Ekspresi: media komunikasi dan informasi, 2007

Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 -1 EKSPRESI 45678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012 45678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012 45678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012 45678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012 45678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012 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32 ♦ Ihwal Menerjem ahkan ... 36 ♦ Kritik terhadap Skala Likert dalam Pengukuran Pendidikan Bahasa ... 39 English Corner ♦ Let's Talk About Love ... 42 Berita Foto ... 23 Sekilas Info EKSPRESI ♦ Risaikuru: Upaya Masyarakat J epang Mem inim alisir Sam pah ... 44 ♦ Stage de J eune Professeur: Partisipasi PPPPTK dalam Agenda SCAC ... 45 ♦ Training Program for Foreign Teachers of The J apanese Language ... 46 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 ISSN 1693-3826 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 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Indonesia. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 2 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 Media Komunikasi dan Informasi Pusat Pengembangan dan Pemberdayaan Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan Bahasa ini merupakan salah satu media informasi dan komunikasi antar-unit di lingkungan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, terutama antara PPPPTK Bahasa dengan PPPPTK lain, LPMP, Direktorat-Direktorat yang relevan, pendidik, dan tenaga kependidikan bahasa. Media Informasi dan Komunikasi ini memuat informasi tentang kebahasaan dan pengajarannya serta kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan pendidikan dan pelatihan guru bahasa. Kami mengundang para pembaca untuk berperan serta menyumbangkan buah pikiran yang sesuai dengan misi media ini, berupa pendapat atau tanggapan tentang bahasa, pengajarannya, dan ulasan tulisan pada media ini serta tulisan di bidang nonpendidikan bahasa. Kami akan memperbaiki redaksional tulisan atau meringkas naskah yang akan terbit tanpa mengubah materi pokok tulisan. Bagi penulis yang artikel atau tulisan beritanya dimuat akan diberi honorarium yang memuaskan. [E] 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 2123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 Salam Redaksi K Pembina Kepala PPPPTK Bahasa Muhammad Hatta Penanggung Jawab Kasi Publikasi & Pelaporan Nurlaila Salim Kasatgas Penyajian Informasi Nurwaty Adam Dewan Redaksi Pemimpin Redaksi Herman Kartakusuma Ketua Penyunting Gunawan Widiyanto Anggota Penyunting Hari Wibowo Widiatmoko Endang Kurniawan Siti Nurhayati Joko Sukaton Anisah Shoumi Dedi Supriyanto Yoshua Savitri Neneng Tsani Rosidah Desain Sampul dan Tata Letak Yusup Nurhidayat Reporter Marike N. Palupi Distribusi dan Sirkulasi Seksi Publikasi dan Pelaporan Alamat Redaksi: Pusat Pengembangan dan Pemberdayaan Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan Bahasa Seksi Publikasi dan Pelaporan Jl. Gardu, Srengseng Sawah, Jagakarsa Jakarta Selatan 12640 Kotak Pos 7706 JKS LA. Telp. (021) 7271034, 7868570 Faks. (021) 7271032 Website: www.pppgbahasa.go.id Email: [email protected], [email protected] Redaksi Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 -3 EKSPRESI EMBALI kali ini Ekspresi m en jumpai Anda para pembaca dengan suguhan-suguhan yang tentunya tengah dinantikan. Seperti biasa kami awali edisi terbaru ini dengan sajian laporan utama. Kali ini kam i suguhkan laporan utam a m en gen a i kep er em p u a n a n h a sil liputan atas sem in ar ber tem a Man ajem en Keluarga atas prakarsa pengurus Dharm a Wanita PPPPTK Bahasa bulan J u n i ya n g la lu d ip a d u d en ga n h a sil wa wa n ca r a d en ga n b eb er a p a n a r a sumber di PPPPTK Bahasa. Para kontributor Ekspresi kem bali m enyuplai kam i dengan artikel-artikelnya. Terdapat sepuluh artikel m enarik yang berasal dari para widyaiswara dan staf PPPPTK Bahasa. Tak tertinggal pula kep a la p u sa t m en yu gu h ka n ca t a t a n perjalanan atas kunjungannya ke Inggris d a n J ep a n g. H a m p ir sem u a a r t ikel m engetengahkan tem a seputar kebahasaan dan kependidikan dalam berbagai sudut pandang. Tidak lupa juga kam i suguhkan beragam info m engenai kegiatan yang dilaksanakan PPPPTK Bahasa serta foto ber ita kegiatan , seper ti diklat-diklat, sem inar dharm a wanita, dan workshop tutor bahasa. Akhirul kata, semoga Ekspresi kali ini m em beri Anda pengetahuan lebih dan sem oga juga An da pun bisa m em beri ka m i p en get a h u a n leb ih p u la lewa t artikel dan laporannya. Selam at m em baca! Salam . Laporan U tama Perempuan, Perempuan, Perempuan: How Far Can You Go? Marike Nawang Palupi D I B ALIK set iap kesu ksesan p ast i ad a seor an g perempuan. Sebelum Anda menolak pernyataan ini, sebaikn ya sim ak d u lu ilu str asi ber iku t. Leo Tolstoy, Kit a m u n gk in h a n ya m e n ge n a l An t o in e La vo is e r s e b a ga i p e le t a k d a sa r ilm u kim ia m od er n seka ligu s p e n e m u H u k u m Ke k e k a la n M a s s a (Law of Conservation of sa st r a wa n b esa r Matter). Nam u n , seben ar - Rusia, menyelesai- n ya s e la m a k u r a n g le b ih ka n ka r ya -ka r ya 2 5 t a h u n , ilm u wa n in i b e r k o la b o r a s i is t r in ya bantuan sang istri Pier ette Paulze atau Mar ie M a r ie An n e La vo is e r d a la m m e la k u - Sofya Beirs. Energi k a n p e n e lit ia n d a n p e r - positif yang diberi- cob a a n kim ia ya n g h a siln ya s a m p a i s a a t in i b is a ka n Sofya Beir s d in ikm a t i u m a t m a n u sia . d en gan car a m e- M a r ie t id a k h a n ya m e m - n gedit dan m em - ber ikan ilu str asi di seju m la h p u b lik a s i s u a m in ya , beri masukan pada karya-karya yang sedang dikerjakan m em bu at Leo Tolstoy selam a pern ikahan m ereka m en gan tarkan la b or a t or iu m t et a p i b a h ka n m en er - p en u lis Anna Karenina in i m en ja d i t okoh p a lin g berpengaruh di Rusia bahkan di dunia (karya-karyanya EKSPRESI d e n ga n besar n ya d en gan m engilham i Gandhi untuk m enerapkan anti kekerasan dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan di India). 4 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 ca t a t a n , dan la p o r a n bitkan karyan ya Memoires de Chimie a t a s n a m a s u a m in ya . Per n yataan di atas bukan berlaku k h u s u s u n t u k o r a n g- o r a n g b e s a r seperti Leo Tolstoy atau Lavoiser saja t et a p i ju ga b a gi kit a . Bila m a u b er - besar hati m elakukan in tropeksi, kita k a r ya b u k a n a t a s n a m a d ir in ya . k a n a m b is i b e s a r d a la m m e n ge ja r b isa sa m p a i p a d a t a h a p keb er a d a a n Tan pa disadari, hal in i m en jadi salah cit a - cit a n ya a t a u s e o r a n g la k i- la k i kita karen a seoran g perem puan . Per- s a t u fa kt o r t u m b u h s u b u r n ya s u b - d ikat akan cen gen g bila m en an gis d i em puan itu bisa den gan sebutan ibu, o r d in a s i p e r e m p u a n d a r i la k i- la k i hadapan um um . istr i, kakak per em pu an , ad ik p er em - sa m p a i sa a t in i. p u an at au bah kan an ak p er em p u an . Se la m a b e r a t u s b a h k a n b e r ib u P ela b ela n it u p u la ya n g k e m u - Be r a wa l d a r i p r o s e s p e m b e r ia n t a n ggu n g gun g jawab sosial berbeda pada laki- t ah u n sejar ah cen d er u n g m en gabai- ja wa b s e ca r a s o s ia l b u d a ya p a d a la k i d a n p e r e m p u a n . La k i- la k i d i- ka n a p a ya n g t e la h d ila ku ka n p e r - p er em p u a n d a n la ki-la ki seja k la h ir t u n t u t b e r p e r a n s e b a ga i p e n ca r i e m p u a n . Ah li s e ja r a h h a n ya m e n - (gendering) yan g d ip r aktikkan sejak n afkah, juga lebih aktif dalam bidan g ca t a t p r est a si la ki-la ki, b a ik d a la m b e r ib u t a h u n la lu , is u - is u ge n d e r politik, agam a, bisn is dan peker jaan . ilm u p en get a h u a n , s a s t r a , m a u p u n m e n ja d i Sed an gkan p er em p u an d ip er siap kan b id a n g-b id a n g la in ya n g d igu n a ka n d e k a d e in i. P e r e m p u a n d ib e r ik a n untuk m a n u s ia s e b a ga i u p a ya b e r t a h a n la b e l le m b u t , p a t u h , e m o s io n a l, r u m a h t a n gga , m e r a wa t a n a k , d a n h id u p dan b e r b u d a ya . Pr estasi s ifa t - s ifa t , p e r a n , d a n d ian m em u n cu lkan p er an d an t an g- tem a s ign ifik a n pada m e n ge r ja k a n p e k e r ja a n s e d a n gk a n la k i- la k i k u a t , p e r ca ya o r a n g t u a . La m b a t la u n la k i- la k i wa n it a —wa la u p u n d ih o r m a t i d a n d ir i, r a s io n a l. le b ih b e r p e r a n b a n ya k d i wila ya h d ia k u i pada k o m p e t it if, dan Ak ib a t n ya p e r e m p u a n ya n g t id a k p u blik d ar ip ad a p er em p u an . Ban yak m em iliki la b e l t e r s e b u t , h a m p ir d i k a s u s m e n u n ju k k a n k a r e n a t id a k In i t er jad i kar en a—sep er t i ap a yan g s em u a m a s ya r a ka t , d ia n gga p t id a k per n ah d iper siapkan sebagai pen car i d ila k u k a n M a r ie La vo is e r —b a n ya k perempuan. M e n ja d i a n e h b ila , n a fk a h s a a t p e r e m p u a n d it u n t u t d i a n t a r a m er eka ya n g m en er b it ka n m is a ln ya , p e r e m p u a n m e n u n ju k - u n t u k m en gh id u p i kelu a r ga ka r en a Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 -5 EKSPRESI m a s a n ya —k u r a n g d ia k u i k o n t r ib u s in ya o le h s e ja r a h . p e r ce r a ia n a t a u s u a m i wa fa t , d ia a d a la h p er em p u a n . E n d a n g N illa , Su p r a p t in in gs ih , M .E d , Ke t u a a ka n m er a sa keb in gu n ga n . Seb a lik- M.A, Ketu a J u r u san Bah asa Pr an cis, J u r u sa n Ba h a sa In d on esia , m en a m - n ya la k i- la k i ya n g le b ih m e n yu k a i m en ga t a ka n b a h wa s ela m a en a m b a h k a n b a h wa k a t a t o le r a n s i d a n ber kecim p u n g d i ‘d u n ia p er em p u an ’ b ela s t a h u n m en ga b d i d i P P P P TK k e b e r s a m a a n h a r u s d it e r je m a h k a n s e p e r t i m e m a s a k d a n m e n ja h it d i- Ba h a sa t id a k m en ga la m i p er la ku a n seca r a t ep a t d a la m kon t eks b eker ja a n gga p ku r a n g ja n t a n d a n r en d a h . berbeda sebagai perem puan . Bahkan , s e b a ga i t im . To le r a n s i d a n k e b e r - Ta n p a sa d a r a n a k-a n a k p u n m e- b elia u ya kin p er em p u a n b isa leb ih sa m a a n b u ka n h a n ya u n t u k sesa m a wa r isi p ola p ikir in i ka r en a m er eka m elejit dari rekan -rekan prian ya bila r eka n ker ja la ki-la ki a t a u p er em p u - d ib e s a r k a n d a n d id id ik , b a ik d i m em a n g m em iliki kem a m p u a n d a n a n s e h in gga t e r cip t a s a t u s in e r gi k e lu a r ga m a u p u n s e k o la h p o s it if d en ga n p ola p ikir t er seb u t . m elen gka p i keku r a n ga n Sa a t d a n k e le b ih a n m a s in g- b e r m a in , m is a ln ya , per an dokter diber ikan pada s a lin g m a s i n g. a n a k la k i- la k i, s e d a n gk a n Wa la u p u n t id a k a d a p e r a wa t a t a u s u s t e r p a d a d is k r im in a s i ge n d e r d i a n a k p er em p u a n . Di b u ku - PPPPTK Bah asa, lulusan b u ku p ela ja r a n —sa a t p en u - Cu r r icu lu m I n st r u ct ion , lis d u d u k d i k e la s s a t u H ou s t on Un iver s it y in i sekolah d asar —selalu d itu lis le b ih la n ju t m e n ga k u i ’a ya h m e m b a ca ko r a n ’ d a n bah wa p ar t isip asi r ekan ‘ib u m e m a s a k d i d a p u r ’. ker ja p er em p u a n m a sih P e r a n d a n t a n ggu n g ja wa b d ir a s a ka n ku r a n g. Ku l- yan g d iber ikan p ad a p er em - t u r u n t u k t id a k m en on - p u a n d a n la k i- la k i s e la m a in i t e r - m en d apat d u ku n gan pen u h kelu ar ga jo lk a n d ir i d a n la b e l m a lu b a gi n ya t a b u k a n b e r a s a l d a r i k a r a k - (su a m i d a n a n a k). p er em p u a n m en ja d i s a la h s a t u p e- ter istik biologis yan g d im iliki, tetap i Ap a ya n g d is a m p a ik a n E n d a n g d a r i k o n d is i s o s ia l b u d a ya ya n g Nilla d ia m in i Dwi Yoga P .H , Ket u a En dan g m e n ga ka r s e ka ligu s m e n ja d i ke b e - J u r u sa n Ba h a sa J er m a n . Men u r u t - u m u m n ya m e m b a t a s i d ir i u n t u k n a r a n u m u m d a la m m a s ya r a k a t . n ya , P P P P TK Ba h a sa m en yed ia ka n m e n ge ja r k a r ir s e t in ggi- t in ggin ya n yebabn ya. St er eot ip in i ju ga d iaku i N illa . Per em pu an pada Beka it a n d en ga n it u la h la p or a n k e s e m p a t a n ya n g s a m a p a d a p e r - k a r e n a m a s ya r a k a t m a s ih m e m a n - u t a m a k a li in i m e n gu p a s p e r a n em p u a n s ep er t i h a ln ya p a d a p ega - d a n g t em p a t p er em p u a n ya n g leb ih per em pu an -per em pu an p a n t a s a d a la h d i r u m a h . P P P P TK wa i la k i- la k i u n t u k d a p a t o p t im a l Bah asa d ip ad u d en gan h asil wawan - b e r k a r ya . J u r u s a n Ba h a s a J e r m a n ca r a s in gka t N e n e n g Ts a n i d e n ga n s e n d ir i d a r i t u ju h o r a n g wid ya - rum ah Ibu iswa r a d a n ca lon wid ya iswa r a leb ih Master Cu r r r icu lu m In st r u ct ion d ar i an ggota DPR-MPR RI per iode 20 0 4- s e p a r o n ya a d a la h I owa Un iver sit y in i, seb a ikn ya b ila 20 0 9 Wa la u p u n d e m ik ia n Kh o fifa h saat Indar m e n ja d i P a r a wa n s a , n ar asu m ber per em pu an . t a n gga , m en urut p er a ih m e m a n g p e r e m p u a n b is a m e n g- dalam sem in ar Manajemen Keluarga female domination. To le r a n s i d a n op t im a lka n d ir i d en ga n b er ka r ya d i 9 J u n i 20 0 7 d i PPPPTK Bah asa. ke b e r s a m a a n m e n ja d i ku n ci d i ju - lu a r r u m a h , d u k u n ga n De n ga n k o m p o s is i k a r ya wa n t id a k Ta n p a m e r e m e h k a n p e r a n ib u ada k e lu a r ga r u san in i. Rekan ker ja p r ia m er u p a- sa n ga t p en t in g. Ma sa la h m en ga su h per sen kan su ar a m in or tetap i d ip er h itu n g- a n a k , m is a ln ya , s e h a r u s n ya b u k a n p e r e m p u a n , P P P P TK Ba h a s a t id a k ka n u n t u k s e t ia p p e n ga m b ila n ke - lagi kewajiban ibu (mothering) tetapi m e n ge n a l d is k r im in a s i ge n d e r d i p u tu san d i ju r u san . Tid ak salah bila m er u p a ka n kewa jib a n b er sa m a b a gi t e m p a t ke r ja . H a l in i d is a m p a ika n t im b a h a sa J er m a n d iken a l seb a ga i s u a m i d a n is t r i ( parenting) . Ko n - oleh Ketua J urusan Bahasa Indonesia, the Dream Team. s e k u e n s in ya , p e m a h a m a n t e n t a n g le b ih EKSPRESI untuk dari lim a p u lu h Pran cis, dan J erm an yan g sem uan ya 6 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 ge n d e r b u k a n h a n ya u n t u k p e r - e m p u a n t e t a p i ju ga h a r u s d im ilik i D h arm a W an ita PPPPTK Bah as a: t e r u t a m a ya n g b e r k a it a n d e n ga n la ki- la ki. D a r i P e r e m p u a n u n tu k S e m u a m en u d an gizi. Dh ar m a Wan ita ju ga Seor an g wid yaiswar a sen ior d i salah m e n ye d ia ka n b e a s is wa b a gi p u t r a - I b u Kh o fifa h I n d a r P a r a wa n s a d a la m kesem p atan wa wa n ca r a satu LPMP wilayah In d on esia Tim u r p u t r i a n ggo t a n ya . Te r o b o s a n b a r u d en gan Ekspresi m en yam p aikan h al m e n ce r it a k a n p e n ga la m a n ya n g d ila ku ka n oleh Ket u a Dh a r m a sam a bah wa kewajiban pen dam pin g- ber kesan Wa n it a P P P P TK Ba h a sa , I b u I lh a m an ik u t i d ik la t d i b e r b a ga i tum buh kem ban g an ak dan k e p r ib a d ia n anak s e la m a m e n g- Noer Putr i H atta adalah den gan bu h kem ban gn ya. Beliau yakin kese- "K