Brown Seaweed

Nowadays marine algae are having a numerous commercial applications in various fields. Marine algae produce 60 trace elements in a concentration much higher than in terrestrial plants then the macroscopic marine algae also contain protein, iodine, bromine, vitamins and substances of stimulatory and antibiotic nature. This present study was summarized to the antimicrobial activity of the organic solvents of the Marine alage Padina tetrastromatica and phytochemical analysis of Padina tetrastromatica with various organic solvents such as Acetone, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, Methanol and Tolune . The antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Proteus sp and Streptococcus sp in various solvents extracts of Padina tetrastromatica. The higher inhibitory activity was in Ethyl acetate extracts of Padina tetrastromatica and lesser inhibitory effect was in Acetone. The responsible functional groups in the solvent extract were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Mostly marine algal products play a crucial role in various fields. May it's become even more diversified and economically competitive.

In the present study, Response Surface Methodology was employed to determine the best combination of extrusion process
parameters for the production of an extruded snacks fortified with seaweed (Ulvalactuca). Feed moisture (10-15%), Ulva
concentration (5-10%) and process temperature (130-150 0C) were selected as the independent variables at three levels. The box-
Behnken design was employed to study the linear, quadratic and interactive effect of these selected independent variables on
responses variables viz. expansion ratio, porosity, bulk density and water solubility index (WSI).The predicted maximum or minimum
values of most of the physical properties of extruded snacks considered in this study were having at feed moisture 11-12%,
Ulvaconc. 6-8% and barrel temperature 135-140 ºC. The present investigation can be used to develop extruded snacks incorporated
with seaweeds at optimized process conditions to improve the nutritive and functional value of extruded snacks.

Kelp harvesting has increased globally in recent decades and is expected to continue rising as the demand for kelp-derived products for use in aquaculture and industrial applications increases. In response, numerous studies have examined how harvesting impacts kelp populations and their associated communities, but the effects of repeated harvesting of the same individuals on the chemical properties for which they are extracted remain poorly understood. This knowledge gap may be especially crucial in areas where the same kelps are necessarily harvested multiple times per year due to their overall low abundance. To address this, we examined how repetitive harvesting of the same individuals of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, over a 3-month period influences tissue chemical properties (i.e. alginate yield, viscosity and strength, nutritional quality, such as protein, carbohydrate, lipid, crude fiber, ash and energy content, and tissue carbon/nitrogen ratios). Our results indicate that, while these properties vary over time, presumably due to variability in oceanographic conditions, repetitive harvesting of the same individuals does not significantly impact these properties.

The functional properties of water extracts of Sirophysalis trinodis and Polycladia myrica were evaluated. Extracts contain 2.54 ± 0.21 and 2.40 ± 0.14% proteins, respectively. The maximum nitrogen solubility was observed at pH 2 in the presence of water. The fat absorption capacity of S. trinodis (2.26 ± 0.22 g oil g −1 sample) and P. myrica (2.65 ± 0.11 g oil g −1 sample) extracts was high, but the water holding capacity was low. The emulsifying capacity of extracts was not good because of the low amount of protein. The addition of 0.5 M NaCl to the extract showed the maximum emulsion stability at pH 2. Measurement of foam stability also showed that water extracts were affected by the time and pH. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis revealed thermal transitions at about 183.45 and 180.76 °C, respectively, for S. trinodis and P. myrica. Unlike brown seaweed medicinal effects, the results showed that their water extract could not be a replacement for other vegetable extracts.

Seaweeds can play an essential role in controlling antibiotic resistance for bacterial diseases. Three extracts of two brown seaweeds Padina tetrastromatica and Sargassum ilicifolium were investigated as growth promoters and to provide immune protection against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Extracts of the two seaweeds were administered at 2.5 and 5 g kg À1 with food for 45 days to Penaeus monodon juveniles. The maximum weight gain (6.28 and 7.08 g), specific growth rate (3.39 and 3.32%), and survival rate (78.45 and 82.45%) of the juvenile tiger shrimp were obtained at a dose of 5 g kg À1 with P. tetrastromatica extracted by methanol and ethanol, respectively; which was significantly higher than the other solvents and control group (p < .01). On the other hand, methanol extract of both seaweeds had maximal antibacterial activity against V. parahaemolyticus with zones of inhibition ranging between 20.25 ± 1.00 and 22.00 ± 0.50 mm. The minimal time required for haemolymph clotting was with methanol extracted of P. tetrastromatica at 5 g kg À1 , which was significantly lower than the other groups (p < .05). After challenging with V. parahaemolyticus, the total haemocyte count (THC) in P. monodon treated with methanol-extract of P. tetrastromatica diet at 5 g kg À1 was higher (5.42 Â 10 5 cells mL À1) but not significantly different than the other diets (p > .05). However, the administration of 5 g kg À1 methanol and ethanol extract of P. tetrastromatica improved growth performance and the immune capacity of P. monodon by increasing their phenoloxidase activity, superoxide anion concentration, and resistance against V. parahaemolyticus. HIGHLIGHTS The maximum growth performance and survival of juvenile tiger shrimps obtained with Padina tetrastromatica extract at a dose of 5 g kg À1. The methanol extract of P. tetrastromatica and Sargassum ilicifolium had maximal antibacterial activity against V. parahaemolyticus. The administration of 5 g kg À1 methanol and ethanol extract of P. tetrastromatica improved growth performance and the immune capacity of P. monodon.

