Applied Kinesiology of Sport Injuries

Objective: To present an overview of possible effects of Arnold-Chiari malformation (ACM) and to offer chiropractic approaches and theories for treatment of a patient with severe visual dysfunction complicated by ACM. Clinical Features: A young woman had complex optic nerve neuritis exacerbated by an ACM type I of the brain. Intervention and Outcome: Applied kinesiology chiropractic treatment was used for treatment of loss of vision and nystagmus. After treatment, the patient's ability to see, read, and perform smooth eye tracking showed improvement. Conclusion: Further studies into applied kinesiology and cranial treatments for visual dysfunctions associated with ACM may be helpful to evaluate whether this single case study can be representative of a group of patients who might benefit from this care.

Objective: To investigate the immediate effect of kinesiology taping (KT) on muscular imbalance in the lateral flexors of the neck. Design: A retrospective study. Participants: Twenty-eight infants with congenital muscular torticollis and muscular imbalance in the lateral flexors of the neck were chosen consecutively. Methods: Data regarding the Muscle Function Scale (MFS) score before and after the first taping session were obtained from the records. Results: A significant decrease in the difference between the MFS scores was found after KT was applied (P Ͻ .001). Significantly greater scores were noted on the unaffected side after KT (P ϭ .02) and significantly lower scores were noted on the affected side after KT (P ϭ .003). Multiple regression demonstrated that the MFS score on the unaffected side (P Ͻ .001) and use of the muscle-relaxing technique (P ϭ .009) were significantly associated with a decrease in the difference between the MFS scores of the 2 sides. Conclusions: KT has an immediate effect on muscular imbalance in infants with congenital muscular torticollis.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an additional, organized, and more intensive kinesiological treatment on »pure« motor abilities in preschool children. In the present study an xperimental treatment was carried out on a sample of 37 preschool boys by applying kinesiological activities. The 60 minute treatment was applied over a period of one school year (9 months), twice a week. A control group of 31 boys were trained according to the regular program for preschool institutions. Treatment effects were assessed by 8 motor ability tests and 5 anthropometric measures. The signifi cant differences between the groups, which were observed after the fi nal measurement and compared to the initial one, proved that the kinesiological treatment had a positive impact on the general development of »pure« motor abilities. The most signifi cant effect of experimental kinesiological treatment was the improvement in whole body force, fl exibility and coordination of preschool b...

