del Acuerdo Final entre el Gobierno y las FARC-EP, y en el actual proceso de negociación entre el primero y el ELN se avecinan grandes retos para el Estado en materia de medidas de reparación a la población que ha sufrido las consecuencias del conflicto armado, así como en estrategias de reconciliación entre victimarios y víctimas después décadas de guerra fratricida.

The issue of the approach has existed from human existence. Adequacy of architectural facilities for disable people is a problem not only in Kosovo, but also the whole region and beyond. As such, this problem has started its discussion in the last decades, with the appraisal of voices for equal human rights, regardless of physic abilities one human can have or not. Unfortunately the determining factors in this situation are from different nature. From this view, the architect‟s role is important enough in the process of implementing the needed standards. While the design of the new facilities accessible to disable people takes almost no time, because it can be applied immediately and does not need additional investment, adaptation of new facilities takes time and additional investments. Disabilities can be accommodated in the three groups: people with disabilities on the move, first injured persons and persons with impaired hearing. Common barriers for people with disabilities are: - Urban communication, - Barriers in public buildings and other buildings, - Inadequate design for urban elements and interior The purpose of this project is the full integration of persons with disabilities in society. This means that should provide access to all buildings and use of buildings in independently (without escort) from the whole population of people with disabilities. Keywords: disable people, universal design, architectural barriers, accessibility for everyone, Kosova OZET İnsanın varoluşundan beri erişebilirlik sorunu vardır. Engelliler için standart tasarımın oluşumu sadece Kosova‟da değil, dünyanın pek çok kentinde bir sorundur. Bu sorun son yıllarda erişilebilirliğin insan hakları çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesiyle tartışılmaya başlamıştır. Bu konudaki faktörlerin belirlenmesi çok farklı disiplinlerin ilgi alanına girmektedir. Bununla birlikte, gerekli standartların uygulanması sürecinde mimarın rolü oldukça önemlidir. Tasarım sürecinde, erişilebilirlik her yönüyle değerlendirilirse ek yatırıma ihtiyaç kalmayacaktır. Binaların erişilebilirliğini sağlamak daha kolay olacaktır. Ancak mevcut binaların erişebilirliğinin adaptasyon süresi hem zaman almakta hem de ek yatırımlar gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı engellilerin toplum içinde hiçbir engelle karşılaşmadan, toplumla bütünleşmesi için kamusal bir alan olan kent fiziki mekanının buna uygun olarak düzenlenmesinin standartlarını araştırmak ve bu standartları uygulama örnekleri ile test etmektir. Temel amaç, engellilerin (refakatçi olmadan) bağımsız olarak kentsel mekânları ve binaları kullanmasını sağlamaktır. Çalışmada yöntem olarak; dünyada ve Kosova‟da bu konudaki standartlar değerlendirilmiş, engelliler bedensel, görme ve işitme engelliler olarak üzere üç grupta ii sınıflandırılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında öncelikle kent fiziki mekânında engellilerin karşılaştıkları sorunlar irdelenmiş ve bu standart ve sorunlar uygulama örneği olarak seçilen Kosova‟da İbrahim Rugova, Zahir Payazit ve Şadırvan meydanlarında değerlendirilerek, olumlu ve olumsuz yönleri belirlenmiş ve öneriler getirilmiştir. Araştırmanın ilk bölümünde araştırmanın amacı ve yöntemi açıklanmıştır, ikinci bölümünde ise engelli ve kentsel fiziki mekânla ilgili tanım ve kavramlar açıklanmıştır. Araştırmanın üçüncü bölümünde engellilerin kentsel alanlarda karşılaştıkları sorunlar ve engelsiz çevrenin oluşumu açıklanmıştır. Dördüncü bölümü dünyada ve Kosova‟da engellilere yönelik planlama kriterlerinin neler olduğu araştırılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde dünyada ve Kosova‟da yasal mevzuat ele alınmıştır. Altıncı bölümde engellilere yönelik dünyada gerçekleştirilen meydan örnekleri araştırılmıştır. Yedinci bölümde Kosova‟daki (İbrahim Rugova, Zahir Payazit ve Şadırvan) meydanlar, incelenen standart ve planlama kriterleri çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiş, sorunlar ve öneriler getirilmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: engelli, evrensel tasarım, herkes için erişilebilirlik, Kosova

