Anything that is related to philosophy

Despite the efforts of many elite scientific teams around the world, the invisibility technology has been so far stalled without much sign of substantial success. The biggest challenge should not be the lack of advanced technology, but rather the fundamental difficulty of overcoming the complicated surface geometries. In this essay, I would introduce the idea of how to make the invisibility cloak a forthcoming reality with the help of our modern technology, without much need of facing the insurmountable huddle of surface geometrical complexity.

Since Einstein proposed that the universe was finite but unbounded, scientists including Einstein himself have been managing to provide a clear description of how it might exactly look like, but so far never succeeded with a good satisfaction either mathematically or philosophically. They often attempted to use the analogy between our universe and the surface of a 3-dimensional sphere to convince the imagination of the audience about how the finite but unbounded universe might look like. Nonetheless, unfortunately, those two things actually are incomparable, fundamentally incomparable! This is because the latter is contained in our three dimensional space while the former is not contained by anything, at least not anything that we as the 4-dimensional space-time beings could perceive or even imagine, and we cannot borrow the dimension of time to our aid in this matter as many have supposed, even though space and time are convertible through the special theory of relativity. The 4 dimensional space-time just cannot provide a good container for our universe as our universe could for a 3-dimensional sphere, and we cannot find the boundary in a Minkowski space-time or any other type of 4-dimensional space-time model for our universe as we could for a 3-dimensional sphere. Besides, the admission of the expansion of the universe, and accordingly the agreement with the Big Bang theory, would utterly do away with all the objections against the postulation of a finite but unbounded universe. As long as you agree with the Big Bang theory, you have to accept that the universe is finite but unbounded despite from time to time we might still see some scientists accepting the Big Bang but denying the unbounded finiteness of the universe. This is an issue of logical consistency. As long as you accept the Big Bang theory, whether you assume the space-time to be created right at the Big Bang or to be already existing before the Big Bang, you are asserting that the complete space-time of the whole universe was so small at the beginning that its density and temperature was so high, and started to quickly expand at a finite speed soon after the Big Bang for whatever reason to the universe that we have today. This conviction of the initial small space-time not only literally do away with the possibility of an infinite universe but also literally do away with the possibility of the existence of any boundary of the universe since by that conviction there was no other space-time beside the space-time of the initial whole universe. By assuming a boundary surrounding our universe, we would logically admit that there is some other space-time outside our universe and thus in contradiction to the abovementioned theory that our universe was the only space-time when the Big Bang happened. In some sense it is like admitting that you don't own the land outside the yard once you set a border circling your turf. But on the other hand, the acceptance of a finite but unbounded and expanding universe would also bring forth a logical oddity-there is no center of the universe, that is to say that every point in the universe is its center. Besides, based on the Big Bang theory we can also calculate the size of the universe, which is different from the so-called observable universe.

More than 100 years ago, under the premise that the speed of light does not change and the meaning of time is determined by the exchange of light signals, Einstein established his theory of special relativity and also presented the famous formula of E=mc 2 for the mass-energy relationship, from which he concluded that the speed of light is the limit of speed in four-dimensional space-time. Einstein's special theory of relativity essentially connects time with the motion of photons; accordingly, people have come to a conclusion that photons will not undergo changes in time, because the meaning of time itself lies in the information transmission through photons, and the photon is transmitting information instantly to itself anytime and anywhere; this is also reflected in the Lorentz transformation formula in the special theory of relativity: when the speed v equals the speed of light c, the Lorentz transformation factor γ goes to infinity, which means that it would take infinitively long time in this world for a photon to pass any finite time span, that is to say the photon will not experience the time change at all. This idea that photons would not experience any time lapse has become so fundamental among physicists that the Laureate of Nobel Prize in Physics 2020, Roger Penrose used this very idea to construct his theory of Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC), and postulated that when all the mass in the universe is turned into energy in the form of photons due to the expansion of universe, time would no longer exist simply because photons cannot experience time and thus no "clock" would be in the universe recording time, which is in the literal consistence with the existing Big Bang theory which says that there is no time before or at the Big Bang, and then the universe would enter new AEON through a new Big Bang, and another AEON when this new AEON would end in the same manner as the previous one, and so on forever. Unfortunately, the foundation of Penrose's CCC is defective due to the defect in the claim that the photon would experience no time lapse. When that claim was put forward in Einstein's time, the world did not know that the universe expands. Later, when the expansion of the universe became known to the world, scientists seemed to forget updating their idea about the photon's time experience by pointing out that photons must actually experience time lapse despite the special theory of relativity failed to tell us so. The reason that photons must actually experience time lapse is because the expansion of the universe would cause the frequency of all photons travelling in the universe to decrease, and thus all photons do experience internal changes of their properties. Compared with the mathematical formula of the special theory of relativity, the experience of change would be more fundamental for the meaning of time lapse!

Reading classic works of philosophy is an important approach to build up the capacity of philosophizing and to accumulate knowledge of the evolutionary trace of philosophy, in addition to enjoying the wisdom of ancient sages. However, compared with modern literature, classic works of philosophy are generally difficult to read for many reasons. Besides the logical difficulty due to the profundity of the ancient sages, some other factors might also cause both technical and psychological difficulties to hinder modern audience from completing the journey of reading classic works of philosophy. The major factors that would create the difficulties of reading classic works of philosophy would be discussed in this writing to help readers to tune their mentality to fit the difficult nature of classic works of philosophy.

After nearly a century’s effort, the scientific community is still far from the solution to the enigma of the deviation of reality from the theoretically supposed balance between matter and antimatter. For whatever reasons, when tackling this issue, physicists have been focusing on the possible mechanisms from the view of particle physics (e.g. the Standard Model) for the generation of the asymmetry. In this writing, I will point out that the clustering effect due to the thermodynamic fluctuations is a much more plausible cause for the baryon asymmetry (i.e. the imbalance between matter and antimatter in our part of the universe).