Premise: Applied Kinesiology (AK) is a diagnostic technique widely used within the Integrative Medical community. In essence, it posits that a question can be mentally held in a person's mind, sometimes while they are holding a substance like a vitamin, or a food sample, and by measuring relative muscular weakness an answer as to whether the substance or the condition represented by the question is good for that person can be obtained. This AK is presumed to have a diagnostic capability. That being presumed, this study asks the following questions: (1) Is there a difference in muscular strength when an individual holds a substance that is inimical to life processes (a poison solution), as compared to a substance that is essential for life (normal saline)? (2) Is this effect a transaction involving input from both the person being measured and the kinesiologist doing the measurement or is it only the person being measured? (3) As an extension of question 2, is the result the same when different kinesiologists take the measurement or when no kinesiologist is involved? (4) Does belief, expectation, gender, or time cognition play a role in determining response? Methodology: To answer these questions, which would help to define the parameters of the AK process, 51 participants were tested during three trials each, first by one kinesiologist, then by another, and finally, with no kinesiologist present by grip strength indicated using a hand dynamometer. Grip strength being a self-administered AK test of relative muscular strength. For each trial, a pair of randomly numbered sealed vials, each pair in a randomly numbered plastic bag, were used as the objects of the trial. In each bag, one vial contained saline solution while the other was filled with a slightly smaller amount of saline solution to which had been added ionic hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH 3 OH) þ , producing a toxic solution of 9 mg/ml. Each trial consisted of a separate muscle test for each vial. All present at the trials were blind as to which vial contained the toxin. And all who prepared the vials were blind to the trials. The force used by the kinesiologists in each of their trials was measured via a pressure pad system. The hand dynamometer trials were conducted with no kinesiologist present. Results: Of the 151 sets of trials, the toxic vial was identified correctly in 80 of them (53%), resulting in a one-tailed exact binomial P-value of .258. Results for two of the kinesiologists were almost exactly at chance. For the third kinesiologist, there was a one-tailed exact binomial P-value of .18 (unadjusted for multiple testing). Results for the dynamometer were also almost exactly at chance. Testing whether there was a significant difference in proportions for whom the AK test worked based on belief about whether it would work resulted in non-significant χ 2 values of 0.6 (P ¼ .439) for the trials with one kinesiologist and 2.222 (P ¼ .136) for the hand dynamometer trials. The final variable examined was gender. While there was no significant difference in performance for males and females for the trials of the male kinesiologist or the hand dynamometer, the combined data for the two female kinesiologists did reveal a difference. Of the 33 sessions with females, only 15 were successful (45%), while for the 18 sessions with males, 14 were successful (78%), resulting in a χ 2 statistic of 4.96, P ¼ .026. However, given all of the χ 2 tests performed in this section, the results must be interpreted with caution because of multiple testing. Results indicate belief in whether the AK test will work was not significantly related to whether it actually did work. A χ 2 test of the relationship between time perception and correct vial choice showed no significant relationships. The χ 2 statistic for the relationship using the hand dynamometer data was 0.927, P ¼ .629. Conclusion: The data in this study, particularly when seen in the larger context of a review of the literature from the AK field itself by Klinkoski and Leboeuf (1990), which considered 50 papers published between 1981 and 1987 by the International College of Applied Kinesiology, and the survey by Hall, Lewith, Brien, and Little (2008), using standard evaluation

Kinesiology departments have recently started to offer allied health education programs to attract additional students to teacher education units ( 9 ). Although allied health professions offer increased work opportunities, insufficient enrollment and training of minority students in these academic fields contribute to underrepresentation in the workforce ( 3 ). To improve workforce diversity, kinesiology departments must understand how enrollment influences and barriers differ by race among prospective students. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify differences in allied health education enrollment influences and enrollment barriers between minority and Caucasian students. Participants ( n = 601) consisted of students enrolled in kinesiology-based allied health education programs. Multivariate ANOVA was used to compare group differences in enrollment decision making. “Personal influence,” “career opportunity,” and “physical self-efficacy” were all significantly stron...

Wstęp. Do le gli wo ści bó lo we szyj ne go od cin ka krę go słu pa sta no wią jed ną z naj częst szych do le gli wo ści w ob rę bie ukła du ruchu. Ce lem pra cy by ła oce na sku tecz no ści i wpły wu ma sa żu lecz ni cze go na za kre sy ru cho mo ści pa cjen tów z bó la mi szyj ne go odcin ka krę go słu pa. Ma te riał i me to dy. Ba da niem ob ję to gru pę 60 osób w wie ku 37-82 la ta (śr.: 62,8±9,86 lat) le czo nych z po wo du bó lów szyjne go od cin ka krę go słu pa w Za moj skiej Kli ni ce Re ha bi li ta cji Wy ższej Szko ły Za rzą dza nia i Ad mi ni stra cji. Ba da nych pa cjen tów po dzie lo no na dwie gru py: w pierw szej gru pie (30 osób) za sto so wa no za bie gi z za kre su fi zy ko te ra pii i ki ne zy te ra pii; w dru giej gru pie (30 osób) do dat ko wo zle co no ma saż lecz ni czy. Do oce ny sku tecz no ści re ha bi li ta cji za sto so wa no po miar cy fro wym in klino me trem Sa un ders`a, Wskaź nik Spraw no ści w Bó lach Krę go słu pa Szyj ne go (Neck Di sa bi li ty In dex-NDI) oraz ska lę bó lu VAS. Wy ni ki. Obie ba da ne gru py pod wzglę dem Wskaź ni ka NDI i Ska li VAS przed (NDI: p=0,56; VAS: p=0,231) i po re ha bi li ta cji (NDI: p=0,203; VAS: p=0,401) nie ró żni ły się istot nie sta ty stycz nie. Po słu gu jąc się kwe stio na riu szem NDI i Ska lą VAS po re ha bi li ta cji stwierdzo no istot nie sta ty stycz nie zmniej sze nie bó lu (p<0,001) po pra wę spraw no ści i funk cjo no wa nia (p<0,001) w obu ba da nych gru pach. W ba da niu in kli no me trem Saun ders'a u pa cjen tów z ma sa żem uzy ska no istot ną sta ty stycz nie po pra wę w za kre sie zwięk sze nia ru chomo ści: zgię cia (p=0,022), zgię cia w pra wo (p=0,018), zgię cia w le wo (p=0,003). Wnio ski. 1. Ma saż lecz ni czy wpły wa na zwięk sze nie za kre sów ru cho mo ści. 2. Sku tecz ność ma sa żu lecz ni cze go jest po równy wal na do sku tecz no ści re ha bi li ta cji opar tej je dy nie na fi zy ko te ra pii i ki ne zy te ra pii.

