Cation

A laboratory testing programme was carried out to investigate the influence of Locust Bean Waste Ash (LBWA) on cation exchange and plasticity characteristics of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) modified lateritic soil. Preliminary tests were carried out on the natural soil to determine its properties. Other tests were carried out on soil-cement mixtures with up to 4% OPC admixed with 8% locust bean waste ash content by dry weight. Improvement in the plasticity characteristics of the soil was reflected in the decrease of liquid limit, increase in plastic limit and decrease in plasticity index with increased cement and locust bean waste ash content. The results using analysis of variance showed statistical significance. These results showed that modification with cement and locust bean waste ash blend significantly improved the plasticity characteristics through cation exchange of the lateritic soil.

The processes of coagulation and flocculation using high molecular weight long-chain polymers were applied to treat mine water having fine flocs of which about 93% of the total mass was less than 3.02 m, representing the size distribution of fine particles. Six different combinations of acryl-type anionic flocculants and polyamine-type cationic coagulants were selected to conduct kinetic tests on turbidity removal in mine water. Optimization studies on the types and concentrations of the coagulant and flocculant showed that the highest rate of turbidity removal was obtained with 10 mg L-1 FL-2949 (coagulant) and 12 mg L-1 A333E (flocculant), which was about 14.4 and 866.7 times higher than that obtained with A333E alone and that obtained through natural precipitation by gravity, respectively. With this optimized condition, the turbidity of mine water was reduced to 0 NTU within 20 min. Zeta potential measurements were conducted to elucidate the removal mechanism of the fine particles, and they revealed that there was a strong linear relationship between the removal rate of each pair of coagulant and flocculant application and the zeta potential differences that were obtained by subtracting the zeta potential of flocculant-treated mine water from the zeta potential of coagulant-treated mine water. Accordingly, through an optimization process, coagulation-flocculation by use of polymers could be advantageous to mine water treatment, because the process rapidly removes fine particles in mine water and only requires a small-scale plant for set-up purposes owing to the short retention time in the process.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20450117 
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09593330903513245#.Ut31zvsRWM8

The structure and properties of hypermetalated Li 2 X and Na 2 X and their corresponding Li 2 X + and Na 2 X + cations utilizing halogenoids X (SCN, OCN, and CN) were investigated using ab initio methods at the CCSD(T)/6-311+G(3df)//MP2/6-311+G(d) level of theory. The vertical ionization potentials of Li 2 X and Na 2 X radicals were calculated at the outer valence Green function level (OVGF) with the 6-311+G(3df) basis sets. It was found that all Na 2 X molecules studied possess the vertical ionization potentials (VIP) that are smaller than the IP of the Na atom (5.14 eV) and thus may be termed superalkali molecules, whereas the Li 2 X radicals exhibit slightly larger IPs. The smallest VIP of 4.728 eV was calculated for the Na 2 CN system. The IP dependence on the structure and the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) character is also discussed.

In an attempt to carry out the assessment of groundwater quality from hand dug wells and streams in Onibu-Eja and Aduramigba communities, suburb of Oshogbo, South Western Nigeria, with a view to determine the impact of a nearby dumpsite on the groundwater quality, twenty (20) water samples were taken randomly at varying depths within the vicinity. The cation and heavy metal analyses were done in accordance to APHA standard using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) while the anion analyses were carried out using the ion chromatography and titrimetric methods. Physical parameters were measured on the field.

various masters in economy of culture. He is the vice-president of the Civic Theater and Auditorium Foundation of Bolzano. Author of many publications, speaker at numerous meeting on topics related to: regional autonomy linguistic rights, public management, cultural marketing. The Paper discusses the process of looking for new audiences and visitors, which the Department for Culture of the Bolzano Province /South Tyrol carried out between 1998 and 2006. The opening of new venues was therefore preceded and accompanied by a massive campaign aimed at making people aware of the uses of culture. A cultural initiative is considered to be successful if it satisfies, at the same time, two, often unmentioned, desires: to learn something while experiencing emotions in a context with a socialising potential. Various initiatives aimed at an audience increase have been undertaken. Here are three essential lines of inter-vention: 1. QUANTITY of cultural comunication: 2. METHOD on the splitting up...

In recent years attention has been given to the acidification and alkalization of the soils to understand physico-chemical and Engineering properties. The effect of Sulphuric acid and Orthophosphoric acid with Calcium Carbonate and Magnesium Carbonate treated soils is studied. The Optimum percentages of CaCO 3 and MgCO 3 mix were found for Black Cotton soil and Red Earth based on compaction test. Liquid limit is decreased with CaCO 3. and increased with MgCO 3. Plastic limit is increased with CaCO 3 and decreased with . MgCO 3. Shrinkage limit is increased with CaCO 3 and decreased with MgCO 3. Acidification of alkalis treated soils by one normal Sulphuric acid and one normal Ortho Phosphoric acid showed alteration and impairment in index properties. However, the effect of 1N H 3 PO 4 on the alkali treated soils has less negative effect than with 1N H 2 SO 4 on the index properties. It is evident that the index properties of soils are altered when compared with their initial characteristics. The reasons for the observed behavior of soils are addressed.

We apply a new methodology in the force field generation (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 7910) to study binary mixtures of five imidazolium-based room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) with acetonitrile (ACN). Each RTIL is composed of tetrafluoroborate (BF 4) anion and dialkylimidazolium (MMIM) cations. The first alkyl group of MIM is methyl, and the other group is ethyl (EMIM), butyl (BMIM), hexyl (HMIM), octyl (OMIM), and decyl (DMIM). Upon addition of ACN, the ionic conductivity of RTILs increases by more than 50 times. It significantly exceeds an impact of most known solvents. Unexpectedly, long-tailed imidazolium cations demonstrate the sharpest conductivity boost. This finding motivates us to revisit an application of RTIL/ ACN binary systems as advanced electrolyte solutions. The conductivity correlates with a composition of ion aggregates simplifying its predictability. Addition of ACN exponentially increases diffusion and decreases viscosity of the RTIL/ACN mixtures. Large amounts of ACN stabilize ion pairs, although they ruin greater ion aggregates.