End t e m p a t d i s e lu r u h m e n gik u t s e r t a k a n s e lu ari an l r e I n d on esia . Men u r u t r uh kr u dapur dalam apa bih per g N e b kem ila me m ila n ya d i a n t a r a s ep r o gr a m a s u am me lejit puan : kian t em p a t d ikr an si. Masa du pu ma da b k a r la t , u n t u k m a depan yan g un n d ng i p isa gan an me ria s a la h “p e r u t ”, lebih terjam in kel pe me mil uar nu nd iki P P P G Ba h a sa (P P P P TK dan kesejahteraga. h d apa Bah asa, red.) m en em p at i p ean m erupakan " ari t r in gk a t a t a s . Su a t u p u jia n ya n g kun ci keten an gan p a h a m a n a n t a r a s u a m i d a n is t r i m e m b a n gga k a n t e n t u s a ja . Be lia u a k a n m e n cip t a k a n s a t u k e lu a r ga m en am bah kan ap abila setiap selesai h arm on is seh in gga bisa m en jadi gar- d ik la t p e s e r t a o t o m a t is m e m b a wa su ka-d u ka d a t er d ep a n u n t u k m en a n gka l efek p u la n g k e s a n ya n g s a la h s a t u n ya PPPPTK Bah asa, Ibu Giar si Iskan dar n ega t if glob a lisa si. a d a la h m a s a la h “p e r u t ”. Ba ya n ga n d a n I b u Ba m b a n g ya n g m e n d a m - p em ben tu kan b u k a n h a n ya b a gi ib u t e t a p i ju ga m en u n t u t p er a n a kt if a ya h . Da la m h a l in i, U N I CE F p e r n a h m ela ku ka n s u r vey m en gen a i p er a n ayah d an ibu d alam kelu ar ga. H asiln ya , m a yor it a s a n a k m en gh a r a p ka n keh a d ir a n a ya h d a la m p r oses t u m - H an ya saja m en u ju kesepah am an dalam bekerja. Be r b ica r a b e r k a r ya ten tan g di dapur u d a n g go r e n g t e p u n g d a n d a gin g p in gi ibu Diah saat it u , m en am bah - Un t u k ca b a i h ija u la n gs u n g t e r lin t a s d i k a n b a h wa a k a n m e r a s a p u a s d a n itulah , pem ah am an m en gen ai gen der b en a k p en u lis . Ter n ya t a d u a m en u ban gga apabila m en u yan g d isajikan b u ka n h a n ya d it u ju ka n b a gi p er em - a n d a la n it u b e r d a m p in ga n d e n ga n kr u d a p u r d a p a t m em en u h i s eler a , p u an seh in gga d ia m en yad ar i p osisi sem u a h al akad em is d iklat h ar u s d i- b a ik s e le r a p e s e r t a d ik la t m a u p u n d an m em iliki d aya tawar , m elain kan kem a s sed em ikia n r u p a u n t u k kon - ka r ya wa n P P P P TK Ba h a s a s e n d ir i. ju ga h a r u s d ib er ika n p a d a la ki-la ki. t r ib u si cit r a p osit if b a gi p r oses re- Du k a n ya m e n u r u t m e r e k a a d a la h Den ga n d em ikia n , keker a sa n d a la m branding PPPPTK Bahasa. ca r a m en yia s a t i ket er b a t a s a n d a n a m em er lu ka n p er ju a n ga n . r u m a h t a n gga ya n g m a r a k t er ja d i d ap at ber ku r an g p er sen t asen ya. m e n ga n t a r u n t u k m e n gh id a n gk a n m e n u ya n g p e n u lis u n t u k m e la k u k a n p e n e lu - b e r a ga m d a n le za t d is a n t a p . Sa t u Hal it u la h ya n g Men yin ggu n g m a sa la h d iskr im i- s u r a n k e d a p u r P P P P TK Ba h a s a . m a s u k a n d a r i k r u d a p u r a d a la h n a si gen d er d i t em p a t ker ja , b elia u H a siln ya t er n ya t a m en gu b a h kesa n m en gh ad ir kan r u an g m akan d en gan m en ya t a ka n b a h wa sist em kela ya k- p e n u lis t e r h a d a p p e r a n Dh a r m a view ya n g le b ih m e n a r ik d a r ip a d a a n ker ja (merit system) m er u p a ka n W a n it a ya n g s e la m a in i d ia n gga p ya n g a d a s e k a r a n g. Su a s a n a n ya - k e b ija k a n wa jib d i s e t ia p t e m p a t s e b a ga i o r ga n is a s i fo r m a lit a s d i m a n ya n g d ih a d ir ka n a ka n m en a m - ker ja. Tan p a m em an d an g jen is kela- lin gu n ga n p e m e r in t a h . b a h ken ikm a t a n b er sa n t a p . m in , set ia p or a n g d a p a t m en em p a t i ja b a t a n k a r ir sesu ai d e n ga n ya n g Da r i pen u tu r an Ibu Dia h Ak h ir n ya , d iin gin k a n Wid o wa t i Wid ya t m o k o , k o m a n d a n p e r n ya t a a n m e n gga r is b a wa h i d i a wa l t u lis a n in i, d a p u r P P P P TK Ba h a s a s e ja k 19 9 1, b a h wa d i b a lik s e t ia p k e s u k s e s a n t a m p a k n ya p e r a n Dh a r m a W a n it a p a s t i a d a p e r e m p u a n d ib e la k a n g- ya a n wa n it a in i b e r p e n d a p a t t id a k s a n ga t b e s a r b a gi k in e r ja d a p u r . n ya , m a k a k e s u k s e s a n p r o s e s re- a d a b a t a sa n ka r ir b a gi p er em p u a n . Sela in m a yor it a s kr u d a p u r a d a la h branding P P P G Ba h a s a m e n ja d i Se la m a a n ggot a Dh a r m a Wa n it a , or ga n isa si P P P P TK Ba h a s a ju ga t e r le t a k d i in i ju ga b e r t a n gu n g ja wa b u n t u k t a n ga n m er eka , b a ik it u P N S m a u - m e n ge m b a n gk a n p u n t en a ga h on or er . [E] per em pu an it u m a ka d ia b isa m er a ih n ya . m am pu SDM d i d a p u r Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 -7 EKSPRESI k e m a m p u a n n ya beker ja. Man t an m en t er i p em ber d a- Artikel Merambah Leadership di Negeri Shakespeare dan Menguak Misteri Lesson Study di Negeri Matahari Terbit (Catatan Penting dari International Leadership Symposium di Bristol, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom 4—6 Juli 2007 dan JICA Partnership Training di Tokyo, Jepang 9—14 Juli 2007) Muhammad Hatta Kepala PPPPTK Bahasa 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 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r n h a m m en ya m p a ika n H ir a r k h i t e r s e b u t m e m a n g m a s ih 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 m od el lead er sh ip d alam sat u m at er i d ip er lu ka n d en ga n d u ku n ga n clear 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 ya n g b e r ju d u lBuilding Leadership shared roles and responsibilities. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 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Profesor yang s ys t e m o r ga n is a s i ya n g t id a k b is a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 p e r n a h b e ke r ja d i lim a u n ive r s it a s d ih in d a r i, k e h a d ir a n n ya m a m p u 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 d a n senior research adviser p a d a m en d u ku n g b er kem b a n gn ya modes 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 N a t io n a l Co lle ge fo r Sch o o l of learning d a la m b en t u k: 1) forms 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 Lea d er s h ip , in i b er a r gu m en b a h wa follows function; 2) shared leadership; 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 p o la h ir a r kh i ya n g s e la m a in i b e r - 3) collective capacity; 4) coaching and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 lan gsu n g d alam sistem p er sekolah an mentoring. Ole h k a r e n a it u , p o la 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 s a n ga t b e r p e n ga r u h p a d a t in gk a t h irarkh i den gan m odel structure dan 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 Sim p o s iu m Le ad e rs h ip Sim posium in i m elibatkan kepala/ leaders, um um n ya principal/ kepala sekolah, deputy/ wakil kepala sekolah, calon kepala sekolah, anggota Gloucestershire Leadership Academy, Gloucestershire Council. Dikemas dalam bentuk pleno dan workshop yang menampilkan pembicara kunci (keynote speaker) berasal dari akadem isi, praktisi, dan pen eliti, baik dari Un ited Kin gdom (UK) m aupun luar United Kingdom (UK). EKSPRESI D 8 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 queing ya n g ter ben tu k kar en a k u lt u r , s e ja r a h d a n a la m ia h h a r u s d ikem b a n gka n d en ga n t id a k t er la lu b a n ya k ( move h ir a r k h i out of dependency). Pola shared leadership p er lu d ikem b a n gka n d a r i immature (control—delegation— empowerment —subsidiority) ke mature/ trust ( s u b s i d i o r i t y —e m p o w e r m e n t — delegation control). Trust m erupakan fa k t o r k u n ci d a la m m e m b a n gu n kap asit as d an esen si shared leadership. Dalam praktek leadership perlu t e r ja d in ya per u bah an ( changing language) structure—processes, bah asa d a r i: 2) 1) roles— relationship, 3) control—consent, 4 ) promotion—development, d a n 5) organization—community. P e m b ica r a k u n ci b e r ik u t n ya ad alah Dir ekt u r Th e Lon d on Cen t er fo r Le a d e r s h ip I n s t it u t e of in Le a r n in g E d u ca t io n , di Lo n d o n U n ive r s it y. M a t e r in ya t e r a n gk u m d a la m m a k a la h b e r ju d u l Partner- start with teachers (sebagai leader di ship: The Heart Of The Learning k e la s ) , shared 4) with others. m e r e fle k s i p e n t in gn ya le a d e r s h ip d a la m k o n t e k s p e n d id ik a n u n t u k m en ja wa b keb u t u h a n in d ivid u ya n g sifat n ya m em p er d alam . Pem ecah an m a s a la h t id a k d ib e r ik a n d e n ga n t ega s d a la m ja wa b a n a kh ir (QuickFix Strategy) m e la in k a n flexible solution ya n g d is e s u a ik a n d e n ga n kon t eks/ lin gku n ga n sekola h . Ko n s e k u e n s i leadership p e n ge m b a n ga n d e n ga n p en d ekat an couching, sharing d a n learning community a d a la h p e n cip t a a n o p p o r t u n it y p e m a n fa a t a n e ve n t ter m asu k e ve n t - s im p o s iu m in i seb a ga i su m b er b ela ja r b a gi sem u a stakeh olders term asuk siswa. Esen si leadership di t in gk a t s e k o la h m e r u p a k a n s ik lu s h u b u n ga n d u a a r a h a n t a r a a t a s b a wa h s e ca r a s e Kepala PPPPTK Bahasa dalam pengamatan proses belajar mengajar di kelas program lesson study di Tokyo. im b a n g. P a d a b a n ya k k e s e m p a t a n siswa d ib er i p er a n u n t u k m en ya m p aikan gagasan , film in g p r oses yan g Relationship. J an Rober ston m en an - M e m b a n gu n tang kon t eks untuk m e la k u k a n r e fle k s i d a la m t e r ja d i, t e r lib a t d a la m ke p a n it ia a n d ip e r lu k a n ya n g in t in ya a d a la h m e n a n a m k a n d e n ga n m e la k u k a n s ik a p p e r ca ya d ir i, k e m a n d ir ia n , t e r h a d a p p e n d id ik a n d i U K ya n g k r e a t ivit a s b e r ja la n assessment s e la m a 50 tahun ke relationship leadership ter h ad ap learning problem solvers, k e b e r a n ia n , belakan g. Dalam system pen didikan environment yan g t er jad i selam a ku r u n wakt u 50 Creativity s e b a ga i e s e n s i creative a m b ila n t a h u n t er seb u t t er n ya t a m en ga la m i leadership m e n cip t a k a n m er u p akan esen si d ar i ladership it u p e r u b a h a n ya n g t id a k m e n d a s a r , in ovasi m elalu i kolabor asi sekaligu s sen d ir i. Ya n g m en a r ik p u la a d a la h ya n g t er ja d i ju s t r u p en gu la n ga n . m em a ksim a lka n p ot en si ya n g ya n g b a h wa b a n gu n a n t e o r i leadership ada. la n gs u n g d ip r a k t ik k a n u n t u k p e - Penggiat leadership di dunia bisnis dan m am pu m a s ya r a k a t . d is ip lin , k e ca k a p a n h id u p , p e n gkep u tu san , s e m u a n ya dan pen didikan serta editor beberapa Dalam sesi worksh op un tuk krea- ju r n a l b er kela s d u n ia in i m en ga ja k t ivit a s b e b e r a p a p e m b ica r a ya n g belajar d an pad a even t in ter n asion al untuk m e n d e fin is i u la n g p o la n ge m b a n ga n s is wa ya n g s e d a n g tam pil adalah; Professor Louise Stoll, s e k a lip u n relationship dalam proses pem belajar- Dr . p r o fe s s o r d ip er ca ya , d ib er i p er a n d a n kesem - a n k h u s u s n ya d e n ga n a n a k - a n a k p e n d id ik a n dari U n ive r s it a s p a t a n b e r k r e a s i ya n g t e n t u s a ja sebagai p em belajar . Selam a in i yan g I n n s b r u ck Au s t r ia , dan m em b a wa r esiko. berkem ban g adalah pola relation sh ip Ma cka y Dir ekt u r P u sa t P en d id ika n d e n ga n k a r a k t e r is t ik : 1) joyful, 2 ) St r a t e gik Au s t r a lia s e r t a b e r b a ga i Ole h -o le h d a r i B r i s to l dependent, 3 ) discourage. Ole h p a ka r d a n a h li p en d id ika n la in n ya . H a sil sim p osiu m d a n wor ksh op in i kar en a m en ekan kan Ma t er i ya n g d isa m p a ika n oleh p a r a d it in d a k la n ju t i d a la m r a p a t k e r ja it u , J an M ich a e l Sch r a t z To n y s is wa s e t in gk a t SM P p e m b ica r a d a la m s es i in i d a p a t d i Br it is h Co u n cil d e n ga n De p d ik n a s a ks es d en ga n b eb a s d i s it u s www. (Ditjen PMPTK) yan g d ilan gsu n gkan leadership, 2) teller ke knower to, 3) lead er soflear n in g.n et . Peser t a d iajak p a d a t a n gga l 9 J u li 2 0 0 7 d i Br it ish Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 -9 EKSPRESI perubahan praktek leadership dari 1) partner leadership k e coaching p e r t a m a d a la m p r o gr a m t e r s e b u t ya n g Ba h a sa sia p u n t u k m en in d a kla n ju t i a d a la h Sa t o , d alam m en jawab p r oses p en d id ikan . h a sil sim p osiu m d en gan : m a n t a n Ke p a la SM P Ga k u yo d a n P r o f M a n a b u Sa t o s e la m a le b ih 1. P e la t ih a n Ke p a la Se ko la h ya n g p e lo p o r lesson study ya n g m e r u - ku r an g 15 t ah u n m em ber ikan solu si t elah d isep akat i d en gan r en can a p a k a n SM P m o d e l p e r t a m a u n t u k u n t u k p er soa la n p en d id ika n J ep a n g Ta h a p I t a n gga l 2 4 Agu s t u s lesson study. m asa 2 0 0 7 u n t u k Ke p a la SM P s e b e lu m n ya Cou n cil Lon d on . Un t u k it u PPPPTK ce r a m a h Masaaki SM P Ga k u yo ya n g m er u p akan k in i d e n ga n p e n t in g m em asu kkan t id a k learning community sebagai kon sep d ilan ju tkan Tah ap II p ad a bu lan ber p r est asi, kom u n it as t id ak p ed u li, r efor m a si p en d id ika n . Lib er a lisa si Mar et 20 0 8 u n tu k peser ta yan g a n a k- a n a k t id a k t er m ot iva s i t et a p i ekon om i, kebijakan pen d id ikan yan g s a m a s e b a n ya k 3 0 o r a n g ( s a t u d en gan d iter apkan n n ya lesson study t e r d e s e n t r a lis a s i, d a n kelom p ok). J u m lah sem u a kep a- t e la h t e r ja d i p e r u b a h a n b e git u m e m b a wa k e s e n ja n ga n d a n b e b a n la sekolah yan g akan dilatih ada- ce p a t . Da la m k u r u n wa k t u k u r a n g s e k o la h , b e b a n gu r u , k e s e n ja n ga n la h 9 0 or a n g m a sin g-m a sin g 30 d a r i d u a t a h u n s e k o la h b e r u b a h s is wa d is e t ia p d a e r a h , m a k a p e n - oran g di m asin g-m asin g PPPPTK m e n ja d i excellent d a n m e n d u d u k i d e k a t a n p e n d id ik a n h a r u s d iu b a h Ba h a s a , P P P P TK TK d a n P LB, p e r in gk a t d a r i p o la n e o - lib e r a lis m e m e n ja d i serta PPPPTK IPA. n asion al d an p r op in si. dan 2. Per syar at an d an kr it er ia p eser t a ber asal dari d is ia p k a n s e k o la h ber tar af in t e r n a t io n a l ya n g stan dar d e n ga n m ater i t id a k ke dua t e r t ib , pada t in gk a t d e r e gu la s i social dem ocracy. Den gan pen dekat- Lesson study m e n u r u t M a s a a k i an baru in i p r oses p e n d id ik a n Sa t o s e ca r a u m u m b e r t u ju a n : 1) m en jadi learning community dim an a m e n in gk a t k a n m a s in g- s et ia p h a k s is wa d ija m in s ep en u h - m a s in g gu r u m a t a p e la ja r a n , 2 ) n ya, sekolah -sekolah d alam lear n in g k e a h lia n com m u n it y b u ka n h a n ya siswa sa ja a n t a r a la in coaching and managing ya n g b e r t u m b u h t e t a p i change, networking, school ju ga gu r u , d a n s e k o la h review, school improvenment m er u p a ka n b a sis u n t u k mentoring, p em ben t u kan planning, dan work ethic. kom u - n it a s . 