BACKGROUND: Applied muscle tension (AMT), which involves rhythmic tensing of the muscles of the core and lower extremities, has been associated with attenuation of presyncopal reactions among whole blood donors. This study was designed to examine whether the salutary effects of AMT may be mediated by increases in cerebral oxygenation during blood donation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Seventy-two female blood donors were recruited at mobile blood drives in the American Red Cross Blood Services-Central Ohio Region. Participants were randomly assigned to engage in either AMT or repeated gentle foot flexions (i.e., distraction control) during whole blood donation. Cerebral oxygenation was monitored throughout the donation using near infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: Participants who engaged in AMT were shown to have attenuated decreases in cerebral oxygenation across the three intervals of the blood draw relative to the distraction manipulation (F(1,70) = 8.144, p = 0.006). Whereas cerebral oxygenation decreased 1.42% (SD, 2.09%) for those in the distraction-control group, oxygenation levels increased 0.13% (SD, 2.56%) in the AMT group. CONCLUSION: AMT is associated with an attenuated decrease in cerebral oxygenation compared to a distraction-control group. Further studies are necessary to establish if the salutary effect of AMT during blood donation may be in part due to an increase in oxygen available to the brain.

We commend the authors for attempting an in-depth literature review of such a diverse field as Specialised Kinesiology. Their recommendations for the tools that can be used in methods of analysis in future studies are well advised. The title of their paper, however, suffers from design flaws and is deceptive. This paper is primarily a review of Touch for Health Kinesiology and its family of techniques, which should be distinctly differentiated from Applied Kinesiology as defined by the International College of Applied Kinesiology.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an additional, organized, and more intensive kinesiological treatment on &quot;pure&quot; motor abilities in preschool children. In the present study an experimental treatment was carried out on a sample of 37 preschool boys by applying kinesiological activities. The 60 minute treatment was applied over a period of one school year (9 months), twice a week. A control group of 31 boys were trained according to the regular program for preschool institutions. Treatment effects were assessed by 8 motor ability tests and 5 anthropometric measures. The significant differences between the groups, which were observed after the final measurement and compared to the initial one, proved that the kinesiological treatment had a positive impact on the general development of &quot;pure&quot; motor abilities. The most significant effect of experimental kinesiological treatment was the improvement in whole body force, flexibility and coordinati...

The sway-density curve (SDC) is computed by counting, for each time instant, the number of consecutive samples of the statokinesigram falling inside a circle of small radius R. The authors evaluated the sensitivity of the curve to the variation of R and found that in the range 3-5 mm the sensitivity was low, indicating that SDC is a robust descriptor of posturographic patterns. In addition, they investigated the relationship between SDC and the underlying postural stabilization process by decomposing the total ankle torque into three components: a tonic component (over 69 & of the total torque), an elastic torque caused by ankle stiffness (about 19 &), and an anticipatory active torque (about 12 &). The last component, although the smallest in size, is the most critical for the overall stability of the standing posture and appears to be correlated with the SDC curve.

