Tourism and Water

This article reviews direct water consumption in tourism from both quantitative and qualitative viewpoints, and with a perspective on climate change, to assess the current water demand of the tourism sector and to identify current and future management challenges. The article concludes that even though tourism increases global water consumption, direct tourism-related water use is considerably less than 1% of global consumption, and will not become significant even if the sector continues to grow at anticipated rates of around 4% per year (international tourist arrivals). The situation is different at the regional level of analysis, however, because tourism concentrates traveller flows in time and space, and often in dry regions where renewable water reserves are limited. Furthermore, the understanding of tourism’s indirect water requirements, including the production of food, building materials and energy, remains inadequately understood, but is likely to be more substantial than direct water use. The article concludes that with expected changes in global precipitation patterns due to climate change, it is advisable in particular for already water scarce areas to engage in water management. Recommendations for managing tourism’s water footprint are made. Keywords: tourism, water consumption, water security, water stress, water quality, sustainability Submitted draft only. For the authoritative version please consult the journal website: www.elsevier.com/locate/tourman

Chinese Business Review, 2020

On the occasion of "World Water Day 2007", "Water, the challenge of the century" was said by Jaques Diouf, director general of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, spoke of the critical issues related to water management that man will face in the 21st century. The importance of water derives from its being an indispensable but limited resource. We are not able to produce more than Earth offers, nor can we exploit water resources outside the planet. Nevertheless, water remains a fundamental asset whose demand is expected to grow considerably in the coming years: It is estimated that, by 2050, almost half of the world's population will be exposed to potential conditions of water stress. The aim of this work is to analyse the role of tourism in the consumption of water resources, in particular, the volumes of water "indirectly" spent to meet the needs of tourists. We will explain in detail what these "indirect consumption" consist of and we will deepen the characteristics of the tourism sector in order to understand the mechanisms that bind it to water resources.

2013

Water Resources and Industry, 2014

ABSTRACT Tourism as an economic activity has grown substantially and is increasingly adding to local and seasonal pressures on water supply systems of tourist destinations around the world. Based on data from the AQUASTAT and EarthCheck tourist accommodation databases, this research analysed tourism-related water use in 21 countries and compared it with other municipal use. Tourists’ water use on a per guest night basis was found to differ substantially, with water usage being highest (up to 956 l per guest night in China) and most diverse in developing countries. The disparity between tourist water use and that of locals is also greatest in low or mid-income countries. Industrialised countries, in contrast, are characterised by high tourism water efficiencies, with no apparent discrepancy in water use between tourism and non-tourism users. Implications of this research for managing potential water conflicts and the need for broader tourist destination stewardship for water resources are discussed.

2020

2013

The Asia-Pacific region is a hot spot for population and tourism growth, both key drivers of water demand. Already, more than 75% of countries in this region are experiencing water stress. The management of water is becoming increasingly pressing, including for the tourism industry. Yet there has been little research into the predictors of water use in tourism in the Asia-Pacific region and opportunities for water saving. Therefore, this article develops both total and per guest night water-use models to determine the drivers of water use in accommodation in the Asia-Pacific region, delves into the differences between regions, and assesses the effectiveness of different water-saving measures. The results suggest geographical differences in water use that are influenced by climate zone and pool facilities. Importantly, the per guest night water-use model indicates that there are economies of scale to water use and that low/dual-flush toilets can significantly conserve water.

2015

Este artículo analiza la trayectoria de don Zenón de Somodevilla y Bengoechea, marqués de la Ensenada (1702-1781) y al plan reformista fiscal y de la Marina española gracias a la política de neutralidad internacional aplicada por Fernando VI. Gracias a su cargo de secretario del Despacho de Indias permitió aplicar mejoras en los flujos de dinero desde esa parte de la monarquía con el objetivo de reducir la deuda y controlar la decisión del gasto, entre otras. Cierra el artículo con la conjura contra el marqués de la Ensenada y a modo de conclusión se extiende al reinado de Fernando VI después de la destitución de Ensenada. This article analyses the trajectory of Don Zenón de Somodevilla y Bengoechea, Marquis de la Ensenada (1702-1781) and the reformist plan fiscal and of the Spanish Navy thanks to the policy of international neutrality applied by Fernando VI. Thanks to his position as secretary of the Office of the Indies allowed to apply improvements in money flows from that part of the monarchy in order to reduce the debt and control the decision of spending, among others. It closes the article with the conspiracy against the Marquis of the cove and by way of conclusion extends to the reign of Ferdinand VI after the removal of Ensenada.