ARDL Estimation

This paper aims to empirically examine the drivers of the bilateral balance of the trade model for the Georgian-Chinese economy from 2000 to 2020 and the influence of the Georgia-China free trade agreement on the Georgian-Chinese balance of trade. The Error Correction Model (ECM) of the ARDL was used to see if the balance of trade and its predictors have a long-term relationship. One of the ARDL's defining properties is that it may be utilized in circumstances when there is minimal data, regardless of the level of variable integration. According to the findings, a perceived effective exchange rate has a statistically significant positive impact on the balance of trade in the long run and a statistically significant negative impact on the balance of trade in the short run. The output is shaped to favor the presence of the elasticity attitude's J-Curve impact. The study also found that the comparative supply of money (MS) and GDP have only a minor impact on the trade balance in the medium and long run. The sponging and monetary methods are ineffective in characterizing the bilateral trade deficit between Georgia and China.

The study aimed to analyze the effects of structural reform programs on sustainable development in Algeria during the period from 1980 to 2018. Using the (PMG/ARDL) model, the effect of a set of variables explaining structural reform programs on economic growth was highlighted. The ECM appeared to us significantly and with a negative sign (-1.19), which confirmed the existence of a long-term causal relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables, and that the imbalance occurring in the short term in the study group will be corrected/adjusted at 19%, respectively, in order to reach To an equilibrium value in the long run. The study concluded that there is an inverse relationship between the consumer price index and net indirect taxes with the gross domestic product, and a positive relationship between domestic investment, trade openness and secondary school enrollment with the gross domestic product. The study recommended the importance of pushing forward in enhancing the investment climate with the importance of adopting advanced policies in relation to trade liberalization in parallel with supporting education programs, governance, infrastructure and institutions, rule of law and fighting corruption, and the adoption of parallel social policies that enhance the social safety net and combat poverty, which contributes to Take note of the effects associated with engaging in structural reform programs.

The main objective of the current study is to explore the effect of political unrest or instability on property investment and the economic growth of Malaysia. This study used an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique to observe the short and long-term association of the proposed model. The outcomes of this study are varied for each model. First, there appears to be no long-term association between political instability (PI), property investment (PT), and economic growth (GDP). Second, there is a long-term inverse correlation between PI and PT; and GDP is significantly and positively correlated with PT. Finally, there is a long-term correlation between GDP, PI, and PT.

This paper aims to analyze the impact of life expectancy on housing prices in Malaysia. The study implements Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation to investigate the short run and long run elasticities of the proposed model. The findings are consistent with the theoretical conjecture arising from the Life-Cycle Hypothesis; that is, an increase in life expectancy has a statistically significant impact on housing prices. In addition, other variables such as retired people, working people and GDP capita also shows significant impact towards housing prices. The results contribute to the study of the effect of life expectancy on housing prices in Malaysia.

The main objective of the current study is to explore the effect of political unrest or instability on property investment and the economic growth of Malaysia. This study used an Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique to observe the short and long-term association of the proposed model. The outcomes of this study are varied for each model. First, there appears to be no long-term association between political instability (PI), property investment (PT), and economic growth (GDP). Second, there is a long-term inverse correlation between PI and PT; and GDP is significantly and positively correlated with PT. Finally, there is a long-term correlation between GDP, PI, and PT.

The main objective of the current study is to explore the effect of political unrest or instability on property investment and the economic growth of Malaysia. This study used an Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique to observe the short and long-term association of the proposed model. The outcomes of this study are varied for each model. First, there appears to be no long-term association between political instability (PI), property investment (PT), and economic growth (GDP). Second, there is a long-term inverse correlation between PI and PT; and GDP is significantly and positively correlated with PT. Finally, there is a long-term correlation between GDP, PI, and PT.