The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of Kinesiology Taping (KT) for treating breast cancer-related lymphedema. Sixty-five women with unilateral stage II and III lymphedema were randomly grouped into the KT group (K-tapes,n=20), the Quasi KT group (quasi K-tapes,n=22), or the MCT group (multilayered compression therapy group,n=23). Skin care, 45 min pneumatic compression therapy, 1 h manual lymphatic drainage, and application of K-tape/Quasi K-tapes/multilayered short-stretch bandages were given every treatment session, 3 times per week for 1 month. Patient evaluation items included limb size and percentage edema. Comparing the changes in K-tapes with quasi K-tapes changes, there were no significant differences (P&gt;0.05). The edema reduction of multilayered bandages was much better than in results observed in taping groups. The KT appeared to be ineffective at secondary lymphedema after breast cancer treatment. The single-blind, controlled pilot study results suggest tha...

Objective: To present an overview of possible effects of Arnold-Chiari malformation (ACM) and to offer chiropractic approaches and theories for treatment of a patient with severe visual dysfunction complicated by ACM. Clinical Features: A young woman had complex optic nerve neuritis exacerbated by an ACM type I of the brain. Intervention and Outcome: Applied kinesiology chiropractic treatment was used for treatment of loss of vision and nystagmus. After treatment, the patient's ability to see, read, and perform smooth eye tracking showed improvement. Conclusion: Further studies into applied kinesiology and cranial treatments for visual dysfunctions associated with ACM may be helpful to evaluate whether this single case study can be representative of a group of patients who might benefit from this care.

Abstract:
Part I of this series experimentally validated a hypothesis that muscle inhibition (the ongoing weakness of individual muscles clinically revealed through manual muscle testing) is sustained by trauma-induced maladaptive learning; a muscular form of PTSD (mPTSD). It demonstrated that about 90% of inhibited muscles would immediately strengthen, and 80% would remain strong over a period of weeks, when treated only with side-to-side eye movements, a part of EMDR, an accepted intervention for PTSD. This therapy has been theorised to gain its effects by interrupting reconsolidation (re-storage) of activated (recalled) and therefore destabilised memories.

Currently, muscle inhibition is ignored and considered untreatable in most musculoskeletal specialties. The chiropractic subspecialty of Applied Kinesiology however, has been reversing muscle weakness for over 50 years, but because of a dearth of reporting and studies of the treatment, it has gone unnoticed in most muscle inhibition literature. A 20 plus-year ‘demonstration’ of correction of muscle inhibition in the NBA has left statistical and other evidence suggesting what is possible when the condition is routinely treated. Particularly striking is the finding that when treated immediately, mild to moderate sprain-strain injuries can recover in minutes, not weeks, putting into question universal assumptions we hold about the nature of tissue damage in injuries.

Indexing Terms: Muscle inhibition, PTSD, chiropractic, theory, NBA, Applied Kinesiology.

The aim of this investigation was to perform a review of the literature dealing with the issue of relationships between dental occlusion, body posture and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). A search of the available literature was performed to determine what the current evidence is regarding: (i) The physiology of the dental occlusion-body posture relationship, (ii) The relationship of these two topics with TMD and (iii) The validity of the available clinical and instrumental devices (surface electromyography, kinesiography and postural platforms) to measure the dental occlusion-body posture-TMD relationship. The available posturographic techniques and devices have not consistently found any association between body posture and dental occlusion. This outcome is most likely due to the many compensation mechanisms occurring within the neuromuscular system regulating body balance. Furthermore, the literature shows that TMD are not often related to specific occlusal conditions, and they also do not have any detectable relationships with head and body posture. The use of clinical and instrumental approaches for assessing body posture is not supported by the wide majority of the literature, mainly because of wide variations in the measurable variables of posture. In conclusion, there is no evidence for the existence of a predictable relationship between occlusal and postural features, and it is clear that the presence of TMD pain is not related with the existence of measurable occluso-postural abnormalities. Therefore, the use instruments and techniques aiming to measure purported occlusal, electromyographic, kinesiographic or posturographic abnormalities cannot be justified in the evidence-based TMD practice.

