Box Plots

In this study, data mining using box plots and multivariate statistical analysis using factor analysis are employed for a spatio-temporal analysis of coastal water quality data from Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong. The analysis of box plots reveals pronounced spatial heterogeneity of the parameters studied. The spatial analysis clearly shows monitoring station TM2 in the Harbour Subzone to be most susceptible to eutrophication with the highest nutrient and algal biomass concentrations. The factor analysis brings to light dominant parameters to the ecological system under the coastal marine environment. The temporal analysis confirms the considerable decline in nutrient levels in recent years. In spite of this decline, the factor analysis indicates that nutrient processes play an important role even in recent years, suggesting an adequate supply of nutrients. It seems that they are being released from sources other than known point sources, possibly from nutrients accumulated in the sediment...

"In this study, data mining using box plots and multivariate statistical analysis using factor analysis are employed for a spatio-temporal analysis of coastal water quality data from Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong. The analysis of box plots reveals pronounced spatial heterogeneity of the parameters studied. The spatial analysis clearly shows monitoring station TM2 in the Harbour Subzone to be most susceptible to eutrophication with the highest nutrient and algal biomass concentrations. The factor analysis brings to light dominant parameters to the ecological system under the coastal marine environment. The temporal analysis confirms the considerable decline in nutrient levels in recent years. In spite of this decline, the factor analysis indicates that nutrient processes play an important role even in recent years, suggesting an adequate supply of nutrients. It seems that they are being released from sources other than known point sources, possibly from nutrients accumulated in the sediments, necessitating steps to be undertaken for their control also. This study demonstrates the use of data mining techniques in the ecological system in Tolo Harbour.

Keywords: box plots; data mining; factor analysis; harmful algal blooms; multivariate statistical analysis"

Batch microcosm experiments were conducted to examine the impact of soil organic matter (SOM) on the sorption and phase distribution of 20% butanol-blended gasoline (B20) compounds in the vadose zone. SOM was found to promote the sorption of B20 gasoline compounds in the vadose zone. It also affected the phase distribution of B20 gasoline compounds in the vadose zone by increasing adsorption on the soil solid and reducing concentrations in the soil air and soil water. These impacts increased with decreasing hydrophobicity of gasoline compounds. However, when compared with unblended gasoline, the SOM-induced increase in sorption coefficient for B20 gasoline compounds was reduced by a maximum of 66% for the cycloalkanes, 60% for the aromatics and 37% for the alkanes, implying a general reduction in the sorptive capability of SOM. Therefore, the use of high butanol volume such as 20% in gasoline to combat climate change is likely to reduce the retentive capability of SOM in the vadose zone and thus may increase groundwater contamination with gasoline compounds.

Year 11 (15-year-old) students are not exposed to formal statistical inferential methods. When drawing conclusions from data, their reasoning must be based mainly on looking at graph representations. Therefore, a challenge for research is to understand the nature and type of informal inferential reasoning used by students. In this paper two studies are reported. The first study reports on the

The aeration of volatile organic compounds (VOC) is based on the mass transfer rate of VOCs from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase. Principle of air stripping involves the mass transfer of volatile organic contaminant from water to air. The system can be easily upgraded to strip greater amount of VOCs with relatively small increase in capital cost. Aeration tanks strip volatile compounds by bubbling air into tank through which contaminated water flows. The present study shows power input in VOC by using advanced designed gas dispersing radial impeller that is, Rushton, CD-6 and BT-6, the factors which affect the design of aeration tank baffles and the impeller used for best possible result. This study also shows the power input of VOCs at different height of submergence. A comparison of the result from experiment that shows the power input of VOCs during aeration is a function of mass transfer coefficient of air and it increases with the increase of submergence of height, by supply of air, and increase in impeller speed. Best power input result can be obtained at the 2/3rd height of the submergence of the total depth of water for impeller used.