3. Aka n d ila ksa n a ka n p en gir i- Ko n s e p m an 30 p eser t a t er baik d ar i 9 0 o r a n g ya n g d ila t ih u n t u k m e n in gk a t k a n r a n ca n ga n / r e n ca n a d ila t ih k e m b a li d i U K t a h u n p e m b e la ja r a n , 3) m e n in gk a t k a n d ib a n gu n learning atas dasar community t iga p ila r filosofis: (1) Public philosophy yan g m e n ya k in i b a h wa s e k o la h b u k a n 20 0 8 den gan m odel cost sharing k e m a m p u a n t e k n is p e m b e la ja r a n a n t a r a Th e Br it ish Cou n cil d a n bagi guru. Konsep lesson study adalah h a n ya m ilik in d ivid u t e t a p i ju ga Dir ektor at J en d er al Pen in gkatan plan—do—see, n a m u n d i J e p a n g m ilik ber sam a. Pr in sip in i m en u n tu t Mu tu Te n a ga lesson study berkem ban g dalam do— gur u un tuk m em buka kelas ter h adap Ke p e n d id ik a n ( Dit je n P M P TK) see, k a r e n a plan s u d a h m e n ja d i ko le ga d a n m a s ya r a ka t ; ( 2 ) d e m o - Dep d ikn a s. kewajiban set iap gu r u . Tet ap i yan g kr a s i, a t u r a n u t a m a d a la m p r in s ip berkem bang di Indonesia lesson study in i a d a la h b e r d is k u s i d a n b e r b a gi. Le s s o n s t u d y d i J e p a n g m en cakup tiga kom pon en plan—do— An t a r gu r u m e n d is k u s ik a n s e m u a P e r ja la n a n d a r i Br is t o l d i I n ggr is see. Ko n s e p do—see in ila h ya n g siswa, bu kan h an ya yan g p in t ar d an d ilan ju t kan ke Tokyo, J ep an g u n t u k diam ati di dua sekolah (SD dan SMP). P e n d id ik dan t id a k p in t a r s a ja ; ( 3 ) m e n ge ja r exellent (m en u ju keu n ggu la n ) ya n g m en giku t i p r ogr a m lesson study d i K u n ju n g a n k e I n s t i t u s i P e n - ber ar ti ber bagai kegiatan sep er ti ku n ju n gan didikan s e s u t a u d e n ga n s e s u a t u ya n g la in ke s ekola h , d is ku s i d a n p em b er ia n Ku n ju n ga n ke Un ive r s it y o f To kyo t et a p i m en geja r sesu a t u ya n g leb ih in fo r m a s i d i k e la s s e r t a r e fle k s i d ia wa li d e n ga n baik. Cir i sekolah yan g m en er ap kan pelaksan aan lesson study di beberapa Man abu Sa t o s e k o la h community d a n r e fo r m a s i s e k o la h J I CA. P r o gr a m t e r s e b u t m e n ca ku p EKSPRESI un sur di I n d o n e s ia . Ke gia t a n 10 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 paparan ten tan g P r o f. learning bu kan m e m b a n d in gk a n learning community adalah terciptan ya s it u a s i s e k o la h t e n a n g k a r e n a t u m b u h n ya s ik a p s a lin g m en - e .Ke t e r lib a t a n k o m u n it a s d a la m a . M e n gu r a n gi b e b a n gu r u d e n ga n d en gar kan baik siswa m au p u n gu r u . belajar m en car i or an g-or an g lokal m e n ge lu a r k a n p e n d a p a t s e ca r a Learning community m e r u p a k a n m e n ga ja r k a n h a l- h a l ya n g d i- bebas. bu tu h kan pada t in gka t loka l. s e b u la n d ila k s a nakan lesson study, s e la m a 3 t a h u n t er ja d i 13 -18 ka li lesson study. satu s e k o la h ya n g m en er ap kan fa h a m k e la s ( lesson study) ya n g m em b er i m a su ka n u n t u k kem a ju a n pem belajaran s is t e m p e r s e k o la h a n , k o m p e t e n s i lesson study, m en- gu r u , tu tem an -tem an la in d a la m ker ja pen didikan di In don esia. H arapan ke d e p a n h a s il p e n d id ik a n n a s io n a l b er b a ga i h a sil p en d id ika n b er kela s d ih a r a p k a n m am pu k o n t r ib u s i le b ih m e m b e r ik a n la n ju t d a la m j. M a s y a r a k a t d an t er jad i keker asan sesam a siswa. s e k o la h k a r e n a Da la m a d a n ya p er u b a - Pr oses mutu s is wa p e r ca ya lu a r b ia sa . per tu m bu h an d u n ia . H a s il p e r ja la n a n in i ju ga i . Mem ber ikan keyakin an m em ban - siswa tidak bagus, tidak m asuk kelas m enerapkan learning community dan dan dapat h a r u s d a p a t d is e t a r a k a n d e n ga n h . Te r ja d i p e r u b a h a n p a d a s is wa p u t u s a sa ). lesson study ter jad i p er u bah an yan g practises) t u ju a n a wa ln ya s e t e la h ( best d e n ga n dari pelaksan aan lesson study. Pada b u la n m od el gu r u a wa ln ya sekola h ya n g m em iliki 2 50 6 Ca t a t a n p e r ja la n a n in i m e n g- s e ko la h d a n s t r a t e gi p e m b e la ja r a n kelom p ok (2 0 % wa k t u p ih ak d an siswa. p e n d id ik a n t e n t a n g le a d e r s h ip d i learning community seb a ga i b a gia n siswa in i, m em iliki dua puluh persen d . Ter ja d in ya in t er a ks i b a gi s em u a ber - t id ak p u t u s asa. SMP Motoyosh iwar a adalah salah b e la ja r . u la n g- u la n g a ga r setah u n . study. c . M e n gu r a n gi b e b a n s is wa d a la m u n gk a p Kepala PPPPTK Bahasa dan Direktur Bindiklat tampak sedang mengamati d alam , d an t er caproses belajar mengajar di SMP Motoyoshiwara, Tokyo. p a i t a r ge t d a la m wa h a n a u n t u k m ela ksa n a ka n lesson kem am p u an gu r u . f. Set ia p d u a ka li g.Ke gia t a n b . M e n ge m b a n gk a n pada h an p ad a siswa. k . Bia ya t e n a ga d ar i Pu sat (pr op e m b e la ja r a n d e n ga n p in s i) s e d a n g- lesson study m en ggu n akan st r at egi: ka n sa r a n a d a r i a . Se t ia p a n a k b e la ja r d a la m k e r ja d in a s kelom p ok. b . Men gh a d a p i siswa seca r a p r ib a d i d a n p er ca ya p a d a siswa . c . Bu la n J u li d ila k u k a n e va lu a s i, d a n e va lu a s i b e r ik u t n ya p a d a b u la n Desem b er . tah u i apa yan g d ilaku kan d i SMP. t en kot a . l . Su m b e r la in dana Kegiatan siswa dalam kelompok. a d a la h b a h a n r e cycle k e m u d ia n d iju a l p e n ga m b ila n k e b ija k a n m ik r o d i u n t u k d iber ikan ke sekolah . s e kola h d a n kela s s eh in gga t er ja d i Kegiatan refleksi setelah terjadi open p er baikan p r oses m an ajer ial, p r oses ke la s b e r la n gs u n g s e la m a 1- 2 ja m , b e la ja r m e n ga ja r , m o t iva s i, d a n d ip er lu ka n u n t u k: h a sil ker ja gu r u . [E] Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 - 11 EKSPRESI d . Eva lu a si d it u ju ka n u n t u k m en ge- kabu p a- Artikel Pengembangan Profesi Guru Berbasis Sekolah: Model-Model dari Amerika Serikat E. Nilla Pramowardhanny Widyaiswara Bahasa Perancis PPPPTK Bahasa Jakarta Pe n gan tar M a r a k n ya p e r h a t ia n Cu r t a in & Pesola (19 9 4 ) m en ya r a n - m e n ga k o m o d a s ik a n ca r a m e n ga ja r p e m e r in t a h ka n b a h wa gu r u b a h a sa a sin g m a sa m er eka t er h a d a p keb u t u h a n b ela ja r t e r h a d a p p r o fe s i gu r u m e r u p a k a n kin i d it u n t u t u n t u k m em iliki m u lt i- s is wa n ya . P e n ge m b a n ga n p r o fe s i h a l ya n g m e n gge m b ir a k a n k a r e n a kom p eten si s e b e lu m n ya bu kan lah su at u kegiat an at au p er is- m em an g su d ah saatn ya p r ofesi yan g m u n gk in t id a k t e r p ik ir k a n d a la m t iwa ya n g d ila k u k a n s a t u k a li s a ja m u lia it u m en d a p a t ka n p en gh a r ga - p en yia p a n p en d id ika n gu r u b a h a sa . a t a u s a t u k e gia t a n ya n g b e r la k u a n ya n g la ya k d i m a t a m a sya r a ka t . Oleh seb a b it u , p en gem b a n ga n p r o- b a gi H al in i tertuan g dalam berbagai per- fesi yan g t an ggu h san gat lah p en t in g p e n ge m b a n ga n p r o fe s i m e r u p a k a n aturan u n t u k d ip e r t im b a n gk a n . su atu p r oses yan g ber lan gsu n g ter u s m aupun u n d a n g- u n d a n g ya n g ya n g m e m a n g d ib u a t u n t u k m e m - o r a n g. Se b a lik n ya , m e n e r u s d a la m r a n gk a m e m b u k a p e m e r in t a h Ap a k a h P e n g e m b a n g a n P r o fe s i ? d ir i, b e r e fle k s i, d a n b e r k e m b a n g kh u su sn ya Dep a r t em en P en d id ika n Cla ir ( 2 0 0 0 ) m e n d e fin is ik a n p e - ya n g p a d a a k h ir n ya a k a n m e m - N a s io n a l d a la m r a n gk a m e wu ju d - n ge m b a n ga n p r o fe s i s e b a ga i s u a t u b e r ik a n h a s il t e r b a ik s e b a ga i p e r - k a n p r o fe s io n a lis m e gu r u . P r o fe - p r o s e s u n t u k m e n ja d i gu r u ya n g t a n ggu n gja wa b a n p r ofes i. s io n a lis m e d a p a t t e r ca p a i a p a b ila b a ik; su a t u p r oses ya n g t id a k a ka n gu r u m a u b e r in o va s i a t a u b e r p a r - p e r n a h b e r a k h ir . t is ip a s i d a la m k e gia t a n - k e gia t a n p r o fe s i m e r u p a k a n s u a t u is t ila h a n P r o fe s i ya n g B e r m u tu ya n g d ir a n ca n g p er ku at n ia t b a ik m em an g P e n ge m b a n ga n Ke b u t u h a n a k a n P e n g e m b a n g - untuk ya n g a ga k b ia s d a la m d u n ia p e n - R e fo r m a s i s e k o la h ya n g d it a n d a i t u ju a n t e r s e b u t . Tu lis a n in i m e - d id ikan . Bagi sebagian or an g, istilah d e n ga n p r o gr a m m a n a je m e n b e r - n yo r o t i b e b e r a p a m o d e l p e n ge m - ter sebu t b a s is b a n ga n p r o fe s i b a gi gu r u b a h a s a k e gia t a n s e p e r t i d ik la t d a n / a t a u a k u n t a b ilit a s a s in g ya n g s u d a h d ila k s a n a k a n d i loka ka r ya . Ba gi ya n g la in , p en gem - p e n ga ja r d a n ja ja r a n s t a f la in n ya . Am er ika Ser ika t . b a n ga n m e n ga cu De n ga n k a t a la in , d ip e r lu k a n a d a - m e n yir a t k a n p r o fe s i dapat k e gia t a n - s e k o la h m en u n tu t s e k o la h a d a n ya dari para P r o fe s i gu r u b a h a s a a s in g p a d a k e p a d a s u a t u p r o s e s ya n g gu r u n ya kegiat an p en gem ban gan p r ofesi m asa kin i dih adapkan pada beberapa b e k e r ja d i b a wa h s u p e r vis i a t a u b a gi gu r u d a la m p a r a d igm a ya n g m a sa la h ya it u m en in gka t n ya m in a t kep en ga wa s a n u n t u k m en d a p a t ka n la in . R is e t t e r b a r u m e n u n ju k k a n siswa un tuk belajar bahasa asin g dan p e n ga n gk a t a n d a la m ja b a t a n gu r u a d a n ya m e n u r u n n ya k u a lit a s gu r u b a h a s a ( tenure) a t a u u n t u k m en in gka t ka n a ja r a n gu r u d a n k e s u k s e s a n s is wa a s in g. N a m u n p a d a s a a t ya n g b e r - ka r ier p r ofesin ya . (Dia z-Ma ggioli, 2 0 0 3). sam aan , EKSPRESI sem u a ce p a t n ya h u b u n ga n antara p e n g- per tu m bu h an Dalam ar t ikel in i p en gem ban gan P e n ge m b a n ga n p r o fe s i m e n ja d i p o p u la s i s is wa d a n p en gem b a n ga n p r ofesi d id efin isika n seb a ga i su a t u sem a kin p en t in g seb a ga i su a t u ca r a st a n d a r p em b ela ja r a n b a h a sa a sin g p r o s e s b e la ja r ya n g b e r la n gs u n g untuk m en ja d ika n t u n t u t a n ya n g la in b a gi s e ca r a k o n t in yu , ya n g p a r a gu r u b e r h a s il p a r a gu r u b a h a sa a sin g it u sen d ir i. s e ca r a s u ka r e la b e la ja r b a ga im a n a p e n ga ja r a n 12 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 m e ya k in k a n b a h wa m e n ye la r a s k a n d e n ga n gu r u t u ju a n kebu tu h an b ela ja r siswa . Da la m kon t eks p en g- p en gem ban gan p r ofesi ad alah u n tu k t e n a n g d a n m e n ja u h s e r t a ko n s e r - ajar an bah asa asin g, p en gem ban gan m e n e m u k a n ca r a p e n ga ja r a n ya n g va t is m e d a n p e n ye s a la n . M a s in g- p r ofesi d ip er lu ka n a ga r gu r u m a m - e fe kt if ya n g a ka n b e r d a m p a k p a d a m a s in g gu r u m e m ilik i k e b u t u h a n p u m e n ge m b a n gk a n k e t e r a m p ila n p e m b e la ja r a n ya n g b e r gu n a b a gi ya n g b e r b e d a s e la gi m e n ga r u n gi d a n kom p et en si b a h a sa siswa ser t a siswa . kelim a t ah ap t er sebu t , d an kegiat an m en u m b u h ka n p en ger t ia n t er h a d a p b u d a ya b a n gs a ya n g b a h a s a n ya sed a n g d ip ela ja r i. P e n ge m b a n ga n s a n ga t ber bed a p r o fe s i d e n ga n gu r u p r o fe s i p e n ge m b a n ga n p r o fe s i p e r lu m e Pe n ge m ban gan Pro fe s i yan g n a r ge t k a n atau m e n je m b a t a n i Efe ktif kebu tu h an -kebu tu h an kh u su s ter - P e n ge m b a n ga n p r o fe s i s e b a ik n ya sebu t pad a setiap tah apan n ya. Seba- m e n ja d i ya n g gai con toh , ter d apat an gka pen u r u n - la in n ya , b a ik d a la m t u ju a n m a u p u n s ifa t n ya ja n gka p a n ja n g d a n h a r u s a n ya n g t in ggi d i k a la n ga n gu r u - p r o s e d u r t e r u t a m a u n t u k k e gia t a n m e m b e r ik a n gu r u suatu k e gia t a n kesem p atan b e la ja r bah asa ya n g b e r s e r t ifik a t , sep er t i kep en ga wa sa n d a n eva lu a si. yan g ber foku s p ad a gu r u d an siswa. bah kan Kon teks pen didikan guru di Am erika H a wle y d a n Va lli ( 19 9 9 ) d a la m m en in gga lka n p r ofes i gu r u s et ela h Ser ika t m en gen a l b eb er a p a t a h a p a n Cla ir (2 0 0 0 ) m en gu su lka n d ela p a n beber apa tah u n . Men u r u t H u ber m an kep en gawasan atau su p er visi, yakn i: p r in s ip ya n g d a p a t m e n gh a s ilk a n h al in i biasan ya t er jad i saat m er eka m a s a p e n d id ik a n u n t u k m e n ja d i p en gem b a n ga n p r ofesi ya n g efekt if, b er a d a p a d a t a h a p d iver sifika si d a n gu r u (pre-service), m a sa gu r u b a r u ya it u : ( 1) d id a s a r ka n p a d a a n a lis is kr isis. Ap a b ila p a d a t a h a p t er seb u t a t a u p e m u la ( novice) , m a s a gu r u t u ju a n ya n g in gin d ica p a i gu r u d a n para ya n g su d a h d ia n gka t a t a u b er t u ga s p e r fo r m a n s i s is wa ; ( 2 ) m e lib a t ka n p en gem b a n ga n p r ofesi sep er t i peer ( tenured) , p e n s iu n gu r u u n t u k m en gid en t ifikasi h al-h al coaching, mentoring a t a u study ( veteran) . U n t u k ca lo n gu r u , k e - ya n g in gin d ip e la ja r i; ( 3 ) b e r b a s is groups ( lih a t p e m b a h a s a n s e la n - gia t a n s u p e r vis i m e m ilik i t u ju a n sekolah ; (4) ber or ien tasi p ad a solu si ju t n ya), kem u n gkin an besar m er eka untuk m a s a la h ; t id a k p e r lu m e n in gga lk a n p r o fe s i- dan m asa m en d ap atkan ( k e la ya k a n s e r t ifik a t m en d u d u ki ( 5) b e r k e s in a m b u n ga n p r o fe s i d a n d id u k u n g ja ja r a n s e k o la h ; ( 6 ) gu r u ); bagi gu r u p em u la d ip er lu kan p en u h d en gan in for m asi t er kin i; (7) s e b a gia n gu r u dari m e n gik u t i m er eka k e gia t a n n ya . Sa t u h a l p e n t in g ya n g h a r u s s u p e r vis i in d u k s i; b a gi gu r u ya n g m e m b e r ik a n untuk d ip e r t im b a n gk a n d a la m p e n ge m - s e d a n g b e r t u ga s , k e gia t a n s u p e r - p e n ge m b a n ga n p e m a h a m a n t e o r i; ban gan profesi adalah kon teks pen di- vis in ya d an (8 ) m er u p akan bagian d ar i p r o- d ika n t em p a t kegia t a n t er seb u t d i- ses p er u b a h a n ya n g kom p r eh en sif. la k s a n a k a n . U n t u k m e n d a p a t k a n b e r t u ju a n u n t u k p e n ga - ya a n , p er b a ika n a t a u p en in gka t a n . Se b a lik n ya , k e gia t a n e va lu a s i m e n ekan kan Se la n ju t n ya , a ga r p e n ge m b a n g- p en d id ikan or an g d ewasa (t er m asu k kom p eten si a n p r o fe s i b e r h a s il gu n a , h a l in i p en d id ika n gu r u ) ya n g efekt if, a d a gu r u a t a u ku a lit a s p e n ga ja r a n d a n h arus selaras den gan h asil-h asil riset b e b e r a p a k o n d is i m in im u m ya n g t id a k h a r u s b er foku s p a d a p er kem - p en gem ban gan kar ier gu r u d an p ola harus belajar or an g d ewasa. Diaz-Maggioli k e je la s a n t u ju a n , t a n t a n ga n ya n g (20 0 3), m em ad ai b a n ga n p e n ila ia n kesem p atan m er eka s e b a ga i gu r u . Pen gem ban gan profesi secara kh usus m e n gu t ip pen d apat d ip e n u h i, untuk p e m a n fa a t a n di a n t a r a n ya : s