The aim of the study was to investigate the biochemical profile of
Enteromorpha linza  (L.) J. Ag. in Hare island, Thoothukudi, Tamil
Nadu, India. The biochemical composition such as total
carbohydrates, total proteins, total lipids, total phenols, total
chlorophylls and total carotenoids were estimated using the standard
procedure in fresh plant material. The preliminary phytochemical
analysis was performed by Harborne method. The phytochemical
screening of methanol extract was estimated using the standard
procedure for UV-Vis spectroscopic, HPLC and FTIR. In the present
study it was found that Enteromorpha linza (L.) J. Ag. contained high
level of carbohydrates (33.8% FW), followed by proteins (20.8%
FW), lipids (1.74% FW), phenols (1.65% FW), chlorophylls
(0.038%) and low level of carotenoids (0.021%). The UV-Vis
phytochemical profile of methanol extract of  Enteromorpha linza
(L.) J. Ag. was analyzed at 240 to 800nm. The results of FTIR
analysis showed different peaks at 495.67, 538.10, 609.46, 651.69,
727.11, 732.18, 827.41, 939.27, 993.27, 1116.71, 1191.93, 1388.65,
1463.87, 1622.02, 2264.27, 2503.43, 2640.37, 2678.94, 2742.59,
2850.59, 2920.03, 2954.74, 3014.53, 3321.19, 3379.05 and 3402.20.
It was confirmed the presence of functional groups such as amides,
phosphorus compound, alcohols, phenols and halogen compounds.
The qualitative HPLC fingerprint profile of methanol extract of
Enteromorpha linza  (L.) J. Ag. was selected at a wavelength of 254
nm due to sharpness of the peaks and proper baseline. The profile
displayed two prominent peaks at the retention time of 1.417min and
2.190min followed by four moderate peaks were observed at the
retention time of 0.215min, 0.298min 0.395min and 1.417min
respectively. The biochemical analysis of  Enteromorpha linza (L.) J.
Ag. showed the presence of various phytochemicals. The results of
the present study supplement the usage  of the studied plant which
possesses several bioactive compounds and used as food and medicine.

Background: A brown seaweed, Saccharina longissima (Laminaria angustata var. longissima) has been consumed in Okinawa for 300 years. It is native to the southernmost part of Japan, in Okinawa, but grows on the Pacific coast (Kushiro and Nemuro) in Hokkaido in the northernmost part of Japan. Previously, we reported the structural characteristics from S. longissima. The fucoidan consisted of L-fucose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-xylose, D-glucuronic acid, and sulfuric acid. This fucoidan activated the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a fucoidan isolated from Saccharina longissima on cell anti-proliferation and apoptosis in the U937 human leukemia monocyte lymphoma cell line.

Methods: U937 cells were incubated with four fucoidan concentrations. The degree of apoptosis was determined using the APOPercentage APOPtosis assay, caspaer-3 activity assay and Western blotting analysis assay.

Results: The treatment of cell with a fucoidan highly substituted with sulfate, in addition to L-fucose residues, inhibited cell growth. Apoptosis increased in U937 cells in a dose-dependent manner following the addition of fucoidan. However, the fucoidan did not induce apoptosis in the presence of caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-FMK).

Conclusions: The fucoidan from Saccharina longissima induced apoptosis in U937 cells. Accordingly, the kelp containing this fucoidan may contribute to the observed longevity of the Okinawan population.

Keywords: fucoidan, Saccharina longissimi, brown seaweed, traditional food, human leukemia cells, apoptosis

The adsorption of copper, zinc, cobalt, lead and cadmium ions onto Colpomenia sinuosa was studied as a function of contact time, initial metal ion concentration and initial pH. In addition, desorption studies were performed. Characterisation of this adsorbent was also confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Batch adsorption experimental data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Raduschkevich (D–R) adsorption isotherms. The results indicated that the biosorption equilibrium was well described by both the Freudlich and D–R isotherms. Moreover, sorption kinetics was performed and it was observed that equilibrium was reached in<60 min, which could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model for all heavy metals. The sorption of heavy metals onto the biomass was largely dependent on the initial solution pH. The elution efficiency for heavy metal ions desorption from C. sinuosa was determined for 0.1 M HCl, 1.0 M HCl and 1.0 M HNO3. Desorption efficiency and also adsorption capacity were highest for Pb(II). The results indicate that C. sinuosa has great potential for the removal of heavy metals in an ecofriendly process.

One of the health problems arising from the increasing of free radicals in the environment. Therefore, we need an alternative compound that can act as a radical scavenger agent. Fucoidan is one of the sulfated polysaccharides in the cell wall of brown seaweed such as Sargassum filipendula. It is composed of L-fucose, sulfate and small amounts of monosaccharides such as galactose, xylose, glucose, and mannose which are thought to have free radical scavenger activity. However, the content and activity of active compounds are influenced by the extraction method, temperature, time and solvent concentration. This study aims to determine the content and antioxidant activity of fucoidan from brown seaweed (Sargassum filipendula) on the variation of HCl solvent concentrations (0.01M; 0.03M; and 0.05M) and extraction times (10 minutes; 15 minutes; and 20 minutes) using Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction method. The stages of this research include sample preparation, analysis of raw materials, sample pre-treatment, extraction using Ultrasonic Bath, alginate precipitation, fucoidan precipitation, determination of fucoidan content and antioxidant activity of fucoidan (IC50). The results showed that the highest content and antioxidant activity (IC50) of fucoidan from Sargassum filipendula was at 0.03 M of HCl concentration and 15 minutes of extraction time, respectively at 6.07% and 85.46 ppm. From IC50 values, it is known that fucoidan has strong antioxidant activity and potential to be a radical scavenger agent.