Twelve hours of power outages daily from the national grid in the current season and up to sixteen hours in the lean period is the state of commercial energy in Nepal. Women in rural areas spend a considerable amount of their time in the collection of firewood, where it is mostly used for cooking. With ever increasing population in the developing world and depleting fossil fuel reserve, this dependence shows a rising trend. In this paper various benefits related to the use of renewable energy are minutely analyzed. Time spent in the collection of fire wood before and after the construction of plant, distance travelled in the collection of firewood before and after, time saved and firewood saved are some of the variables which try to assess the benefits of a biogas plant. These results are based on the data of a socio-economic survey of 400 households, where information about a typical middleclass Nepalese family using biogas and inhabiting in rural areas, its economic, social background and the resulting change are collected. This survey was conducted during September -December 2010 in three different rural settings of Nepal. The questionnaire for this survey was carefully pretested and refined. All the possible sources of error were identified and carefully eliminated. Thus generating error free data for biogas users of Nepal, where due to the lack of awareness of various stakeholders even officially recorded data are limited and defective. These results will help policy makers and planners in making better marketing strategy.

In the context of Smart Cities, monitoring the dynamic of the presence of
people is a crucial aspect for the well-being of an urban area. We use mobile phone data as a proxy for the total number of people (Carpita & Simonetto 2014), with the specific aim of computing spatio-temporal region specific indicators. Telecom Italia Mobile (TIM), which is the largest operator in Italy, thanks to a research agreement with the Statistical Office of the Municipality of Brescia, provided to us about two years (April 2014 to June 2016) of High-Frequency Daily Mobile Phone Density Profiles (DMPDPs) in the form of a regular grid polygon each 15 minutes. Densities have to be rescaled in order to express the total amount of people rather than just TIM users. Separately
for selected regions in the province of Brescia, characterized by being either working or residential areas, we group similar DMPDPs and we characterize groups by their spatial and temporal components. In doing so, we propose a mixed-approach procedure.

Grape stalk Effect of pH Effect of temperature Box plots a b s t r a c t In this work, the effect of pH control on kinetics of Cr(VI) sorption onto grape stalks has been studied. A set of experiments were performed at a constant pH 3 ± 0.1 which was assured by means of a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). In a second set of experiments the initial pH was adjusted to pH 3 and then pH was allowed to freely evolve during the sorption process. Both sets of experiments were carried out at different temperatures within the range 5-50 • C. Constant temperature was assured by water recirculation from a thermostatic bath. Results demonstrated that pH has high influence on kinetics only at the lowest temperatures studied. A model based on a complex reaction sequence which takes into account Cr(VI) sorption, reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), sorption of the formed Cr(III) which includes the pH variation during the sorption process has been proposed to model Cr(VI) kinetics sorption onto grape stalk waste. Furthermore, the robustness of the model has been tested.

A major impact of eutrophication is the stimulation of algal growth and the production of harmful algal blooms (HABs). HABs can have profound negative effects on the environment, which include severe dissolved oxygen depletion, fish kills, discoloration of marine water, beach closures, etc. Owing to the extremely complicated ecological processes, previous research efforts indicate that it is far from accurately unravelling the causality and dynamics of HABs and predicting their occurrence with acceptable accuracy and lead-time. Thus, techniques to better understand the complex interrelated processes in the ecosystem are needed.

Keywords: Harmful algal blooms, data mining; box plots, multivariate statistical analysis, factor analysis,
water quality modelling, Hong Kong

In the context of Smart Cities, monitoring the dynamic of the presence of people is a crucial aspect for the well-being of an urban area. We use mobile phone data as a proxy for the total number of people (Carpita & Simonetto 2014), with the specific aim of computing spatio-temporal region specific indicators. Telecom Italia Mobile (TIM), which is the largest operator in Italy, thanks to a research agreement with the Statistical Office of the Municipality of Brescia, provided to us about two years (April 2014 to June 2016) of High-Frequency Daily Mobile Phone Density Profiles (DMPDPs) in the form of a regular grid polygon each 15 minutes. Densities have to be rescaled in order to express the total amount of people rather than just TIM users. Separately for selected regions in the province of Brescia, characterized by being either working or residential areas, we group similar DMPDPs and we characterize groups by their spatial and temporal components. In doing so, we propose a mixed-...