e t ia p ilm u je n ja n g, p e n ge t a h u a n d ifo k u s k a n p a d a b a ga im a n a gu r u H u ber m an m e m b a n gu n id e n t it a s p r o fe s io n a l- b a h wa k a r ir gu r u d it a n d a i d e n ga n ya n g n ya m e la lu i p r o s e s in t e r a k s i ya n g s ik lu s k o n flik d a n r e s o lu s i ya n g b u n ga n , d a n d u ku n ga n lem b a ga . ber kelan ju t an d en gan siswa, d en gan m en gar ah kep ad a p er t u m bu h an d an ca r a m e la k u k a n r e fle k s i atas ( 19 8 9 ) , m e n ya t a k a n t e la h d ik u a s a i, M o d e l- m o d e l k e s in a m - p e n ge m b a n ga n s t u d in ya , p r o fe s i d ib e d a k a n o le h t in ggi r e n - k e gia t a n p e m b e la ja r a n ya n g t e la h H u b er m a n m en d eskr ip sika n b a h wa d a h n ya k e t e r lib a t a n gu r u d a la m m e r e k a la k u k a n d i k e la s d a la m p a lin g s e d ik it t e r d a p a t lim a t a h a p p e r e n ca n a a n , r a n gk a p e la k s a n a a n , dan untuk d a la m keh id u p a n p r ofesion a l gu r u , evalu asi kegiatan ter sebu t. Beber ap a m em en u h i kebu t u h an belajar siswa. ya it u : e k s p lo r a s i d a n s t a b ilis a s i, a h li p en d id ika n b er p en d a p a t b a h wa De n ga n kom it m en , d iver sifika si d a n kr isis, p e n ge m b a n ga n p r o fe s i s e b a ik n ya d e m ik ia n ca r a Da la m t u ju a n utam a Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 - 13 EKSPRESI m en em u kan p e r k e m b a n ga n . d ip a d u k a n d e n ga n k e gia t a n gu r u an , dan par tisipasi gu r u dalam tan g- s e h a r i- h a r i gun g jawab profesin ya seperti kom u- d e n ga n a d m in is t r a s i ya n g d u k u n ga n ku at dan n ikasi d en gan or an g t u a siswa ser t a p e n ggu n a a n s t r a t e gi ya n g s e s u a i p e m a n t a u a n p e r k e m b a n ga n s is wa . d en ga n keb u t u h a n kh u s u s m er eka . Peer coaching san gat cocok bagi guru Ya n g t e r m a s u k k e b u t u h a n k h u s u s ya n g a n t a r a la in a d a la h m a sa la h b a h a sa , b a r u u n t u k m e n ggu n a k a n b a h a s a b u d a ya a t a u p ed a gogi. a sin g seb a ga i a la t kom u n ika si a t a u m e m e r lu k a n t e k n ik - t e k n ik m em p er ken a lka n u n su r keb a h a sa a n S tr a te g i P e n g e m b a n g a n P r o fe s i Ad a n ya k e b u t u h a n ya n g b e r b e d a 2. Study Groups d e n ga n Da la m study group gu r u m e m - p e n ge m - p e la ja r i b a h a n - b a h a n a t a u h a s il b a n ga n p r ofes i ya n g b er b ed a p u la . k a jia n ya n g b e r h u b u n ga n d e n ga n St r a t egi-s t r a t egi b er iku t in i s a n ga t m ater i d ip e r lu k a n d a la m r a n gk a m e m e - m e n ga n a lis is s a m p e l h a s il k e r ja n u h i p e r b e d a a n - p e r b e d a a n d a la m s is wa . P a r a gu r u d a la m kelom p ok- kebu tu h an , n ya m en en t u ka n ca r a ker ja m er eka t e n t u n ya harus d ija wa b p en d ekat an -p en d ekat an p e n ge t a h u a n dan k e t e r a m p ila n . ya n g d ia m p u n ya ser ta s e n d ir i a t a u m e n ga t u r k e gia t a n - 1 . Peer Coaching kegiat an m er eka d en gan m en ggu n a- Kegiatan peer coaching m em iliki EKSPRESI d an bu d aya d i kelas. kan r e n ca n a p e m b e la ja r a n atau t iga t a h a p s ep er t i h a ln ya s u p er vis i s a m p e l h a s il k e r ja s is wa s e b a ga i k lin is , ya it u : p e r e n ca n a a n —o b s e r - m asu kan d a la m d is k u s i. Da la m va s i—u m p a n b a lik . Ke gia t a n peer k o n t e k s gu r u b a h a s a a s in g, p e r - coaching d ila k s a n a k a n o le h gu r u t em u an -p er t em u an sep er t i in i d ap at s e ca r a b e r p a s a n ga n , s e t e la h s e b e - d im a n fa a t k a n u n t u k b e r in t e r a k s i lu m n ya m er eka m en giku t i p ela t ih - d alam bah asa yan g m er eka ajar kan ; a n peer coaching. M e r e k a s a lin g d e n ga n k a t a la in m e r e k a s a lin g m e n gu n ju n gi ke la s m a s in g- m a s in g b er kom u n ika si d a la m b a h a sa a sin g. u n t u k b e r b a gi p e n ga la m a n s e r t a Selain itu, m ereka juga dapat belajar o p in i m er eka t en t a n g kep em im p in a n (leadership) t e n t a n g p e m b e la ja r a n . Se t ia p p a - kar en a secar a ber gan t ian gu r u akan s a n ga n gu r u s a lin g m e n e n t u k a n m e m im p in s e t ia p p e r t e m u a n ya n g fo k u s o b s e r va s i ya n g d iin gin k a n d ila k u k a n . Study groups s a n ga t b e r ik u t in s t r u m e n o b s e r va s i ya n g s e s u a i u n t u k gu r u ya n g m e m e r lu - a ka n d igu n a ka n , kem u d ia n m er eka k a n p e n ge t a h u a n ya n g le b ih m e n - m e n d is k u s ik a n d a n m e r e fle k s ik a n d a la m t en t a n g r is et a t a u ca r a - ca r a h a s il o b s e r va s i b e r d a s a r k a n k e b u - un tuk m en gan alisis h asil kerja siswa. tuhan m er eka. Nam u n , study group ju ga tid ak m e- Un tu k tu ju an ter sebu t m er eka d ap at n u t u p k e m u n gk in a n b a gi m e r e k a m e n ggu n a k a n in s t r u m e n s t a n d a r ya n g in gin le b ih m e n ge m b a n gk a n obser vasi pem belajar an bah asa. H al- s ik a p p r o fe s io n a l t e n t a n g m e t o d e hal p en ga ja r a n d a n ca r a b ela ja r siswa . atau p a n d a n ga n p e n ge m b a n ga n ya n g d ifo k u s k a n b ia s a n ya b er u p a p en ggu n a a n b a h a sa (a sin g) 3. Dialog Journal d i kelas, p er en can aan p em belajar an , P e yt o n ( 19 9 3 ) m e n d e fin is ik a n ca r a p en ya m p a ia n , m et od e p en ila i- dialog journal sebagai suatu kegiatan 14 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 kon ver s a s i a t a u p er ca ka p a n s eca r a 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 ter tu lis. Car a in i su d ah lam a d ipakai 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 d alam p em belajar an bah asa. Kar en a 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 b e s a r m a n fa a t n ya , dialog journal 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 d im asu kkan d alam kon teks p en gem 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 b a n ga n p r o fe s i gu r u . Gu r u ya n g 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 t in gga l b er ja u h a n a t a u ka r en a kesi123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 b u k a n n ya t id a k d a p a t s a lin g b e r 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 t em u , d a p a t m em a n fa a t ka n ca r a in i 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 u n t u k b e r d is k u s i t e n t a n g h a l- h a l 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 ya n g b er h u b u n ga n d en ga n p en gem 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 ban gan p r ofesi m er eka. Misaln ya, ia 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 b is a m e n ga d a k a n k o r e s p o n d e n s i 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 d en gan m en tor m au p u n tem an seja123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 wa t u n t u k m e r e fle k s i h a l- h a l ya n g 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 b er h u b u n ga n d en ga n p em b ela ja r a n 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 b a h a s a m a u p u n m a n a je m e n k e la s 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 bah asa. Kor espon den si dapat dilaku123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 k a n d e n ga n m e n ggu n a k a n fo r u m 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 mailing list atau blog. Dialog journal 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 s a n ga t m e m b a n t u in t e r a k s i a n t a r 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 gu r u d an san gat sesu ai bagi m er eka 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 ya n g m em iliki t in gka t kem a m p u a n 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 d a n keb u t u h a n ya n g b er b ed a . Ba gi 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 gu r u b a h a s a a s in g, dialog journal 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 ju ga b e r m a n fa a t s e b a ga i s a r a n a 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 u n t u k m e la t ih d a n m e n in gk a t k a n 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 ket er a m p ila n m en u lis . 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 4. Professional Development 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 Portfolios 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 M e s k ip u n p o r t o fo lio a wa ln ya 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 d ip er gu n a ka n u n t u k m en ila i keb er 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 h a s ila n s is wa , s a a t in i p o r t o fo lio 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 t e la h b a n ya k d a p a t d im a n fa a t k a n 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 gu r u u n t u k m e n d o k u m e n t a s ik a n 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 p er kem b a n ga n p eker ja a n n ya seca r a 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 u m u m a t a u k h u s u s p a d a t o p ik 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 terten tu. Portofolio m erupakan kum 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 p u la n s is t e m a t is t e n t a n g p e r n ik 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 p e r n ik ya n g d ip e r gu n a k a n d a la m 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 m en gajar beser t a h asil-h asil r efleksi 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 (p em ikir an ) p em bu at n ya. Por t ofolio 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 b ia s a n ya t e r d ir i a t a s e m p a t k o m 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 p o n e n , ya k n i p e r n ya t a a n gu r u 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 ten tan g visi atau filosofi pen didikan 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 n ya , t u ju a n p e m b u a t a n p o r t o fo lio , 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 a t a u scaffolding talk) ju ga p e n ge - p e n ge t a h u a n t a h u a n b u d a ya d a n kom p et en si ke- p r a k t ik gu r u a n . Se la in it u , m e n t o r p u n P en gem b a n ga n p r ofesi ya n g efekt if dapat m em ban tu gur u pem ula m er e- m e n u n t u t a d a n ya d u k u n ga n ya n g fleksikan efisien si pen ggu n aan bah a- m em a d a i d a r i s is t em ya n g b er la ku s a a s in g s eb a ga i b a h a s a p en ga n t a r d a n k e s e m p a t a n b a gi gu r u u n t u k d i kela s d a n s t r a t egi p em b ela ja r a n m e m ilih , m e r e n ca n a k a n , m e la k s a - ya n g m er eka gu n a ka n d en ga n ca r a n a ka n , d a n m en geva lu a si kegia t a n - m e m b e r ik a n ten tan g k e gia t a n ya n g m e lib a t k a n m e r e k a . p r oses b er p ikir d a n p r oses kom u n i- M a n a k a la gu r u d ib e r i k e s e m p a t a n kasi yan g d ip er lu kan d alam p r ofesi- untuk n ya . p le m e n t a s ik a n k e gia t a n p e n ge m - 6. p e m o d e la n ya n g t e o r e t is ke d a la m e fe k t if di k e la s . m e r a n ca n g d a n m e n gim - Participatory Practitioner b a n ga n Research (ownership) t er h ad ap p em belajar an p r o fe s i, r asa m e m ilik i St r at egi in i biasa d iken al d en gan ya n g m er eka la ku ka n a ka n t u m b u h , action research a t a u p en elit ia n t in - d an ten tu saja kegiatan belajar yan g d a k a n k e la s , k e gia t a n r is e t p a r - d ila k u k a n gu r u k e la k a k a n m e m e - tisipasi pr aktisi in i m elibatkan su atu n gar u h i kesu ksesan siswa. [E] gr u p ya n g t e r d ir i d a r i gu r u a t a u p r a kt is i la in n ya d e n ga n ca r a m e n d ia gn o s is s u a t u s it u a s i, m e r e fle k sika n d ia gn osis t er seb u t , kem u d ia n m er en ca n a ka n s er t a m ela ks a n a ka n suatu t in d a k a n atau in t e r ve n s i u n t u k m e m p e r b a ik i s it u a s i ya n g ad a. Foku s d ar i in ku ir i in i d apat berupa pem belajaran siswa, situasi dan b u d a ya sekola h , a t a u m a sa la h ya n g d ih a d a p i o le h gu r u , m is a ln ya k e m a m p u a n b e r b a h a s a , p e n ggu n a a n bah asa kelas, atau m an ajem en kelas. Ya n g s a n ga t b e r n ila i d a r i ke gia t a n r iset p a r t isip a si p r a kt isi in i t er let a k p a d a a d a n ya kesem p a t a n b a gi gu r u u n t u k m e m e r ik s a s it u a s i p e m b e la ja r a n u n t u k leb ih m em a h a m i d a n m em p er b a iki sit u a si t er seb u t . Ke s i m p u l a n Str ategi p en gem ban gan p r ofesi yan g sifa t n ya t r a d ision a l sep er t i sem in a r a t a u lo k a k a r ya h a n ya b e r m a n fa a t untuk k e gia t a n p e n ya m p a ia n ya n g in fo r m a s i, s ifa t n ya D a fta r Pu s ta ka Clair, N. (20 0 0 ). Teaching educators about language. E R I C Dige s t : E D4 4 772 3 Cu r t ain & Pesola. (19 9 4 ). Language and children. N e w J e r s e y: Lon gm a n Lt d . Dia z- M a ggio li, G. (20 0 3). Professional development for language teachers. ERIC Digest : EDO-FL-0 3-0 3. Ku b ick , K. ( 19 8 8 ) . School-based management. E R I C Dige s t : E D 3 0 19 6 9 . N a t h a lie , G.( 19 9 1) . Developing teachers’ leadership skills. ERIC Dige s t , E D3 3 0 6 9 1. Peyton , J .K. (1993). Dialog journals: Interactive writing to develop language and literacy. Wa s h in gt o n , DC: N a t io n a l Clear in gh ou se for ESL. P e yt o n , J .K. ( 19 9 9 ) . Professional development of foreign language teachers. ERIC Digest. kar en a d a la m sem in a r a t a u loka ka r ya gu r u t id a k b e r k e s e m p a t a n m e n t r a n s fe r Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 - 15 EKSPRESI 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 s a m p e l p e k e r ja a n gu r u a t a u s is wa 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 d en ga n kom en t a r d a n r efleksi ya n g 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 m e n e r a n gk a n m e n ga p a gu r u m e 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 n yer t a ka n sa m p el t er seb u t , d a n ke123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 sim p u la n r efleksi. P or t ofolio d a p a t 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 m en u n ju kka n su a t u p er kem b a n ga n 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 gur u (showcase portfolio) atau m en 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 d o k u m e n t a s ik a n k e m a ju a n gu r u 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 d a la m s u a t u t o p ik a t a u a k t ivit a s 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 (product portfolio). Biasan ya p or t o123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 folio ju ga m en yer t akan su at u r u br ik 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 ya n g d ikem b a n gka n oleh gu r u d a n 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 d ap at d ip er gu n akan oleh sejawatn ya 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 u n t u k m e n ila i a t a u m e n ge va lu a s i 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 k e s e s u a ia n a n t a r a t u ju a n ya n g d i123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 ca p a i d en ga n b u kt i fisik (artifacts) 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 ya n g d ila m p ir k a n . 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 5. 