Coastal Zone Managment

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Development and management of land reclamation in China

Available online xxx a b s t r a c t In recent decades, sea enclosing and land reclamation has become an important way in China to accommodate the increasing need of space for living and development. In this article, it is shown that land reclamation has brought about serious impact on China's coastal ecosystems and their services, including: reduction of coastal wetland area by slightly over 50%, significant coastal landscape fragmentation and loss of biodiversity, destruction of habitats for fish and feeding grounds for shorebirds, decline of bird species and fisheries resources, reduced water purification ability from narrowing and even disappearance of gulfs and bays, increased water pollution and frequent harmful algal blooms, etc.

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- by Jilan Su
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- Coastal Zone Managment

Development and management of land reclamation in China

In recent decades, sea enclosing and land reclamation has become an important way in China to accommodate the increasing need of space for living and development. In this article, it is shown that land reclamation has brought about serious impact on China's coastal ecosystems and their services, including: reduction of coastal wetland area by slightly over 50%, significant coastal landscape fragmentation and loss of biodiversity, destruction of habitats for fish and feeding grounds for shorebirds, decline of bird species and fisheries resources, reduced water purification ability from narrowing and even disappearance of gulfs and bays, increased water pollution and frequent harmful algal blooms, etc. To address these problems, since 2001 the Chinese government has issued a series of laws and policies to strengthen land reclamation management. However, the pace of China's land reclamation has been rising continuously that the worsening trend of its detrimental impacts on the coastal ecosystems and their services has not been turned around. It is argued that China should strengthen the laws and regulations, improve marine spatial planning, fully evaluate the negative impact of reclamation, and enhance ocean awareness and public involvement in reclamation management, so that better management of land reclamation can be achieved.

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Monitoring Land Use/Land Cover Changes Around Damietta Promontory, Egypt, Using RS/GIS

Land use/land cover (LULC) change is considered one of the most important signals of regional environmental changes. In this study, supervised classication and post-classication change detection techniques were applied to Landsat images acquired in 1987 and 2015 to map LULC changes along the north part of the Nile delta coastal zone specifically, at Damietta promontory. Landsat images were radio-metrically and geometrically corrected, and then, multi-temporal post-classification analysis was performed to detect LULC changes rates of the Nile delta coast around Damietta promontory where the Damietta branch (of the Nile River) meets the Mediterranean Sea. Four categories including seawater, developed (agriculture and urban), and undeveloped areas were selected to evaluate their temporal changes by comparing the processed images. The objective of this study is to map and assess the rate of changes LULC changes at the study area which can help the decision makers to replan the use of natural resources efficiently. By applying remote sensing/GIS technique, areas of rapid change are identified and targeted for more detailed monitoring in the field. Changes among different LULC classes were assessed. The results show that the sew water and urban area were increased.

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- by Ali Masria
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- Coastal Zone Managment

TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE COASTAL EGYPTIAN FISHING PORTS ISSUES

Marine fishery sector is considered one of the main national economic sectors of Egypt. Understanding the different issues of the coastal Egyptian fishing ports is considered one of the important social demands. This paper aims to spotlight the main issues of the Egyptian fishing ports. These The issues include environmental, planning and facilities. Five of the Egyptian fishing ports are considered. Three are located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea (Port Said, New El-Burullus, and Elmaadyia), and two are on the coast of the Red Sea (Attaka, and Hurghada). The selected fishing ports are considered the main artificial fishing ports in Egypt, according to Maritime Transport Sector (MTS). The main data are collected via field visit, visual observation and personal interviews with the fishermen association representative, and port manager. Also, the official reports of the General Authority for Fish Resources Development (GAFRD), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) are reviewed. The results confirmed that a significant decrease in the fish stocks, the spread of different wastes and pollution, and sedimentation issues are considered the major environmental issues for the investigated fishing ports. Moreover, some of the investigated ports are suffering from a great deterioration of the land area and the offered facilities. It is observed that there is a gap between the fishermen and the port's managers. The results indicated that further research should go towards the process of transferring the Egyptian fishing ports into sustainable and greener ports

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Assessing the Vulnerability of a Deltaic Environment due to Climate Change Impact on Surface and Coastal Waters: The Case of Nestos River (Greece)

In deltaic areas, riverine and coastal waters interact; hence, these highly dynamic environments are particularly sensitive to climate change. This adds to existing anthropogenic pressures from irrigated agriculture, industrial infrastructure, urbanization , and touristic activities. The paper investigates the estimated future variations in the dynamics of surface and coastal water resources at a Mediterranean deltaic environment for the twenty-first century. Therefore, an Integrated Deltaic Risk Index (IDRI) is proposed as a vulnerability assessment tool to identify climate change impact (CCI) on the study area. For this purpose, three regional climate models (RCM) are used with representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 for short-term (2021-2050) and long-term (2071-2100) future periods. Extensive numerical modeling of river hydrology, storm surges, coastal inundation, water scarcity, and heat stress on irrigated agriculture is combined with available atmospheric data to estimate CCI on the Nestos river delta (Greece). The IDRI integrates modeling results about (i) freshwater availability covering agricultural demands for three water consumption scenarios, i.e., a reference (REF), a climate change (CC), and an extended irrigation (EXT) scenario, combining river discharges and hydropower dam operation; (ii) inundated coastal areas due to storm surges; and (iii) heat stress on cultivated crops. Sustainable practices on irrigated agriculture and established river basin management plans are also considered for the water demands under combinatory scenarios. The differentiations of model outputs driven by various RCM/RCP combinations are investigated. Increased deltaic vulnerability is found under the RCP8.5 scenario especially for the long-term future period. The projected IDRI demonstrates the need for integrated water resources management when compared with risk indexing of individual water processes in the study area.

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The Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Bill

This article looks at the Exclusive Economic Zone (Environmental Effects) Bill in light of New Zealand’s rights and obligations under the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention. We also address three key areas of concern with the Bill as currently drafted: (a) the purpose of the Bill; (b) the test for granting marine consents under cl 61(2); and (c) the precautionary approach.

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- by Robert Makgill
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- 9
  Coastal Management, Environmental Law, Natural Resources, International Law

Climate change effects on extreme total water levels of the Greek coastal zone

The nonstationary univariate extreme value theory is implemented on data of sea state characteristics at selected Greek coastal areas of the Aegean Sea to provide reliable estimates of design total water levels (TWLs) on the coast and to assess their temporal variability in the future climate, by adopting a compound event approach. Long-term time series of deep water significant wave height and associated peak spectral wave period corresponding to sea states affecting the coast are used to estimate the wave run-up at the selected coastal areas by means of established empirical formulas. Wave-induced run-up is then added to concomitant five-day maxima of sea level heights due to storm surge, mean sea level rise and astronomical tide records. The resulting structure variable is modeled using a nonstationary Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution to extract time-dependent estimates of extreme TWLs at the shoreline, providing more reliable design values for coastal areas and structures.

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