Reduplicated Expressives in Lepcha
Satarupa Dattamajumdar2016
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Reduplication is defined as repetition or copying of a word or a syllable either exactly or partially in order to bring modification in the semantic interpretation or to convey some special meaning. As observed in Lepcha, (a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Sikkim and Darjeeling district of West Bengal) reduplicated expressives (structures which represent sounds or senses) may belong to the category of full reduplication as well as partial reduplication. Being an important structural phenomenon of the South Asian languages reduplicated expressives play a vital role in the system of communication and so demands a vivid description of its form and function with reference to the semantic interpretation. The data of the present paper has been collected from field investigation conducted in Kalimpong subdivision of Darjeeling district of West Bengal. INTRODUCTON: PRESENT STATUS AND FILIATION OF LEPCHA The Lepchas are the original inhabitants of Sikkim and are mostly settled in Dzongu val...
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THE BUCKINGHAM JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS
REDUPLICATED EXPRESSIVES IN LEPCHA
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Satarupa Dattamajumdar ∗
ABSTRACT:
Reduplication is defined as repetition or copying of a word or a syllable
either exactly or partially in order to bring modification in the semantic
interpretation or to convey some special meaning. As observed in Lepcha, (a
Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Sikkim and Darjeeling district of West
Bengal) reduplicated expressives (structures which represent sounds or senses)
may belong to the category of full reduplication as well as partial
reduplication. Being an important structural phenomenon of the South Asian
languages reduplicated expressives play a vital role in the system of
communication and so demands a vivid description of its form and function
with reference to the semantic interpretation.
The data of the present paper has been collected from field investigation
conducted in Kalimpong subdivision of Darjeeling district of West Bengal.
INTRODUCTON: PRESENT STATUS AND FILIATION OF
LEPCHA
The Lepchas are the original inhabitants of Sikkim and are mostly settled
in Dzongu valley of north Sikkim. They are also settled in Kalimpong
subdivision of Darjeeling district of West Bengal. Apart from Sikkim and
West Bengal, Lepcha is also spoken in Bhutan (lower valleys in the West and
South) and Nepal (Mechi zone, Ilam district). Lepcha speech community is
considered constitutionally a schedule tribe pertaining to the states of West
Bengal and Sikkim in India.
According to 2001 census, total Lepcha population in India was 50,629.
The population strength of Lepcha in Sikkim is 35, 728 according to 2001
census and 14,721 in West Bengal according to 2001 census. [according to:
http://www.census India.gov.in/ Census_Data_2001/ census_Data_ online /
Language/partb.htm] . Lepchas are also settled in Bhutan (Samasti district)--the population strength being 2,000(2001 Van Driem) and in Nepal (Ilam
district)--- the population strength being 1,272 (1961 Census) [according to :
http://www.ethnologue.com]
∗
The Asiatic Society, Kolkata
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REDUPLICATED EXPRESSIVES IN LEPCHA
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The Lepcha language (which is also known as Rong/Rongaring/Rongring)
belongs to the Tibeto Burman language sub-family under Tibeto-Chinese
language family. Lepcha is placed in the non-pronominalised group of the
Himalayan languages under the Tibeto-Burman sub-family.
REDUPLICATION AND EXPRESSIVES
Reduplication is defined as “repetition or copying of a word or a syllable
either exactly or partially in order to bring modification in the semantic
interpretation or to convey some special meaning. The phenomenon is
explained in terms of copying followed by affixation (Dattamajumdar
2001:19) There are some reduplicated structures which represent sounds or
senses and thus are expressives of a language. The expressives consist of
repetition of a word or of a syllable. These expressives have been termed as
Onomatopoeia, sound symbolism, ideophones and imitatives by different
scholars at different times as all these represent natural sounds and express
senses. But as Abbi (1992:15) proposes, “The best solution would be to treat
all these forms by their various names under the term Expressives.”