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Ke gia t a n m e n t o r in g 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 a ka n b e r ja la n d e n ga n b a ik a p a b ila 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 d ir a n ca n g d e n ga n s a k s a m a a t a u 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 s e ir in g d e n ga n ja la n n ya wa k t u . 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 Ke gia t a n in i s a n ga t s e s u a i u n t u k 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 gu r u b a r u a t a u p e m u la ya n g p e r lu 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 m em a h a m i m a sa la h -m a sa la h sep er 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 t i b u d a ya sekola h (school culture), 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 s u a s a n a d a n d a m p a k n ya b a gi k e 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 giatan belajar siswa. Seoran g mentor 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 d a p a t m e m b e r ik a n b a n t u a n ya n g 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 sa n ga t b er a r t i kep a d a gu r u p em u la 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 d a la m m en in gka t ka n a t a u m em p er 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 b a iki kem a m p u a n b a h a s a ( kh u s u s 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 n ya pen ggun aan classroom language 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 Artikel Konsep Handlungsorientiertes Lernen dan Lernerzentrirtheit dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Jerman Emy Widiarti Widyaiswara Bahasa Jerman PPPPTK Bahasa Pe n gan tar pem ilih an tem a, m edia, m etode, m e- lebih pen tin g daripada proses belajar Set ia p gu r u sela lu b er h a r a p b a h wa n ge n a l ke lo m p o k s a s a r a n , r e n ca n a it u s e n d ir i. Da la m p e m b e la ja r a n d ia “su kses” d alam m en gajar . Pen g- p e m b e la ja r a n , bah asa e r t ia n “s u k s e s ” b a gi gu r u b a h a s a seb a ga in ya . P er p a d u a n ked u a kom - b e la ja r ya n g b e r o r ie n t a s i t in d a ka n a sin g a d a la h ket ika siswa n ya m a m - p e t e n s i t e r s e b u t h a r u s t e r wu ju d (Handlungsorientiertes Lernen) d an p u m en ggu n akan bah asa asin g yan g d a la m b en t u k seb u a h p em b ela ja r a n p e m b e la ja r a n ya n g b e r p u s a t p a d a d ip elajar i u n tu k ber kom u n ikasi baik yan g efektif, sebu ah par ad igm a yan g siswa (Lernerzentrirtheit). s e ca r a t e r t u lis . m a s ih a s in g b a gi s e b a gia n gu r u , Handlungsorientiertes Lernen “Su kses” d i sin i bisa ber m akn a bias. ka r en a ia m en ya n gku t seb u a h b en - b e r k e m b a n g s e ja k t a h u n 19 8 0 - a n . Ar t in ya , ia b er m a kn a su kses d a la m t u k a t a u p r oses p em b ela ja r a n ya n g Ko n s e p in i d ik e n a l ju ga s e b a ga i ya n g s e s u n ggu h n ya , ya k n i s is wa m en yen a n gka n b a gi siswa d a n gu r u k o n s e p b e la ja r s e ca r a m e n ye lu r u h m am p u secar a n yat a ber kom u n ikasi ya n g b er sa n gku t a n . Tu lisa n in i b er - ( Ein ganzheitliches Lernen) ya n g d en ga n m en ggu n a ka n b a h a sa a sin g kait an d en gan kon sep belajar d alam d it u n ju k k a n o le h t r ilo gi k e p a l a , ya n g d ip e la ja r i d a la m k e h id u p a n . bah asa J er m an . h a t i , d a n t a n g a n . De P or t er et .a l. lis a n m aupun s ik a p gu r u , dan EKSPRESI Atau , su kses dalam ar ti bah wa siswa J er m an d ik e n a l kon sep ( 19 9 9 ) ju ga m e n je la s k a n b e la ja r m em p er oleh a n gka -a n gka p en ila ia n Ap a k a h “B e l a ja r ” i t u ? d a r i s e ga la d e fin is in ya , ya k n i ia yan g baik bagi keem p at ket er am p il- Ad a b e b e r a p a p a n d a n ga n t e n t a n g m e r u p a k a n k e gia t a n full-contact. a n b e r b a h a s a d a la m u jia n . Te n t u d e fin is i “b e la ja r ”. P a d a u m u m n ya Kon sep in i dipaham i sebagai berikut: h a r a p a n gu r u a d a la h “su kses” p a d a b ela ja r d ia n gga p s eb a ga i p en ila ia n “sem a kin b a n ya k or ga n -or ga n ya n g p en ger t ia n ya n g p er t a m a . P a d a p e- d a la m b e n t u k a n gk a - a n gk a ya n g t e r lib a t , n gertian yan g kedua siswa h an ya be- p r oses belajar it u sen d ir i d iabaikan . b ela ja r ”. Bela ja r m elib a t ka n sem u a la ja r u n t u k t u ju a n t e r t e n t u ya it u Secar a u m u m belajar ju ga d im akn ai aspek lu lu s u jia n . s e m a k in k e p r ib a d ia n su kses k it a m a n u s ia — sebagai proses pem erolehan in form a- p ik ir a n , P e m b e la ja r a n s e la lu d ik a it k a n si d a n p r oses p en gola h a n in for m a si t u b u h —d i s a m p in g p e n ge t a h u a n , e r a t d e n ga n p a r a d igm a “m e n ga ja r t er sebu t d en gan m en ggu n akan st r a- s ik a p d a n k e ya k in a n s e b e lu m n ya d a n b e la ja r .” Gu r u m e n ga ja r d a n tegi ter ten tu. Bim m el dan Ram pillon s e r t a p e r s e p s i m a s a m e n d a t a n g. siswa belajar . Masin g-m asin g m em i- ( 2 0 0 0 ) m e n ya t a k a n b a h wa b e la ja r Kon sep Lernerzentriertheit m en un tut liki “fu n gs i t er t en t u ” d a la m p r os es a ka n b er m a n fa a t a p a b ila p em b ela - siswa leb ih sp on t a n , a kt if, b er t a n g- b e la ja r - m e n ga ja r . Gu r u per asaan , dan bah asa bah asa ja r d a p a t m en gin t egr a sika n p en ge- gu n g jawab, d an siap u n t u k belajar . a sin g t id a k h a n ya d it u n t u t kom p e- t a h u a n ya n g b a r u d en ga n p en get a - Gu r u m e n e m p a t k a n s is wa s e b a ga i t en d alam bid an g kebah asaan t et ap i h u a n a wa l ( s k e m a t a ) m e r e k a . Be - p u s a t ( Zentrum) d a r i k e s e lu r u h a n ju ga h ar u s m em iliki kom p et en si d a- la ja r ju ga d a p a t d ia r t ik a n s e b a ga i p r oses belajar . la m b id a n g p en gelola a n p en ga ja r a n suatu ya n g m elip u t i p en get a h u a n t en t a n g b e la ja r s is wa p a d a p r o s e s b e la ja r 16 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 p r o s e s , ya n g p e n ga la m a n Ko m p o n e n -Ko m p o n e n ya n g b e r- kebutuhan siswa. Tahu dan paham d alam belajar . Set iap h al yan g in gin p e n ga ru h d a la m P ro s e s B e la ja r- apa yang dipelajari juga merupakan d ico b a s e la lu m e n ga n d u n g r is ik o M e n g a ja r bagian dari pembelajaran itu sendiri. kesalah an d an d ar i kesalah an it u lah Ad a lim a k o m p o n e n u t a m a ya n g Motivasi ini juga bisa dikembangkan siswa b ela ja r . b er p en ga r u h d a la m p r oses b ela ja r - apabila siswa selalu dilibatkan dengan m en ga ja r ya it u siswa , gu r u , m a t er i konsep bebas tapi bertanggungjawab at au bah an ajar , p r oses p em belajar - dalam diri mereka. Contohnya adalah gu r u an , dan lin gkun gan kelas. Berikut in i pemberian tugas-tugas yang siswa p r in s ip - p r in s ip p e m ilih a n m a t e r i pen jelasan kelim a kom pon en itu dan mengambil untuk a ja r , ya k n i b a h wa m a t e r i a ja r it u k e t e r k a it a n n ya mendiskusikan latihan-latihan dengan r eleva n u n t u k siswa , m en a r ik, b er - siswa yang lain. sifa t ot en t ik d a n sesu a i d en ga n ke- d e n ga n kon sep Handlungsorientiertes Lernen d a n Lernerzentriertheit. peran guru Materi atau Bahan Ajar 3. Ber kait an d en gan kom p on en in i, p e r lu m e m p e r h it u n gk a n Siswa tid ak h an ya ter u s m en er u s h id u p an n yat a, sesu ai d en gan m in at 1 . Siswa m e n d e n ga r t e t a p i ju ga m e m ilik i s is wa d a n u s ia m e r e k a . Ka t e go r i Yan g perlu dilih at pada sisi siswa kesem p a t a n u n t u k m en u a n gka n id e fu n gs i p r a gm a t ik a t a u t u ju a n b e r - sebagai faktor “pu sat” belajar adalah d a n p r a ka r sa b a ik t er t u lis m a u p u n b a h a sa h a r u s d ip er h a t ika n , seh in g- b a h wa siswa seb a ga i in d ivid u yan g lisa n . Em osi siswa p er lu d ilib a t ka n ga s is wa n a n t i b is a m e n ggu n a k a n t) m en u n t u t d a la m p r o s e s b e la ja r . Ta m b a h a n b a h a sa ya n g t ela h d ip ela ja r i d a la m guru harus m em p er siap kan p er en ca- p u la , siswa p er lu d isa d a r ka n b a h wa keh id u p a n n ya t a . Sela in it u , m a t er i naan belajar it u siap d en gan r isiko. a ja r h a r u s s e s u a i d e n ga n t in gk a t b er b ed a (Heterogenit m e n ga ja r dan p e n ya jia n p ela ja r a n d en ga n t elit i. Gu r u p er lu 2 . Guru k e b a h a s a a n s is wa . p e r lu ju ga a d a m e m p e r h it u n gk a n s is wa Per an gu r u d alam pr oses belajar - h u b u n ga n ya n g er a t a n t a r a keb a h a - m em iliki t ip e-t ip e b ela ja r ya n g b er - m e n ga ja r a d a la h s e b a ga i b e r ik u t . saan d en gan bu d aya, seh in gga p er lu beda-beda (haptisch, visuell, kognitiv/ Per tam a, s e b a ga i d ikem ban gkan m at er i yan g m en cip - kreativ, kommunikativ) , m o t iva s i “s u t r a d a r a ”, d a la m a r t i b a h wa ia t akan r asa p em ah am an siswa t er h a- siswa, m in at siswa, kein gin an siswa, m e m p e r s ia p k a n a t a u m e r e n ca n a - d a p b u d a ya la in . Pem ilih a n m et od e h a r a p a n s is wa , k e b u t u h a n s is wa , ka n , m en yu su n sken a r io, m en en t u - dan a p a ka h s is wa b e la ja r s e s u a t u ya n g k a n p e m a in , m e n ga r a h k a n p a n g- m a t er i a ja r d a n t u ju a n b ela ja r . ber m akn a d an ber ar t i. Selain it u , ia gu n g, m elih at u lan g h asil yan g telah 4 . Proses Pembelajaran ju ga m e m p e r h it u n gk a n k e s ia p a n d ib u a t , d a n m e la k u k a n p e r b a ik a n . H eyd (1990 ) m en jelaskan kon sep s is wa t e r h a d a p k e n ya t a a n b a h wa Ke d u a , ia m a m p u m e n u k a r p e r a n Handlungsorientiertes Lernen d a r i m er eka d ih a d a p ka n p a d a s eju m la h m en ja d i “p a r t n er ” d a n “b os” seca r a p e r s p e k t if m e t o d e k o m m u n ik a t iv- p en get a h u a n d a n kem a m p u a n ya n g t e p a t s e s u a i d e n ga n k o n d is i p e m - p r a gm a t ik , ya k n i s e b a ga i b e r ik u t . d im iliki t em a n -t em a n d i kela s. H a l belajar an yan g ad a. Ket iga, ia d ap at Per tam a, in i m en ya n gku t p em ilih a n m et od e, m en em p at kan d ir i p ad a d u n ia siswa d it a fsir ka n seb a ga i b ela ja r b er b u a t m e d ia , ya n g seh in gga t er cip t a h u b u n ga n kep er - atau m elakukan sesuatu (handelndes b e n t u k in t e r a k s i cayaan . Keem p at , ia selalu ber kep a- Lernen). Kedua, proses belajar h arus la d in gin a t a u s a b a r . Gu r u t id a k d io r ga n is a s i s e d e m ik ia n r u p a s e - je n is - je n is d ib e r ik a n , d a n b a h wa la t ih a n b ela ja r ya n g h a r u s d icip t a ka n . ia b e r t in d a k m e d ia d is e s u a ik a n b e la ja r s e n d ir i d e n ga n harus Motivasi merupakan pintu gerbang lan gsu n g ber eaksi ter h ad ap p er ilaku h in gga s is wa m a m p u m e m b a n gu n siswa untuk belajar bahasa asing. a t a u p er t a n ya a n s is wa t et a p i m en - su at u st r u kt u r ber p ikir (Aufbau von Motivasi bisa dibangkitkan apabila ja d i p en d en ga r ya n g b a ik seh in gga Denkstrukturen) . Ke t iga , s it u a s i siswa berada dalam atmosfer belajar ia bisa m em ber i kesem p atan kep ad a b e la ja r yang membuat siswa tahu apa yang siswa u n t u k b er p ikir a t a u m en em u - ben t u k kegiat an t er t en t u yan g lebih sedang mereka pelajari dan tahu ka n ja wa b a n . Ke lim a , ia m e m b e r i- b a n ya k kegunaan materi yang sedang mereka k a n ga n ja r a n ( reward) t e r h a d a p d en ga n m en ggu n a ka n m et od e ya n g pelajari. Heyd (1990) menganggap set ia p p r est a si sekecil a p a p u n ya n g b e r va r ia s i d a n m e n e r a p k a n m e d ia penting sekali bahwa tema-tema yang d ica p a i siswa . Keen a m , ia b er sika p ya n g b e r b e d a - b e d a . De n ga n d e m i- dipelajari sesuai dengan minat dan t o le r a n t e r h a d a p k e s a la h a n s is wa kian , siswa tidak h an ya duduk terpa- d ia r a h k a n m en u n tu t p ad a ben tu ks is wa - 17 EKSPRESI Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 a k t if ku d i ku r sin ya t a n p a m ela ku ka n ke- formen). Da la m m em b er ika n t u ga s- n ya m a n b a gi s is wa u n t u k b e la ja r gia t a n a p a p u n . Ke e m p a t , b e n t u k - t u ga s atau la t ih a n , b e n t u k in t e r a k s i b e la ja r (Sozial- m e m e r h a t ik a n formen) m e n gga n t ik a n s is t e m gu r u p e r lu m eski d en gan p er alat an yan g san gat b e n t u k - b e n t u k la - s e d e r h a n a . P e n cip t a a n lin gk u n ga n t ih a n ya n g m e m p e r h it u n gk a n ju ga k e la s ya n g n ya m a n it u m e n ca k u p i ceram ah (Frontalunterricht). Ben tuk- r itm e ber p ikir tem p o atau kecep atan lu a s r u a n g k e la s ya n g m e m a d a i ben tu k s e s u a i d e n ga n ju m la h s is wa , s u h u in t e r a k s i b e la ja r bu kan beker ja siswa. Ben tu k-ben tu k latih an h a n ya a n t a r a gu r u d a n s is wa , m e - t er seb u t seb a ikn ya b isa m en d or on g r u a n ga n ya n g seju k, ku r si d a n m eja lain kan ju ga an t ar a siswa d an siswa. s is wa u n t u k b e r k o n s e n t r a s i k e t ik a b e la ja r ya n g la ya k d ip a k a i, r u a n g P a d a a kh ir n ya d a r i s in ila h t er cip t a b eker ja sen d ir i ( Einzelarbeit), a t a u ke la s ya n g cu ku p p e n ca h a ya a n n ya , r a sa sa lin g m en gh a r ga i. Kelim a , ke- m e n u n t u t s is wa k o o p e r a t if d a n t e r s e d ia n ya cu k u p m e d ia d i a ga r t e r a m p ila n b e r b a h a s a t id a k d ia ja r - d a la m k e r ja k e lo m p o k ( Gruppen- kela s, seka lip u n d a la m b en t u k ya n g kan secar a par sial dan ter pisah , teta- arbeit) u n t u k b er sa m a -sa m a m en g- sed er h a n a . [E] p i d ia ja r k a n d a la m s a t u k e s a t u a n h a silka n su a t u “p r od u k”. Keseb ela s, ya n g s a lin g b er h u b u n ga n . Keen a m , s is wa ju ga ik u t s e r t a d a la m p r o s e s S u m b e r Ac u a n p e r lu d ik e m b a n gk a n s u a t u m o d e l “m e n ila i” k e b e r h a s ila n b e la ja r Bim m el, Pet er . Ram p illon , Ut e. kom u n ika si ya n g d isku r sif t en t a n g m e r e k a . tem a ter ten tu d e n ga n ( partner) . Da la m Be n t u k - b e n t u k la t ih a n m it r a ya n g d ib e r ik a n m e m b a n t u s is wa h a l in i h a r u s u n t u k m e m e r h a t ik a n d a n m e n ila i Lernerautonomie und Lernstrategien. Mün ch en : Goeth e I n st it u t . 