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/JTF-04-2015-0015
Alina Zajadacz, (2015) "Evolution of models of disability as a basis for further policy changes in accessible tourism", Journal of Tourism Futures, Vol. 1 Iss: 3, pp.189 - 202
Abstract
Purpose
The article presents the results of a critical analysis of the disability models developed to date and of how they function in practice. Furthermore, it aims to answer the following question: which model of disability will provide the most suitable foundation for any course of action undertaken in the process of planning accessible tourism development in the future?
Design/methodology/approach
In the first stage of the study a critical analysis of the MDs described in the literature as well as in selected reports and expert opinions relating to PwD was performer. These findings then became the basis for the second stage of the study which focuses on identifying attitudes within society towards the types of tourism on offer connected to the analysed MDs. The applied research methods include an analysis of a survey (2013, 2014) carried out face-to-face and on the SurveyMonkey website. The study group consisted of 619 people (from Poland, Russia, Germany, Portugal, Slovakia, Canada, Tunisia, and Great Britain).
Findings
The great diversity of disabilities makes finding a universal solution in the creation of accessible tourism supply a complex task. This supports the need for a flexible "mix of various models" aimed at finding optimal solutions and the personalisation of tourism. In this context the greatest potential in the development of accessible tourism are models which are a synthesis of many determiners of disability such as the biopsychosocial or the geographical model of disability. The dynamics of accessible tourism development is likely to be increasingly influenced by the economic model, reflecting current trends for the personalisation of tourism supply.
Research limitations/implications
The survey was carried out mainly within the European Community, the exception being respondents from Irkutsk in eastern (Asian) Russia. In order to gain a global view of the development of accessible tourism, research should be performed in countries representing all continents or tourist regions. Additionally, reflecting the definition of accessible tourism its beneficiaries - PwD - should participate in decision-making processes. Tourism service providers who are directly engaged in tourism supply also have a role to play. Their opinions and attitudes towards the development of accessible tourism determine its very nature in reality.
Practical implications
The survey on attitudes in society regarding the organisation of tourist trips for PwD confirmed conclusions from the analysis of the practical implications of various disability models in the creation of tourism supply that a single universal, optimal solution does not exist. All of the described models of disability can be applied in the development of a diverse tourism supply. The proposed model "diversification of supply…" is the theoretical basis for the conscious development of accessible tourism in practice which in accordance with changes observed in the tourism market is undergoing increasing diversification and personalisation.
Social implications
In each of the tourism supply for PwD types the economic model of disability based on the identification of PwD needs and surrounding society is important. The number of PwD and the scope of necessary services, social support (PwD often travel accompanied by one to three people) is determined by income in all the sectors identified in the structure of tourism supply. From the economic point of view, awareness of different types of disability and the diverse models describing it are significant aids in the segmentation of tourism supply and placement of products accessible to PwD on the tourism market.
Originality/value
The paper presents a new, critical perspective on the selected models of disability, the key to which is the search for optimal solutions in the development of accessible tourism. The analysis performed indicated the need for a synthesis of paradigms at the core of the conceptualisation of particular models, including those often regarded as being contrary (medical and social). The results of  studies would give tourism providers important data on an increasingly competitive tourism market, and also affect changes in how PwD, the elderly, are viewed, from the category of "relatively poor" to "attractive, using a wide range of services".

El artículo describe la experiencia que tienen las personas con
discapacidad intelectual con el recurso residencial donde viven.
Aspectos como la confortabilidad, el sentido de pertenencia, la
intimidad o el reposo que se consigue en estas viviendas son
características deseables y que la investigación mide. Por otro lado, las
posibilidades de decisión sobre los propios lugares donde viven
también es un aspecto que la investigación mide teniendo en cuenta la
importancia que tiene. La investigación se realiza en recursos
residenciales con apoyo permanente y también en modelos con apoyo
menos intensivo.

The research was conducted by Vakhushti Menabde, the Monitoring Group Member of the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Associate Professor at Ilia State University.

The research on the Legal Capacity Reform was developed within the framework of the activities of the monitoring mechanism of the implementation of UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, one of the most important mandates granted to the Public Defender’s Office and was aiming at assessment of the effectiveness of legal capacity reform following the Constitutional Court's decision.

The main findings of the report says that the further reality of the legislative reform largely takes into account the individual needs of persons with psycho-social needs and, except for a few cases, is in line with the requirements of the Constitutional Court Decision and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. However, the legislative reform could not be carried out within the terms determined by the Constitutional Court and the 6-month period for its full-scale enforcement was delayed by 2 months.

The common courts' decisions on the recognition of a person as a support recipient are template and unsubstantiated; the blanket nature of the appointment of support, full deprivation of the legal capacity and plenary guardianship remain systemic problems. In addition, part of the common courts does not observe procedural terms.

The recommendations developed by the Public Defender note that court decisions should be based on persons’ individual needs; support should be appointed only for realization of the rights and/or its aspects in the support recipient’s interests; courts has to necessarily observe procedural terms and focus on the problem of substantiation of decisions on the recognition of persons as support recipients.

The recommendations also refer to the necessity of making relevant amendments to the legislation, which will grant a right to the support recipient to appeal against certain decisions on the appointment of the support in the court; the legislation must define the list of rights/its aspects, restriction of which is inadmissible by the supporter.

According to a study conducted by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Consumer Protection in 2009, approximately 20.5 % of the population, or about 1.7 million people, were permanently ill but their daily workflows are not affected by their condition. Approximately one million people have health restrictions on their personal physical movement. This amounts to about 13 % of the Austrian population. 318,000 people have visual impairment, 218,000 have some level of hearing loss, and 205,000 suffer from mental problems. Many people are affected by multiple disabilities. [1] Permanent health impairments are correlated to the age. In advanced age groups the number of persons experiencing lasting impairments increases. The group of under-20s has a share of 6.2 % while this percentage increases two-and-a-half-time to 16.3 % among the age group of 20 to 60. The age group of over 60s reached the highest share of around 48 %. [1] The quality of life of disabled people is demonstrably lower than that of people without disabilities. The number of disabled persons living in the single households is above-average and earns lower income than non-disabled people. Their education levels are also much lower than the average. While only 10 % of disabled people successfully complete high school education or receive a University degree, 29 – 30 % of non-disabled persons reach the same level. [1] In order to increase employment levels among this group of people Austrian Government and the Parliament implemented several amendments to the Federal Disability Employment Act in 2011. 5 years later the impact of these changes is questionable. This article will show the results of the changes.