As observed in Lepcha, reduplicated expressives may belong to the
category of full reduplication as well as partial reduplication. Fully
reduplicated expressives refer to those structures which are formed by exact
doubling of the base form without any phonological alteration in the copied
affixed part of the structure. On the other hand partially reduplicated
expressives refer to those structures which involve alteration in the
phonological shape of the affixed copied part of the reduplicated structure.
Being an important structural phenomenon of the South Asian languages
reduplicated expressives play a vital role in the system of communication and
so demands a vivid description of its form and function with reference to the
semantic interpretation.
The data of the present paper has been collected from field investigation
conducted in Kalimpong subdivision of Darjeeling district of West Bengal.
2.1. Expressives (Fully Reduplicated)
Lepcha attests a number of fully reduplicated expressives. These may be
imitation of natural sounds or may be expressive of senses. The fully
reduplicated expressives are both phonologically and semantically significant
in the language.
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I. Expressives ---- imitative of natural sounds
1. ʧyore
tea-seems
bul bul
ʧunɔn.
imitative
boiling
sound of
boiling
‘Tea is boiling with the sound.’
2. iŋasɔŋ brok brok ma tyuk
child-pl. imitative neg. jump
sound of
jumping
‘The children should not jump with noise.’
3. nam leŋ fuleŋsɔŋ bruŋ bruŋ lɔkam.
young girl boy-pl. imitative
dancing
sound of
drum beat
‘The young girls and boys are dancing with the loud sound of drum beat.’
4. hɔ yuk hrak hrak majuk.
you work imitative neg. to do
of rattling
sound
‘Do not work with (making) rough sounds.’
5. kuʧuŋ unu thaba kram kram hunʃyɔ.
corn
to fry to eat imitative
to be
sound of
breaking
something crispy
‘It is crispy to eat fried corn.’
6. hɯ suk suk thyopam.
she/he imitative crying
sound of
sobbing
‘She/he is sobbing.’
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REDUPLICATED EXPRESSIVES IN LEPCHA
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II. Expressives (imitative of Senses)
1. TOBOK
stomach
DƆK.
KIN KIN
expr. of
paining
gripping pain
‘THE STOMACH IS HAVING GRIPING PAIN.’
unnɔn.
2. tukya ka nɔm kun kun
pan-loc. oil
expr. of
to be-pr.
blowing smoke
‘The oil is smoking in the pan.’
3. mennambu ambipɔt klem klem yumba.
ripe
mango expr. of
seems to be
sweet taste
‘The ripe mango is sweet to taste.’
4. surɔŋ kɯsu sa duŋpɔt kyup kyup dokam.
today me-gen. knee
expr. of paining
acute pain
‘Today my knee is paining acute.’
5. so zim zim yubam.
rain expr. of falling
drizzling
rain
‘It is drizzling.’
6. tuʧɔt ka ʧholi mu nɔŋ sa nyɔl nyɔl matʃ ya?
time –loc. school neg. to go of expr. of why
being slow
‘Why are you slow/late, for not going to school?’
The semantic features of the fully reduplicated expressives in Lepcha are
as follows.
Degree of Manifestation
Continuation
Repetition
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i.Degree of Manifestation
Mostly the fully reduplicated expressives which are the expressives of
senses are found to manifest different qualities at different degrees. Some
examples are presented below.
1. hɯ thyom thyom lomam
he expr. of being walking
slow
‘He is walking slowly.’
2. sukmut dɔr dɔr dyam
wind expr. of blowing
blowing in
puff
‘The wind is blowing in puffs.’
3. aŋanre
seat-needs
sitet nop nop yumba
how expr. of suppose to be
softness
‘The seat is supposed to be soft.’
ii. Continuation
Lepcha fully reduplicated expressives which are essentially imitative of
some natural sounds of actions often convey the sense of a continuation of a
sound. Examples are cited below.
mat nu m⋀ lom.
1. thaŋ thaŋ
imitative
to do by neg. walk
sounds made
by the heels
while walking
‘Donot walk by making sounds of heels (continuously)’.
mat nu lomnɔn.