2 0 0 0 . sejau h m an a m er eka su d ah m en gu a- De Por ter , Bobbi, Rear don , Mar k, Sa n ger -Nou r i, Sa r a h . Quantum gr a m a t ik ” ( Verstehensgrammatik) s a i m a t e r i. Ke d u a b e la s , s e d a p a t Teaching: Mempraktikkan dan “m e n e r a n gk a n gr a m a t ik ” m u n gk in gu r u b e r b ica r a d a la m d ib e d a k a n antara “p e m a h a m a n ( Mitteilungsgrammatik) . Ke t u ju h , b a h a s a s a s a r a n ( target language) . uantum Learning di Ruang-Ruang b en t u k p em b ela ja r a n b isa m en ga ko- Salah sat u car a p em er oleh an bah asa Kelas.J akar t a: PT Mizan m o d a s i p e r b e d a a n in d ivid u s is wa a d a la h P u s t a k a .2 0 0 0 . m e la lu i bah asa tubuh, d a la m h a l k e ce p a t a n a t a u t e m p o gam bar at au kat a-kat a in t er n asion al Multiplikatoren ausbildun gsprogram m . Seminarhandbuch für b e la ja r . Ke d e la p a n , p e m b e la ja r a n ( Internationalismus) . Ya n g p a lin g s e b a ik n ya m e n cip t a k a n s u a s a n a p e n t in g a d a la h b a h wa gu r u d a n h u m or , n ya m a n , d a n gem b ir a m ela - s is wa s a lin g m e n ge r t i. Ba h a s a lu i b e n t u k - b e n t u k la t ih a n s e p e r t i I n d o n e s ia d igu n a k a n a p a b ila gu r u b e r m a in per an ( Rollentraining) , in gin m e n gh in d a r i k e s a la h p a h a m - Multiplikatoren zum Einsatz in der Fortbildung von Lehrkr ften an den Sekundarschulen von sim u la si, d a n p er m a in a n . Kesem b i- a n , a d a k e s u lit a n d e n ga n b a h a s a Indonesien 1. Folge: Spab am la n , p e m b e la ja r a n s e b a ik n ya m e n - s a s a r a n , Deutschlernen. J akar ta: Goeth e atau t e r la lu m em akan k e m u n gk in a n - k e m u n g- b a n ya k wa k t u u n t u k m e n e r a n gk a n I n st it u t . Sep t em b er 2 0 0 3. kin an yan g siswa bisa ber kom u n ikasi s e s u a t u . Ke t iga b e la s , p e n ge t a h u a n Em -Br ü cken ku r s: Deutsch als cip t a k a n d a n m en ga cu p a d a kon sep ot on om i a wa l s is wa p e r lu d ia k t ifk a n d a n Fremdsprache für die Mittelstufe bela ja r , ya n g m em b er i siswa kesem - d ik e m b a n gk a n . (Lehrerhandbuch). Ism an in g: p a t a n u n t u k m e n e n t u k a n la n gk a h la n gk a h seper ti m e r e n ca n a k a n , r i, b e k e r ja s a m a d e n ga n Ma x H u eb er Ver la g, 19 9 9 . 5 . Lingkungan Kelas Lin gk u n ga n m en ca r i b a h a n -b a h a n b ela ja r sen d i- b a ga im a n a b e r k a it a n gu r u m en ata d e n ga n k e la s , t e m a n , ya k n i s e m u a h a l ya n g m e n d u k u n g h t t p : / / www.gu t e r u n t e r r ich t .d e / U n t e r r ich t / Bau stein e_ fü r _ gu ten _ Un ter r ich t/ m e m b a ca lit e r a t u r a t a u r e fe r e n s i p r o s e s b e la ja r . P a d a k e n ya t a a n n ya b a u s t ein e_ fü r _ gu t en - ya n g m e n d u k u n g, p r e s e n t a s i, d is - m e m a n g U n t e r r ich t .h t m l. ku si, d an seter u sn ya. Pr oses ter sebu t EKSPRESI Multiplikatorinnen und t id a k d iwu ju d k a n m udah s e ca r a untuk k e s e lu r u h a n H eyd , Ger tr au d e. Deutsch lehren: t id a k h a r u s d a la m b e n t u k “p r o ye k k a r e n a m a s a la h - m a s a la h fin a n s ia l Gründwissen für den Unterricht in b esa r ” (grobe Projekte). Kesep u lu h , ya n g d ih a d a p i o le h s e k o la h . Ak a n Deutsch als Fremdsprache. p r oses b ela ja r m em er h a t ika n a sp ek t et a p i, gu r u d en ga n kr ea t ivit a s ya n g Fr a n kfu r t a m Ma in : Ver la g b e n t u k in t e r a k s i b e la ja r (Sozial- d im iliki h ar u s m em bu at r u an g kelas Mor it z Diest er weg. 19 9 0 . 18 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 Artikel Mari Membuat Blog Neneng Tsani Staf Bahasa Perancis PPPPTK Bahasa Ke s a n P e r t a m a s it u s in i k it a h a n ya m e n ge t ik k a n m e m ilik i a k s e s k e in t e r n e t . Su r a t Siap a bilan g p er ibah asa “jat u h cin t a ka t a a t a u ka lim a t ya n g b er h u b u n g- e le k t r o n ik in i d is e d ia k a n o le h p e - p a d a p a n d a n ga n p e r t a m a ” h a n ya a n d e n ga n s u b je k ya n g in gin k it a n ye d ia n ya b e r la k u Te r n ya t a ca r i t a h u . De n ga n m e n ggu n a k a n mail.yahoo.com a t a u ya n g s a a t in i ist ila h in i b isa t er ja d i a n t a r m a n u sia m e s in p e n ca r i in i s a ya m e n ja d ika n ju ga m u la i n a ik d a u n , ya k n i gmail d a n b e n d a m a t i s e k a lip u n . I n ila h in t e r n e t a t a u google mail. Set ela h m en gen a l a n t a r m a n u s ia ? s e b a ga i p er p u stakaan s e ca r a gr a t is seper ti ya n g s a ya a la m i s a a t p e r t a - kem u d ah an m a m en gen a l in t er n et . m ela lu i su r a t elekt r on ik in i, Seja k a kh ir d eka d e 9 0 -a n in t e r n e t m u la i k o m u n ik a s i sa ya m en ja d i p em b a ca sit u s m e n ja d i b e r it a ya n g s u d a h s a ya k e - b a gia n d a r i a kt ivit a s keh id u - t ah u i m ed ia cet akn ya. Selain p an m an u sia. Du n ia yan g t a- it u , s a ya m e n e m u k a n a la - d in ya t e r a s a t e r p e n cil, k in i m at vir t u a ln ya . set ela h in t er n et h a d ir b a t a s- s a ya s e b a ga i b a t a s a n t a r n e ga r a b a ga ik a n ( surfer) d i d u n ia m a ya in i. le n ya p b e git u s a ja . De n ga n P e n ye la n ca r la zim d igu n a - ber m od alkan p er an gkat ker as k a n s e b a ga i is t ila h u n t u k kom p u t er d a n p er a n gka t lu - m en yebu t p en ggu n a in t er n et n a k n ya , k it a d a p a t t e r s a m - J a d ila h p e n ye la n ca r ya n g h o b i m e m b a ca in fo r Gambar 1 b u n g d en ga n ja r in ga n in t er n et . Ya n g p er t a m a ka li sa ya p a h a m i p r ib a d i t en t a n g in t er n et a d a la h ia sem a ca m ya n g m asi dalam situs yan g dikun - p r a k t is . De n ga n d e m ik ia n , jik a k it a in gin m e n ge t a - j u n g i n ya . Se la n ju t n ya , m a n fa a t a p a ya n g en siklop ed ia r aksasa yan g bisa m en - h u i p e r k e m b a n ga n d a n k e m a ju a n d id a p a t k a n ca r ika n p en jela s a n a p a p u n t en t a n g d u n ia h a n ya a kt ivit a s b er s ela n ca r in i? Ten t u n ya is i ja ga t r a ya in i. Ke m u d ia n s a ya m en get ik ka t a ku n cin ya d a n d a la m ban yak sekali, ia d apat d itin jau d ar i m e n ge t a h u i s a t u m e n it m u n cu lla h a r t ik e l ya n g b e r b a ga i s u d u t . Ka li in i s a ya in gin fu n gs i in i b e r n a m a m e s in p e n ca r i b e r k e n a a n d e n ga n h a l ya n g k it a m em b a h a sn ya d a r i sisi sa ya seb a ga i (search engine). M e s in p e n ca r i in i m a k s u d . p e m b a ca . Da p a t k a h s a ya m e n ja d i b e la k a n ga n b a h wa p e n d id ik a n k it a dari m e m b a ca atau ben ar-ben ar bisa m en jadi kawan saat F u n gs i la in d a r i in t e r n e t ya n g o b je k ya n g “d ib a ca ” a lia s m e n ja d i kita in gin m en u lis atau m en car i tah u k e m u d ia n ju ga s a ya r a s a k a n k e - s it u s it u s e n d ir i? N a h , d a r i p e r - t en t a n g su a t u su b jek t er t en t u . Sit u s gu n a a n n ya a d a la h s u r a t e le k t r o n ik t a n ya a n in ila h a k h ir n ya s a ya b e r - ya n g m e n ye d ia k a n a la t ken alan d en gan blog. p en ca r i in i a n t a r a la in google.com, n ika si kit a d en ga n seja wa t , sa h a b a t yahoo.com dan msn.com. Dar i ketiga a t a u p u n k e lu a r ga ya n g t e n t u n ya Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 - 19 EKSPRESI besar (email). In i san gat m em ban tu kom u - Ap a ka h B lo g Itu ? d e n ga n k it a ? Se b a ga i p e m b e la ja r Blog a d a la h lu gu , saya t id ak m en yar an kan An d a yan g tersedia den gan iden titas An da, untuk d a n k lik r e gis t e r . Se t e la h An d a n am a pen d ek d ar i weblog. Da r i s e k ia n d e fin is i ya n g s a ya search dari google dapat b e la ja r bah asa p e m r o gr a m a n ko m p u t e r . disim pulkan bah wa blog adalah situs is ila h fo r m u lir m e m iliki id e n t it a s p e n ggu n a ( user N a m u n , t en t u s a ja b a gi m er eka ID) , m is a ln ya netsa.multiply.com p r ib a d i sejen is ya n g b e r m i- ser ta bu ku h a r ia n nat t id a k m em buat blog sen diri den gan sign in vir t u a l kata k u n cin ya , m u la ila h ya n g ada s a la h - d i h a la m a n a wa l t a d i. P a d a m e n u d a p a t d iisi d e- n ya untuk a wa l sa a t m em b u ka b log m ilik kit a , n ga n h a l- h a l b e l a j a r . m u la ila h p r ib a d i u n t u k Sa ya m em o- tu lisan , gam bar , agen d a, atau vid eo. kon su m si m a- s is ik a n d ir i Multiply ju ga m en yediakan template s ya r a k a t lu a s . sebagai kon - blog ya n g b is a k it a p ilih s e s u a i Be r b e d a su m en d e- untuk m e n ge p o s k a n tek- d en gan kesu kaan d esain d an war n a. n ga n b u ku h a - n o lo gi s a ja . Den gan r ajin m en ggan ti desain blog, r ia n , b ia s a n ya H al in i kar e- kit a d a p a t leb ih b er sem a n ga t m eli- k it a Gambar 2 m e n u lis hat la m a n t id a k u n t u k d ip u b lika sika n , ka r en a n a kita pun se- (website) le b ih b e r s ifa t p r ib a d i d a n r a h a s ia , kar an g su d ah s en d ir i. ya n g t e n t u n ya k it a h a n ya in gin dapat m en ikm a t in ya sen d ir ia n sa ja . J a d i, bu at sit u s sen - ya n g h a r u s s e b e lu m An d a m e m u t u s k a n u n t u k d ir i t a n p a h a - d ilaku kan m e n u lis d i blog s e b a ik n ya An d a rus jik a id e n t i- p a st ika n b a h wa isi t u lisa n t er seb u t p a ya h m e n g- t a s p e n ggu - m em a n g u n t u k d ip u b lika sika n d a n er ti bah asa pe- n a d a n ka t a bu kan m r ogr am an . kuncinya ter- Kin i n ya t a t id a k hal r a h a s ia dapur ya n g t e n t u n ya h a n ya a k a n m e r e p o t k a n m em - A ber su sah d e n ga n blog p e n ye d ia blog a d a la h b u ku h a r ia n on-line, on-line gratis kita akan journal. m em bu at sit u s p r ibad i at au blog. An d a s e n d ir i. Sin gk a t n ya , p a b e r fu n gs i? Gambar 3 K l i k l a h forgot password. Den gan d em ikian , Se b a ga i p e m u la s a ya m e n e m u - multiply akan m en girim kan iden titas Me m bu at Blo g k a n p e n ye d ia b lo g gr a t is , ya k n i p en ggu n a d a n ka t a ku n cin ya ke su - Saat m elih at ber bagai situ s d i in ter - multipy.com, dan r at elektr on ik (pos-el) kita. Tam pil- n e t , a p a ya n g An d a p ik ir k a n ? M e - wordpress.com. Tia p -t ia p p en yed ia a n b e r ik u t in i a d a la h blog p e n u lis n u r u t s a ya , p a d a m a s a ya n g a k a n b lo g in i m e m ilik i fit u r ya n g b e r - ya n g d a t a n g, p e lu a n g p e k e r ja vir t u a l lain an , tetap i m asih d alam ker an gka template multiply d a n im p r ovis a s i a k a n s e m a k in t e r b u k a le b a r . P a r a u t a m a ya n g sa m a ya it u blog gr a t is. s en d ir i. p elajar d iar ah kan u n tu k belajar ten - Ka li in i s a ya in gin m e n gu r a ik a n t a n g b a ga im a n a m em b u a t p r ogr a m la n gk a h kom p u ter m em bu at blog d i multiply.com. ya n g ca n ggih h in gga d a p a t m em u n cu lka n p r ogr a m b a r u EKSPRESI a k h ir n ya Se la n ju t n ya , dan blogger.com, ca r a ya n g p r a k t is Bu k a la h s it u s h t t p : / / m u lt ip ly. d i d u n ia m a ya . P a r a p e m r o gr a m co m . An d a akan m en em u kan sit u s akan keban jir an p esan an p em - t a m p ila n sep er t i p a d a Ga m b a r 1. t e la h Blo g d is e s u a ik a n dalam antara P e m b e l a ja r a n Bahasa M e n ga p a harus m em bu at b lo g? Mu n gkin itu yan g ter lon tar saat ad a a ja ka n m em b u a t b log. Blog a d a la h bu atan situ s kar en a kom u n ikasi m a- P ilih la h create A New Account wad ah at au m ed ia u n t u k m er an gkai n usia m en jadi lebih cepat den gan di- Joint for free dan klik. Lalu, m un cul gu n a k a n n ya in t e r n e t . Ba ga im a n a sep er t i p ad a Gam bar 2. k a t a m e n ja d i k a lim a t d a n fr a s a bersambung ke hal. 27 20 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 Artikel Kurikulum: Cerita yang Takkan Pernah Usai Ririk Ratnasari Staf Jurusan Bahasa Indonesia PPPPTK Bahasa D a l a m s is t e m p e n d id ik a n d i n ya k d i a n t a r a p em a ka i ku r iku lu m ja la n n ya p e la k s a n a a n k u r ik u lu m . I n d o n e s ia d ik e n a l a d a giu m ya n g m a s ih s a ja b e r t a n ya - t a n ya Per soa la n la in ya n g h a d ir b er sa m a - “ga n t i m e n t e r i ga n t i k u r ik u lu m ”. ten tan g p er u bah an ter sebu t. Bah kan a n d en ga n la h ir n ya ku r iku lu m a d a - P er n ya t a a n t er seb u t t id a kla h sa la h , tid ak jar an g ad a yan g m en yesali p e- la h m u n cu ln ya p er u b a h a n p en d a m - k e n ya t a a n b a h wa r u b a h a n in i. Ku r ik u lu m s e b e lu m - p in g ya n g d ia n gga p m e m b e r a t k a n d a la m p er ja la n a n d u n ia p en d id ika n n ya ya n g d ia n gga p b a ik , t e r n ya t a m a sya r a ka t . P er soa la n b u ku m isa l- d i In d on esia telah beber apa kali ter - h a r u s b e r u b a h a t a u d iga n t i. Sa a t n ya , m er u p a ka n efek sa m p in g ya n g ja d i p e n gu b a h a n k u r ik u lu m ya n g gu r u d ir i tid ak d ap at d ih in d ar i Ser in gkali ter - m en an d ai p er gan t ian m en t er i. Ku r i- d e n ga n k u r ik u lu m bar u , m er eka d en ga r kelu h a n d a r i or a n g t u a t er - k u lu m Tin gk a t Sa t u a n P e n d id ik a n m a u t id a k m a u h a r u s b e r a d a p t a s i h a d a p p en gga n t ia n b u ku p ega n ga n (KTSP) ya n g sa a t in i b er la ku m er u - la gi d e n ga n k u r ik u lu m ya n g le b ih siswa . P er u b a h a n ku r iku lu m ser in g p a ka n p en gga n t i Ku r iku lu m Ber b a - b a r u , ya n g k o n o n k a t a n ya le b ih m em b u a t or a n g t u a siswa kewa la h - sis Kom p et en si (KBK). KBK a d a la h m u t a k h ir . I b a r a t s e b u a h p e r ja la n - a n d a la m m e n ca r i b u k u p e n d a m - p en gga n t i ku r iku lu m 19 9 4 , ku r iku - an , belu m lagi sem p at ist ir ah at kit a p in g s e b a b m e n u r u t m e r e k a s e k a - lu m 19 9 4 a d a la h p en gga n t i ku r iku - h a r u s n a ik k e r e t a la in d a n b a r u ran g buku seoran g kakak tidak dapat lu m 19 8 4 , k u r ik u lu m 19 8 4 p e n g- duduk sejen ak di ker eta kita disur uh d ip akai lagi oleh ad ikn ya, walau p u n ga n t i ku r iku lu m 19 75, d a n ku r iku - t u r u n u n t u k gan t i ker et a lain . Begi- h an ya ber bed a sat u t ah u n , yan g h al lu m 19 75 a d a la h p en gga n t i ku r iku - t u la h kir a -kir a ga m b a r a n kelela h a n in ip u n m en im b u lka n m a sa la h ya n g lu m 19 6 8 . Ke e n a m ke la h ir a n ku r i- k a la n ga n p e n d id ik a n d a n m a s ya - t id a k ja u h b er b ed a d i ka la n ga n p e- ku lu m t er seb u t d ib id a n i oleh en a m r a ka t t e r h a d a p ku r iku lu m . n er b it b u ku t eks p ela ja r a n . m e m b u k t ik a n s e d a n g m e n ye s u a ik a n m e n t e r i p e n d id ik a n ya n g b e r b e d a . Be r b a ga i t a n gga p a n d a n r e a k s i KTSP a d a la h ku r iku lu m ya n g d ib i- ya n g b o le h d ik a t a k a n m ir is d a r i pak dan i oleh Bam ban g Sudibyo, KBK di- seb a ga i m a sya r a ka t t er h a d a p p er u - m u n cu l, b id a n i oleh Ma lik Fa ja r , ku r iku lu m b a h a n k u r ik u lu m m e r u p a k a n h a l d a la m seb u a h d a ft a r , a ka n m en ja d i 19 9 4 W a r d im a n wa ja r , s e b a b m a s ya r a k a t p a d a d a - sa t u d er et p a n ja n g ya n g t id a k a ka n Djoyogegoro dan kem udian berusah a sa r n ya h a n ya t a h u a kib a t p er u b a h - pernah habis. H al itu disebabkan oleh disem purnakan oleh Yahya Muhaim in, a n t e r s e b u t , d a n ir o n is n ya a k ib a t er a t n ya ket er ka ia n p er u b a h a n ku r i- ku r iku lu m 19 75 d ib id a n i oleh Fu a d t e r s e b u t b ia s a n ya n e ga t if d i m a t a ku lu m d en gan ber bagai pih ak seper - H a sa n , d a n ku r iku lu m 19 6 8 d ib id a - m er eka . Da r i p ih a k p en d id ik m isa l- ti oran g tua siswa, siswa, guru, buku, n i oleh Mash u r i. d ib id a n i o le h Seb en a r n ya m a sih b a n ya k d a m per u bah an ya n g k u r ik u lu m a p a b ila ya n g d is u s u n p en gelolaan p en d id ikan , sar an a p r a- su su n gu r u m asih belu m m em ah am i sar an a, sistem evaluasi, dan sebagai- k u lu m in i s e r in gk a li t id a k d im e - b a ga im a n a m e n e r je m a h k a n k u r i- n ya . Per t a n ya a n sela n ju t n ya a d a la h n ge r t i o le h s e b a gia n m a s ya r a k a t , ku lu m ya n g la m a d i kela s. Kea d a a n a p a ka h d en ga n m u n cu ln ya d a m p a k b a h k a n d i k a la n ga n p e n d id ik . Ba - d e m ik ia n ya n g k u r a n