O estudo visou verificar a eficacia da hidrocinesioterapia na reducao da sintomatologia de mulheres fibromialgicas. A sindrome aa fibromialgia traz limitacoes a capacidade funcional, pelo carater cronico da dor, interferindo diretamente na saude e na qualidade de vida. Afeta em geral mulheres em faixa etaria profissionalmente ativa, acarretando problemas sociais e psicologicos, o que justifica buscar recursos para diminuir o impacto da sindrome na vicia dos pacientes. Optou-se aqui pela hidroterapia supondo que permitiria reducao da dor e aumento da movimentacao articular. Foi aplicada em quatro mulheres com diagnostico de fibromialgia, selecionadas do universo de pacientes da Clinica-Escola de Fisioterapia da Universidade Catolica Dom Bosco, de Campo Grande (MS). Foram realizadas 11 sessoes coletivas de hidrocinesioterapia, tres vezes por semana durante cerca de um mes. As pacientes foram avaliadas pelo Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), analise dos tender points e questionar...

Context: Athletic taping skills are highly valued clinical competencies in the athletic therapy and training profession. The Technical Skill Assessment Instrument (TSAI) has been content validated and tested for intrarater reliability. Objective: To test the reliability of the TSAI using a more robust measure of reliability, generalizability theory, and to hypothetically and mathematically project the optimal number of raters and scenarios to reliably measure athletic taping skills in the future.

Kinesiology departments have recently started to offer allied health education programs to attract additional students to teacher education units ( 9 ). Although allied health professions offer increased work opportunities, insufficient enrollment and training of minority students in these academic fields contribute to underrepresentation in the workforce ( 3 ). To improve workforce diversity, kinesiology departments must understand how enrollment influences and barriers differ by race among prospective students. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify differences in allied health education enrollment influences and enrollment barriers between minority and Caucasian students. Participants ( n = 601) consisted of students enrolled in kinesiology-based allied health education programs. Multivariate ANOVA was used to compare group differences in enrollment decision making. “Personal influence,” “career opportunity,” and “physical self-efficacy” were all significantly stron...

Objectives. The purpose of these studies was to examine the learning outcomes of a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) tutorial in applied anatomy and kinesiology for occupational therapy students and to determine its applicability for use in two university settings. Method. Two separate pilot studies were conducted at two universities. In each study, the learning outcomes of an experimental group of occupational therapy students using a CAI program and a control group using books to study the same material were compared. Learning outcomes were assessed with posttest achievement test scores on an applied anatomy and kinesiology test and responses to an attitude questionnaire with Likert-scale items and open-ended questions. Results. There was no significant difference in the means on achievement test scores for the experimental and control groups in the first pilot study. In the second study, the CAI group scored significantly higher on the achievement test than the control group. I...

Kinesiology taping (KT) is a popular method of supporting professional athletes during sports activities, traumatic injury prevention, and physiotherapeutic procedures after a wide range of musculoskeletal injuries. The effectiveness of KT in muscle strength and motor units recruitment is still uncertain. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of KT on surface electromyographic (sEMG) activity and muscle flexibility of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis (VM) muscles in healthy volleyball players. Twenty-two healthy volleyball players (8 men and 14 women) were included in the study and randomly assigned to 2 comparative groups: &quot;kinesiology taping&quot; (KT; n=12; age: 22.30 ± 1.88 years; BMI: 22.19 ± 4.00 kg/m(2)) in which KT application over the RF muscle was used, and &quot;placebo taping&quot; (PT; n=10; age: 21.50 ± 2.07 years; BMI: 22.74 ± 2.67 kg/m(2)) in which adhesive nonelastic tape over the same muscle was used. All subje...