2. k⋀ar fo phur phur
dove bird imitative sound to do by fly-abl.(past)
of flapping wings
‘The bird has flown flapping the wings (continuously with the sound)’.
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3. so mun mun yubam.
rain imitative coming down
sound of
drizzling rain
‘It is drizzling (continuously with the sound.’
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iii. Repetition
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EXPRESSIVES (PARTIALLY REDUPLICATED)
Lepcha fully reduplicated expressives may convey the sense of repeated
action. Some examples are given below.
myɔnbu ariŋ bella bella yet
unknown word expr. of to ask
repetition
‘Ask the unknown words repeatedly.’
1.
2. thal thal
thom ka mu nun.
expr. of
town to neg. go
again and again
‘Do not go to the town repeatedly.’
3. saark⋀p
bruk bruk matnɔ tyukkam
goat-child expr. of
to do jumping
repeated
up and down
‘The goat-child is (repeatedly) jumping up and down.’
Partially reduplicated expressives which involve a partial phonological
alteration in the copied part affixed to the base element is prevalent in Lepcha.
Alteration of a vowel or a consonant in the suffixed copied part have been
observed in case of the partially reduplicated structures in Lepcha. Such
partially reduplicated expressives are exemplified below.
m⋀ mat
dul dal
expr. of being neg. do
jumble
‘Do not jumble up (confuse) while working.
1. yuk
work
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2. f⋀ŋ fiŋ taklyaŋ.
expr. of sky
cleanliness
‘The sky is clear.’
so yunon
3. bruk brak
expr. of falling rain falling
in drops
‘The rain is falling in drops.’
4. tukfil n⋀ yɔop n⋀ ʧul ʧal hunbam.
ant by sting from expr. of happenning
prickling
‘Stinging of the ant is causing prickling sensation.’
5. hɔ yap yop matnɔ m⋀ lom.
you expr.of to do neg. walk
staggering
‘ You shouldnot stagger while walking.’
6. hɔ nɔŋ n⋀ li
hala vala hunnɔn.
you go after house expr.of to be-abl.(past)
emptiness
‘After your departure the house became empty.’
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SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION
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REDUPLICATION IN JUXTAPOSITION
The partially reduplicated expressives are found to be employed in order
to convey different degrees of feeling and repeated actions. Thus it is the
‘Degree of Manifestation’ and ‘Repetition’ which covers the semantic
interpretation of the partially reduplicated expressives in Lepcha.
Additionally a different structure of reduplicated expressive has been
noticed in which two fully reduplicated expressives are used together in
juxtaposition. An instance can be cited below.
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1.surɔŋsa
thupe
ka iŋasɔŋ
wur wur tiŋ tiŋ hunnɔn.
today-gen. occassion on child-pl. expr.of hurry/ to be
scurry
‘Children are excited (in hurry/scurry) for today’s occasion/ function.’
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REFERENCES
Abbi ,A. 1992.Reduplication in South Asian Languages --- An Areal,
Typological and Historical Study. New Delhi: Allied Publishers.
Dattamajumdar, S. 2001. A Contrastive Study of the Reduplicated
Structures in Asamiya, Bangla and Odia. Kolkata: Subarnarekha.
Dattamajumdar,S. 2008. ‘ Exploring the Ethnolinguistic Vitality:A Case
Study in Dzongu Valley’ in http//www.languageinindia.com. vol.: 8
(e-Journal).
Mainwaring,G.B.1876. A Grammar of the Rong (Lepcha) language as it
exists in the Dorjeeling and Sikkim Hills. Calcutta.
Mainwaring,G.B.1898. Dictionary of the Lepcha Language.Revised and
completed by Albert Grunwedel.Berlin: Unger.
Plaisier,H.2003.(a).Catalogue of Lepcha Manuscripts in the Van manen
Collection . Leiden: Kern Institute.
Plaisier,H. 2003(b). ‘Lepcha’. The Sino-Tibetan Languages.(Thurgood
and Lapolla ed.)London & NewYork:Routledge.
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