g m e n ye n a n gk a n in i Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 - 21 je la s a k a n m e n gh a m b a t EKSPRESI n ya, pad a saat ku r iku lu m sed an g d i- Per u bah an d em i p er u bah an ku r i- ku r iku lu m t id a k p er lu d iu b a h ? H a l s is t e m s a n ga t d a la m h a l m e n yia p k a n SDM ya n g in ila h d it en t u ka n oleh ku a lit a s ku r iku lu m t id a k sa ja t er a m p il t et a p i ju ga p r o- d a n ku a lit a s p ela ks a n a n ya . Ap a la h fesion al. Di dalam strategin ya pen di- ya n g in gin d ik e m u k a k a n d a la m t u lisa n in i. akan Pen d id ikan p ad a d asar n ya m er u - ar t i p er u bah an ku r iku lu m jika t id ak d ikan iku t ber per an m em ben tu k wa- p akan su at u p r oses bim bin gan yan g d iiku t i p er u bah an p ar ad igm a p elak- wa sa n , sika p , m en t a lit a s, d a n n ila i- m en ga r a h ka n seseor a n g d a la m m e- s a n a n ya . J e la s t id a k n ya a r a h d a n n ilai yan g tidak boleh hapus dari m a- m a h a m i su a t u p en get a h u a n . Da la m b e r m u t u t id a k n ya p e n d id ik a n d i sya r a ka t , ser t a b a ga im a n a m en a n g- p e la k s a n a a n ter sebu t su atu n egar a d apat d ilih at d ar i ku r i- k a l d a m p a k n e ga t if d u n ia t a n p a d ib u t u h k a n s u a t u p e d o m a n a ga r b im b in ga n ku lu m yan g d igu n akan , kar en a ku r i- b a t a s t er seb u t . pr oses bim bin gan dapat ber lan gsu n g k u lu m a d a la h r o h u t a m a . Su a t u Ba gi n e ga r a - n e ga r a ya n g t e r - sesu ai d en gan t u ju an yan g in gin d i- proses pen didikan dapat berlan gsun g b ia s a m ela ku ka n p er u b a h a n d a la m ca p a i. P e d o m a n in ila h ya n g s e la n - jika su d a h a d a ku r iku lu m . b e r b a ga i b id a n g, p e r s ia p a n ya n g ju t n ya d is eb u t ku r iku lu m . Seb a ga i r oh p en d id ika n , ku r iku - m a t a n g u n t u k m en a n ggu la n gi efek- Se b a ga i s e b u a h p e d o m a n , ku r i- lu m h ar u s ber sifat d in am is. H al ter - efek p er u bah an t en t u t elah d ian t isi- ku lu m seh a r u sn ya m en ja d i t on gga k seb u t seja la n d en ga n sifa t m a n u sia pasi yan g d ijad ikan titik tolak p er u bah an ya n g ju ga d in a m is . M a n u s ia d a r i n ega r a -n ega r a b er kem b a n g, sep er t i pen d id ikan . Sem u a r en can a pen d id i- waktu ke waktu selalu berubah . Dulu In don esia, perubahan itu terasa m en - ka n ya n g d it u a n gka n d a la m ku r iku - m a n u sia m en ggu n a ka n ku lit p oh on ja d i h a l ya n g m e m b e r a t k a n , ya n g lu m ya n g a t a u ku lit b in a t a n g seb a ga i p en u t u m em a ksa kit a u n t u k b er la r i m en ye- h ar u s siap d iwu ju d kan m elalu i ker ja a u r a t . Se ir in g d e n ga n p e r ja la n a n ja ja r ka n d ir i d en ga n kem a ju a n . H a l sam a an t ar lem baga yan g ber kom p e- wa k t u h a l it u b e r u b a h . M a n u s ia in i ka r en a ka la u kit a t id a k m ela ku - t en d a la m b id a n g p en d id ika n , b a ik s u d a h d a p a t m e n gu b a h k u lit - k u lit ka n p er u b a h a n it u kit a a ka n sem a - p en yela n gga r a p en d id ika n m a u p u n poh on d an bin atan g ter sebu t m en ja- k in t e r t in gga l. Ke t e r lib a t a n s e t ia p h a l-h a l ya n g b er ka it a n d en ga n p r o- di tekstil yan g lebih n yam an dipakai. wa r ga I n d o n e s ia m e r u p a ka n s u a t u ses p em elajar an sep er ti bu ku , m eto- De m ik ia n ju ga d e n ga n k u r ik u lu m , keh a r u sa n ya n g a p a b ila t id a k d ila - d e , p e n d e k a t a n p e m e la ja r a n , d a n a p a b ila k u r ik u lu m t id a k b e r u b a h , ku ka n , b a n gs a I n d on es ia a ka n t er - la in - la in . tid ak d isesu aikan d en gan kebu tu h an gila s d a n b a h k a n t e r h e m p a s m e n - m a n u s ia , ku r iku lu m t e r s e b u t a ka n ja d i n ega r a t er b ela ka n g. m er u p akan p r o gr a m Sela in it u , ku r iku lu m ju ga h a r u s seja la n d en ga n UUD 19 4 5 seb a b ia m en jad i sia-sia. s e b e lu m n ya . Nam un , b a gi Dalam u paya m en gh in dar i sem u a m er u p a ka n su a t u sist em ya n g a ka n Ke m a ju a n ip t e k d a n in fo r m a s i itu , p er lu d isu su n su atu sistem p en - m en gan tar kan sem u a aspek pen d id i- t e la h m e m b u a t d u n ia b e git u ce p a t didikan yan g palin g str ategis sebagai k a n k e a r a h ya n g d ih a r a p k a n o le h b e r u b a h d a n p e r u b a h a n in i t e n t u - p e n a n gk a ln ya . Da n k a r e n a s is t e m d a sa r n ega r a ya it u UUD 19 4 5. At a s n ya m e m ilik i e fe k b a gi k e h id u p a n p en d id ika n ju ga t er ca ku p d i d a la m - d a s a r in ila h ke m u d ia n p e m e r in t a h m an u sia it u sen d ir i. Akan h aln ya d i n ya ku r iku lu m t er seb u t h a r u s d ise- m e n ge lu a r k a n U U N o m o r 2 t a h u n I n d o n e s ia ya n g m e r u p a k a n b a gia n s u a ik a n 19 8 9 t e n t a n g Sis t e m P e n d id ik a n d u n ia t a n p a b a t a s , n a n t in ya h a r u s za m a n d a n t u n t u n a n glo b a lis a s i. Na sion a l. Da r i sin ila h m u n cu l t u ju - d isiap kan m an u sian ya u n tu k m en g- Oleh kar en a itu , kebijakan p em er in - a n p en d id ika n n a sion a l ya n g sela n - h a d a p i m a sa it u . Ga m b a r a n m a sya - tah ju t n ya d ija b a r k a n d a la m t u ju a n - r a ka t t a n p a b a t a s t er seb u t n a n t in ya wa k t u t e r t e n t u a k a n t e t a p d ila k - t u ju a n t id a k h a n ya m e n ya n gk u t b u d a ya , san akan . Dan ap abila d icer m ati p er - ekon om i, d a n sosiod em ogr a fi t et a p i u b a h a n k u r ik u lu m ya n g t e r ja d i d i ju ga In d on esia d ilaku kan r ata-r ata setiap ya n g le b ih r in ci d a la m k u r i k u lu m . Dit ilik d a r i d a sa r h u ku m d i a t a s d a p a t d ik a t a k a n b a h wa k u r ik u lu m EKSPRESI p e n d id ik a n m e n ya n gk u t t r a n s fo r m a s i s u m b er d a ya m a n u s ia . d e n ga n m e n gu b a h p e r k e m b a n ga n k u r ik u lu m pada s e p u lu h t a h u n s e k a li. P e r u b a h a n a d a la h su a t u p ed om a n a ga r p r oses Dalam kait an n ya d en gan kom p e- yan g d ilaku kan p em er in t ah t er sebu t p e n d id ik a n s e s u a i d e n ga n t u ju a n t e n s i s u m b e r d a ya m a n u s ia , p e r a n b u k a n n ya t a n p a a la s a n d a n d a s a r . n a sion a l, ya n g b a ik b u r u kn ya su a t u p en d id ika n m en ja d i sem a kin b esa r P e r u b a h a n k u r ik u lu m t e r s e b u t d i- 22 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 Kepala PPPPTK Bahasa tampak sedang berfoto 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 bersama dalam acara International Leadership 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 Symposium di Bristol, Gloucestershire, 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 Inggris (6/7). 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 Para peserta diklat tingkat menengah guru bahasa Inggris tampak sedang sibuk mengikuti materi teknologi informasi (13/3) di laboratorium komputer PPPPTK Bahasa. Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 - 23 EKSPRESI 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 Para peserta diklat bahasa Jepang bagi calon 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 widyaiswara dan calon instruktur serius menyimak 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 paparan materi yang diberikan salah seorang 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 penatar dari The Japan Foundation (16/3). 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 Kepala PPPPTK Bahasa Dr. Muhammad Hatta, M.Ed dan Kepala Seksi Tata Laksana Penataran Drs. Abdul Rozak, M.Pd bersalaman dengan para peserta workshop tutor bahasa Inggris guru SD sistem jarak jauh kerja sama PPPPTK Bahasa dengan Pustekkom (11/5). EKSPRESI 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 Para peserta diklat membaca, menulis, dan 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 apresiasi sastra (MMAS) guru SD 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 menyempatkan diri berfoto bersama sastrawan 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 Taufik Ismail (15/5) usai mengikuti acara 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 pembukaan diklat. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 Tampak para peserta diklat tingkat dasar guru 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 bahasa Jerman SMA/MA sedang melakukan kerja 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 kelompok di dalam salah satu ruang kelas di 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 PPPPTK Bahasa (21/5). 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 24 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 Para peserta diklat pengembangan metodologi 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 pembelajaran bahasa Inggris bagi tutor PKBM berbasis 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 pondok pesantren kerja sama PPPPTK Bahasa dengan 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 Yayasan Kantata Research Indonesia berfoto bersama (26/5) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 usai mengikuti acara penutupan diklat. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 Dominique ROUBERT, salah seorang penatar pada diklat tingkat dasar bahasa PerancisSMA/ SMK/MA berdiskusi dengan peserta (5/6) dalam salah satu sesi kelas. Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 - 25 EKSPRESI 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 Ibu Ilham Nur Putri Hatta selaku ketua pengurus dharma 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 wanita PPPPTK Bahasa tengah membuka acara diskusi 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 dengan tema Manajemen Keluarga (8/6) dengan 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 pembicara Ibu Linda Agum Gumelar, Ibu Khofifah Indar 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 Parawansa, dan Ibu Linda Purnomo Puteh. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 Para peserta (28/6) tampak tengah mengikuti pemberian materi diklat tingkat dasar guru bahasa Mandarin SMA/MA/SMK oleh Wang Yanjun, salah seorang penatar dari Jinan University, Guangzhou, Cina. EKSPRESI 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 Kepala Bidang Pelayanan Teknis PPPPTK Bahasa 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 Dra. Haslinda Erlina tengah memberikan materi 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 kompetensi kepribadian kepada peserta diklat 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 tingkat menengah guru bahasa Indonesia SD dan 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 SMA (13/3) di ruang serba guna PPPPTK Bahasa. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 Para peserta diklat tingkat dasar guru bahasa Arab 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 SMA/MA berfoto bersama (11/3) di pelataran 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 LPMP Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 26 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 lan d asi oleh seju m lah p er t im ban gan sem en a -m en a t et a p i su d a h m ela lu i r ik u lu m a d a la h s e k a d a r a la t ya n g ya n g m e n gu n t u n gk a n . P e r u b a h a n p e r t im b a n ga n ya n g m a t a n g. t id a k b er ger a k I a t id a k b er ja la n se- k u r ik u lu m 19 8 4 m e n ja d i k u r ik u - Seb en a r n ya ku r iku lu m ya n g ka li ir in g d e n ga n k e m a ju a n k a r e n a d i- lu m 19 9 4 m isa ln ya , m elih a t t u n t u - p e r t a m a d igu n a k a n d a la n s is t e m u b a h oleh m a n u sia ya n g m em b u a t - t a n p er u b a h a n ja m a n d a n kea d a a n pen didikan di In don esia adalah kuri- n ya . Ole h k a r e n a it u , p e r u b a h a n m a s ya r a k a t saat it u , k h u s u s n ya ku lu m t a h u n 19 50 . Sela n ju t n ya ku - s e b u a h k u r ik u lu m d a la m s is t e m p er kem - r iku lu m t er s eb u t m en ga la m i b eb e- p en d id ika n m er u p a ka n su a t u keh a - ban gan ip t ek, sen i, kebu t u h an p em - rapa kali perubahan yaitu tahun 1958, r u san yan g tid ak d apat d itolak. Dan , b a n gu n a n , d a n gen ca r n ya a r u s glo- 19 6 4 , 19 9 4 , k e m b a r a k u r ik u lu m in i t id a k a k a n balisasi, ser t a evalu asi t er h ad ap p e- KBK, d a n seka r a n g KTSP . Oleh ka - p er n ah u sai selam a m asih ad a seko- la k s a n a a n k u r ik u lu m 19 8 4 . Se la n - r en a n ya , gu r u -gu r u ya n g m en ga ja r lah d i jagat p en d id ikan In d on esia. ju tn ya, m elalu i r aker n as Dikbu d d i- s e ja k s im p u lka n a d a n ya b e b e r a p a m a s a - sudah la h ya n g m e n d o r o n g d ia d a k a n n ya 19 6 8 p er u b a h a n ku r iku lu m . P er m a sa la h a n t er seb u t a d a la h seb a ga i b er iku t : t a h u n , k u r ik u lu m 19 8 4 ya n g b e r - dibawa oleh KTSP sam a dengan KBK; a . p e r lu n ya ya n g u m u r 10 t a h u n , k u r ik u lu m 19 9 4 h a n ya s a ja ke is t im e wa a n KTSP in i k u r ik u lu m ya n g b er u m u r 10 t a h u n , KBK ya n g a d a la h b a h wa gu r u , kep a la sekola h , m e s k ip u n h a n ya s e u m u r ja gu n g, d a n d in a s d ib er i kelelu a sa a n u n t u k m e n yu s u n k u r ik u lu m n ya s e n d ir i. ya n g b e r k a it a n d e n ga n m uatan p r o p o r s io n a l pada lo k a l m en d a t a n g (Ra ker n a s 19 8 6 ); b . p e r lu n ya p e n ge m b a n ga n 19 6 8 , tahun 19 75, 19 8 4 , 19 6 0 - a n t e n t u n ya Akan h aln ya d en gan KTSP, ku r i- k u r ik u lu m k u lu m in i p a d a h a k ik a t n ya a d a la h 7 tahun, h a s il p e n ye m p u r n a a n d a r i k u r ik u - k u r ik u lu m 19 75 ya n g b e r u m u r 9 lu m s e b e lu m n ya . Se m a n ga t ya n g m e la k s a n a k a n ya n g ber u m u r p o la d a n b elu m ja d i d isa h ka n , d a n ya n g p en d id ikan d asar sem bilan t ah u n saat in i bar u saja ber laku yaitu KBK ( Ra ker n a s 19 8 7) ; ya n g m a sih m em a su ki u sia d in i. H a l in i t e n t u s a ja b e r im p lik a s i ju ga pada kebebasan p e m ilih a n c . p er lu n ya p er in t isa n wa jib b ela ja r Per u b a h a n ku r iku lu m ya n g d ila - bu ku ajar d an kebebasan d alam m e- sem bilan t ah u n (Raker n as 19 8 8 ); ku ka n d a la m ja n gka wa kt u d ela p a n m a s u k k a n m u a t a n n ila i- n ila i ya n g m ater i at au sep u lu h t ah u n seben ar n ya m e- b er s ifa t kh a s d a r i d a er a h t er t en t u . pelajaran P4, PMP, dan PSPB serta r u p a ka n sa t u p er u b a h a n ya n g la m - Da n p e r ja la n a n KTSP b a r u s a ja p e n in gk a t a n k e m a m p u a n d a s a r ban . Selam a sep u lu h t ah u n p er kem - d im u la i ka r en a ku r iku lu m in i b a r u b a ca - t u lis - b e r h it u n g b a n ga n ilm u a ka n leb ih cep a t d a r i- d ila k s a n a k a n p a d a t a h u n a ja r a n p a d a p er kem b a n ga n d a n p er u b a h a n 20 0 6/ 20 0 7 k u r ik u lu m it u s e n d ir i. H a l it u k a - tah u n 20 10 akan d iber laku kan seca- r e n a ke m a ju a n ilm u d a n t e kn o lo gi r a n a s io n a l. Da n k e m b a r a k u r ik u - ber jalan san gat cep at sem en tar a ku - lu m in i belu m akan u sai, p er jalan an d . p e r lu n ya pem ben ah an di SD (Ra ker n a s 19 8 7 d a n 19 9 0 ); e . p e r lu n ya p e la ja r a n pem ben ah an bah asa, m ater i I P A, dan Met em a t ika (Ra ker n a s 19 8 9 ). De n ga n d e m ik ia n , p e r u b a h a n dan d ir e n ca n a k a n baru saja dim ulai dari stasiun pem be- ku r iku lu m t er seb u t t id a k d ila ku ka n r a n gk a t a n . [E ] sambungan dari hal. 20 h in gga m e m u n cu lk a n id e k it a s e b a ga i p e n ga ja r Pen d id ikan Ban d u n g. Un tu k itu , m ar ilah kita ber besar h ati b a h a s a . Ap a la h a r t in ya b a h a s a jik a t a n p a wa h a n a . u n t u k m e n u lis a ga r k e le m a h a n d a la m b e r b a h a s a k it a Se la m a in i k it a s u d a h m e n ge n a l b u k u , m a ja la h , sedikit dem i sedikit dapat diperbaiki. Den gan blog kita tidak k o r a n ; d a n s e k a r a n g s a a t n ya blog m e m p e r k a ya p e r lu k h a wa t ir t u lis a n k it a m a s u k m e s in p e n gh a n cu r wa h a n a eks p r es i b er b a h a s a . Sela in it u , jika s ela m a ker t a s, ka r en a set ia p t u lisa n a d a la h u n ik. Kit a tid ak akan in i k it a m e n gir im k a n t u lis a n p a d a b e r b a ga i m e d ia m ereproduksi secara sam a persis den gan apa yan g kita tulis un tuk dipublikasikan , sekaran g kita m en jadi publisher kem a r in . Ma r i m em b u a t b log! [E] u n t u k t u lisa n kit a sen d ir i. Men u lis a d a la h m em b u ka Bah asa, Dr . Syih abu ddin , yan g ju ga dosen Un iver sitas www.b lo gge r .co m . Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 - 27 EKSPRESI B a h a n r u ju k a n k e le m a h a n k it a p a d a p u b lik , it u la h k a lim a t ya n g h t t p : / / m u lt ip ly.co m . d ilon t a r ka n oleh m a n t a n kon su lt a n b a h a sa P P P P TK h t t p :/ / wor d p r ess.com . Artikel Pembelajaran, Pemelajaran, dan Pengajaran Junaiyah H.Matanggui Peminat Bahasa Indonesia A khir-akhir ini kata pembelajaran, pemelajaran, dan pengajaran sering digunakan tidak hanya di bidang pendidikan, tetapi juga di bidang lain. Namun, pemakaiannya sering salah karena pemakai bahasa belum memahami benar makna ketiga kata itu. Pembelajaran b er ka it a n b en t u k Pemelajaran b er ka it a n b en t u k d a n d a n m a k n a n ya d e n ga n k a t a k e r ja m akn an ya d en gan kat a ker ja m em - d e n ga n mempelajari m em b ela ja r ka n . Pembelajaran b er - pelajar i. Pemelajaran bahasa ber ar ti Met od e p em ela ja r a n d igu n a ka n a r t i ‘p r o s e s , p e r b u a t a n , a t a u ca r a ‘p r oses, p er b u a t a n , a t a u ca r a m em - oleh pemelajar (or an g yan g m em - membelajarkan’ atau car a m en jad i- p ela ja r i b a h a sa .’ p e la ja r i s e s u a t u ) u n t u k m e m a - kan belajar ’. Pembelajaran dapat di- Pengajaran berkaitan ben tuk dan bahasa. ju k a n d ir in ya . a n a logika n d en ga n pemberdayaan, m a kn a n ya d en ga n ka t a ker ja m en g- yan g ber ar ti ‘pr oses, per buatan , atau ajar kan . Pengajaran ber ar t i ‘p r oses, ca r a m em b er d a ya ka n ’ d a n pember- p er b u a t a n , a t a u ca r a m en ga ja r ka n .’ d e n ga n hentian yan g berarti ‘proses, perbuat- Pengajaran bahasa b er a r t i ‘p r oses, M e t o d e p e n ga ja r a n d igu n a k a n a n , a t a u ca r a m e m b e r h e n t ik a n ’. p e r b u a t a n , a t a u ca r a m e n ga ja r k a n oleh pengajar (guru) un tuk m en g- Memberdayakan b e r a r t i ‘m e n ja d i- b a h a s a ’. a ja r i m u r id n ya . ka n b er d a ya ’, sed a n gka n member- Metode pengajaran bahasa berarti hentikan b e r a r t i ‘m e n ja d ik a n b e r - ‘m e t o d e u n t u k m e n ga ja r k a n b a h a - h e n t i’. sa.’ Metode itu digun akan oleh pen g- c. Pengajaran bahasa b e r k a it a n mengajarkan bahasa. d . ‘Ya n g b e la ja r ' d is e b u t p e la ja r (student). Pembelajaran bahasa m erupakan a ja r ( gu r u ) . Metode pemelajaran s es u a t u ya n g t id a k m a s u k a ka l ka - bahasa berarti ‘m etode un tuk m em - r en a m a kn a n ya ‘p r oses, p er b u a t a n , p elajar i bah asa.’ Met od e it u d igu n a- p e m e la ja r a t a u ca r a m e m b e la ja r k a n b a h a s a k a n o le h pemelajar m em p elajar i’ d isebu t p em elajar - a t a u ca r a m e n ja d ik a n b a h a s a b e - m em p elajar i). Metode pembelajaran lajar ’. Yan g logis adalah pembelajar- siswa digunakan oleh pembelajar un - an siswa ‘p r o s e s , p e r b u a t a n , a t a u t u k m en ja d ika n or a n g la in b ela ja r . ca r a EKSPRESI b . Pemelajaran bahasa b e r k a it a n m e n ja d ik a n s is wa b e la ja r ’. e. ( o r a n g ya n g P er h a t ika n r in gka sa n b er iku t . ‘Ya n g m e m p e la ja r i’ d is e b u t ( learner) ; ‘p r o s e s an (learning). f. ‘Yang m engajar’ disebut pengajar (teacher) ; ‘p r o s e s m e n ga ja r ’ Ben t u k it u seja la n d en ga n pember- a . Pembelajaran siswa b e r k a it a n dayaan perempuan, ya n g b e r a r t i den gan menjadikan siswa belajar. ‘p r oses, p er b u a t a n , a t a u ca r a m en - Met od e p em b ela ja r a n d igu n a ka n ja d ika n p er em p u a n b er d a ya ’. oleh p em b ela ja r u n t u k m en ja d i- b e la ja r ’ d is e b u t ka n m u r id b ela ja r . ‘p r oses m em b ela ja r ka n ’ d iseb u t Pemelajaran ber ar ti ‘p r o s e s , p er b u a t a n , a t a u ca r a m em p ela ja r i.’ 28 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 d isebu t p en gajar an (teaching). g. ‘Ya n g m e n ja d ik a n o r a n g la in pembelajaran. [E] pembelajar; Artikel Kodrat Bahasa: Beberapa Karakteristik yang Inheren padanya Gunawan Widiyanto Staf Jurusan Bahasa Inggris PPPPTK Bahasa Jakarta La t a r Ka r a k t e r i s t i k B a h a s a Se t a k a t k in i d a la m m e n ga r u n gi Ka r a k t e r is t ik per tam a b a n g d a r i t it ik a s a l ( m u lu t ) d a la m ten tan g s e m u a a r a h . Se b a ga i co n t o h , s e s e - b a h t er a keh id u p a n in i, p a d a d a sa r - b a h a sa a d a la h b a h wa b a h a sa m er u - or an g d ap at ber d ir i d i t en gah su at u n ya t id a k b is a d im u n gk ir i b a h wa p a k a n je n is k o m u n ik a s i ya n g b e r - r u a n ga n d a n s u a r a n ya d a p a t d id e - m a n u s ia s e n a n t ia s a b e r a d a d a la m sifa t voka l, d a la m a r t i b a h wa ia d i- n gar oleh setiap oran g tatkala ia ber- ge n gga m a n b a h a s a . E d wa r d Sa p ir , r asakan d en gan car a m en d en gar n ya b ica r a cu k u p k e r a s . N a m u n , p e n - a n t r o p o lo g ya n g t e r s o h o r d e n ga n d a n ia d ib u n yika n d en ga n m en ggu - d en gar m en d en gar kan bu n yi sep er t i r e la t ivit a s b a h a s a n ya , m e n ya t a k a n n a ka n o r ga n wica r a m u lu t . M e s ki- ber asal dar i ar ah ter ten tu dan ter asa b a h wa m a n u s ia it u b e r a d a d a la m p u n d em ikian , m an akala d iban d in g- le b ih b e la s k a s ih a n b a h a s a . P e r n ya t a a n kan d en gan bah asa tu lis d an bah asa ya n g b e r a s a l d a r i a r a h d e p a n n ya t e r s e b u t m e n gin d ik a s ik a n b a h wa t a n d a , a d a p er kecu a lia n d a la m h a l d a r ip a d a d a r i a r a h b ela ka n gn ya . b e t a p a s u n ggu h s ign ifik a n p e r a n k e d u a n ya ; ya k n i b a h wa k e d u a n ya Ka r a k t e r is t ik k e t iga m e n ge n a i ya n g d im a in ka n b a h a sa d a n b et a p a m er u p a ka n con t oh sa lu r a n kom u n i- b a h a sa a d a la h b a h wa t a n d a b a h a sa su n ggu h b er a t b eb a n ya n g d ip iku l- kasi m an u al-visu al. Akan t et ap i, se- tidak dapat berlan gsun g lam a sepan - n ya d e m i m e n ja m in ke s in a m b u n g- b a gia n b esa r b a h a sa m a n u sia d igu - jan g m asa. Ben tuk gelom ban g ujaran a n d a n h a r m o n i k e h id u p a n gu yu p n akan vo k a l- d a p a t m en gh ila n g b egit u cep a t d a n m a n u sia . a u d it o r is s e b a ga i ca r a u n gk a p a n t id a k d a p a t la gi d id e n ga r s e t e la h m e la lu i s a lu r a n b a ik m e n d e n ga r k a n b u n yi Seca r a gen er ik, su d a h ja m a k d i- yan g m en dasar . Bah asa tu lis ber sifat m en gh ila n g. Seb a ga i con t oh , m a n a - a ku i b a h wa d en ga n p er a n t i b a h a sa - seku n d er d an m er u p akan ben tu k ka la seseor a n g m en gu ca p ka n “h a i’, la h m a n u s ia b e r k o m u n ik a s i d a n ya n g a ga k m a r jin a l; sed a n gka n b a - t id a k la h m u n gk in b a gin ya u n t u k berin teraksi. Secara spesifik, den gan - h asa tan d a begitu ter batas p em akai- m en yu r u h m it r a wica r a n ya m en d e- n ya la h p u la m a n u s ia d a p a t b e n a r - a n n ya , d a la m a r t i b a h wa ia d igu n a - n ga r k a n s a p a a n it u b e b e r a p a ja m ben ar per asaan k a n d i a n t a r a o r a n g- o r a n g t u n a - k e m u d ia n . Tu lis a n d a n r e k a m a n d an p ikir an n ya. Man akala seseor an g r u n gu ya n g t e r b a t a s k e m a m p u a n - au d io d ap at d igu n akan u n t u k m er e- dapat n ya u n t u k m e n ggu n a k a n b a gia n k a m b a h a s a m a n u s ia s e h in gga ia d a n p ik ir a n n ya d e n ga n b a h a s a , ia a u d it o r is d ap at d icip t a kem bali beber ap a saat akan a u d it or is. m e n gu n gk a p k a n m e n gu n gk a p k a n m er asa le ga per asaan ( R a h a r d i, 2 0 0 6 :9 ) . P e r t a n ya a n n ya , a p a ya n g dari s a lu r a n vo k a l- k e m u d ia n , b a ik d e n ga n m e m b a ca Ka r a k t e r is t ik ked u a a d a la h b en t u k t er t u lisn ya m a u p u n d en ga n m e n ja d i k a r a k t e r is t ik b a h a s a s e - b a h wa t a n d a b a h a sa d ikir im ka n ke h in gga ia d a p a t m em b u a t m a n u s ia s e ga la ter batas, Ka r a k t e r is t ik k e e m p a t a d a la h begitu ber gan tu n g p ad an ya? Tu lisan sed a n gka n ia d ir a sa ka n d a la m a r a h b a h wa p en u t u r b a h a s a d a p a t m en - sin gkat in i bertali-tem ali dan len gket ya n g t e r b a t a s . d e n ga r k a n d ir in ya s e n d ir i, d a p a t er a t d en ga n ka r a kt er ist ik it u . b u n yi arah tak Ba gi b a h a s a t u lis , kekal s e b a ga im a n a b e n t u k ge lo m b a n g ya n g m e n ge m - m em an tau dan m e n ge n d a lik a n p er for m a n si a t a u t a m p ila n b a h a sa Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 - 29 EKSPRESI b is a ya n g m e m u t a r r e k a m a n a u d io n ya . n ya . H a l in i t en t u b er b ed a d en ga n b e n d a it u s e b e n a r n ya t id a k la gi d ila fa lk a n s e p e r t i b u n yi ya n g d i- sistem kom u n ikasi yan g lain , seper ti m e m e n u h i s ya r a t u n t u k n a m a it u . a cu n ya . r a m b u - r a m b u la lu lin t a s . Sis t e m Se b a ga i co n t o h a d a la h k a t a kursi. san gatlah lon ggar sifatn ya d an tid ak kom u n ikasi in i t id ak d ap at m em an - Begit u kit a m en gu a sa i kon sep ya n g sen a n t ia sa b er la ku d i d a la m sem u a t a u fu n gs in ya s e n d ir i. M is a ln ya , d iwa k ili o le h b e n d a it u , m a n a k a la b a h a s a . M is a ln ya , s e e k o r a n jin g n yala lam p u m er ah tid ak bisa m em - k it a m e lih a t k u r s i ya n g k a k in ya ya n g b e t u l- b e t u l b e r u ca p “b a r k ” b e r it a h u p a d a d ir in ya k a p a n b o la p atah satu kita akan tetap m en am a- t en t u su n ggu h m en geju t ka n . P a d a - la m p u n ya m a t i. k a n n ya k u r s i. h a l, seekor a n jin g Sp a n yol b er u ca p k e m ir ip a n it u a d a la h Ka r a k t e r is t ik k e t u ju h t e n t a n g “gu a u ”. J a d i, ka t a -ka t a on om a t op is b a h wa or ga n p en gh a sil wica r a p a d a b a h a s a a d a la h b a h wa r ela s i a n t a r a d alam beber apa h al ber sifat sem en a. d asar n ya d isesu aikan d en gan t u gas- ob jek d a n ka t a n ya su n ggu h b er sifa t Ka r a kt er ist ik ked ela p a n m en ge- n ya . Or ga n wica r a s e p e r t i b ib ir , sem en a a t a u m a n a su ka (arbitrary), n a i b a h a s a a d a la h b a h wa b a h a s a lid a h , d a n k e r o n gk o n ga n t e la h d i- d a la m a r t i b a h wa t id a k a d a ket er - d a p a t d igu n a k a n u n t u k m e m b in - s p e s ia lis a s i le b ih s e b a ga i p e r a n t i k a it a n ya n g p e r lu a n t a r a b e n t u k can gkan h al-h al yan g bu kan saat in i wica r a s e b a ga i t a n d a d a n b e n d a ya n g d ia cu a t a u (present) baik secara spasial (dim en si p e r a n t i m a k a n , s e b a ga im a n a ya n g o b je k d e n ga n k a t a ya n g m e wa k ili- r u a n g) m a u p u n t e m p o r a l ( d im e n s i b ia s a d iju m p a i d a la m o r ga n b in a n ya. Sebagai con toh, tidak ada alasan wa kt u ). Misa ln ya , b a h a sa m em b er i tan g. Seekor an jin g m isaln ya, secar a m e n ga p a s e je n is b in a t a n g b e r k a k i k e le lu a s a a n fisis tidak dapat m en ghasilkan sem ua em p a t ya n g m en yer u p a i d a n m em i- u n t u k m e m b ica r a k a n b a ik m a s a b u n yi u ja r a n seb a ga im a n a ya n g d i- liki sifa t -sifa t a n jin g m est i d iseb u t la lu ( the past) , m a s a d e p a n ( the h a s ilka n m a n u s ia , ka r en a m em a n g dog dan bukan chien atau perro atau future), m au p u n saat in i. Selain it u , ia m e n ga la m i k e k u r a n ga n o r ga n anjing ( k a t a ‘d o g’ d ip a k a i d a la m p e n u t u r d a p a t b e r b in ca n g t e n t a n g kh u su s ya n g d ip er lu ka n . sem u a h a l- h a l Ka r a k t e r is t ik d a r ip a d a k e lim a h a n ya b a h a s a ) . De m ik ia n p u la , kep ad a ya n g p e n u t u r n ya s e ca r a fis is ja u h a d a la h tidak ada alasan m en gapa suatu per- ja r a k n ya ( b u la n , b in t a n g) . Ba h k a n b a h wa b a h a sa it u m em iliki sem a n - b u a t a n d in a m a k a n makan. M a n a - s e o r a n g p e n u t u r d a p a t m e n ga cu t is it a s . I n i b e r m a kn a b a h wa t a n d a k a la a d a k e t e r k a it a n , ia h a n ya la h p ad a h al d an kejad ian yan g sebetu l- ya n g s p e s ifik d a p a t d is e s u a ik a n m er u p akan kon ven si d an p er set u ju - n ya t id a k a d a , d a la m a r t i b a h wa ia d e n ga n m a k n a ya n g s p e s ifik p u la . a n d i a n t a r a p e m a k a i b a h a s a it u . t id a k H a l in i m e r u p a k a n a s p e k fu n d a - Ka r en a it u la h , or a n g I n ggr is m en a - Sen ada den gan hal in i, Dardjowidjojo m en t a l d a la m sem u a sist em kom u - m a k a n n ya dog d a n eat s e d a n gk a n ( 2 0 0 5: 12 - 3 ) m e n ya t a k a n b a h wa n ika si. Da la m b a h a sa P r a n cis, ka t a or an g sel m is a ln ya , b e r m a kn a za t kr is t a l ( Da r d jo wid jo jo , 2 0 0 5: 15) . Co n t o h m en gu n gkap kan situ asi atau p er isti- pu tih yan g m en gan d u n g sod iu m d an la in , seku n t u m m a wa r b isa d iseb u t wa ya n g s u d a h la m p a u a t a u ya n g k lo r in . Za t ya n g s a m a s e s u a i p u la Ka r a k t e r is t ik keen am J a wa asu dan mangan bah asa h a d ir dapat d a la m r e a lit a s n ya . d igu n a k a n untuk sorp dan berbau harum . Bahasa yan g b e lu m t e r ja d i d a n b a h k a n u n t u k kata b er b ed a m en yeb u t ob jek ya n g sa m a s e s u a t u ya n g d ib a ya n gk a n . Se la n - I n d o n e s ia garam, d a n k a t a J a wa uyah. d e n ga n kata I n ggr is salt, d e n ga n n a m a ya n g b e r b e d a . Ka t a ju t n ya d in ya t a k a n b a h wa s t r u k t u r ya n g m e n ja d i In ggr is rose bisa m en jad i rose p u la b a h a s a m e m u n gk in k a n k it a u n t u k bah asa-bah asa Sia p a p u n ter sebu t dalam bah asa Pran cis, tetapi ia m en - b e r b ica r a t e n t a n g p e r is t iwa ya n g a k a n m e n ge n a li b a h wa t a n d a sel, jadi bara d alam bah asa J epan g d an t er ja d i kem a r in a t a u b a h ka n r a t u s- salt, garam atau uyah m en gacu pada warda d alam bah asa Ar ab. a n t a h u n ya n g la lu . pen u tu r za t sod iu m klor id a . Da r d jowid jojo EKSPRESI Nam un , P e r lu p u la d in ya t a k a n b a h wa o n o m a t o p is Ka r a kt er ist ik kesem b ila n a d a la h ( 2 0 0 5: 15- 6 ) m e m ilik i p e n je la s a n kata-kata seper ti b a h wa b a h a sa it u m em iliki p r od u k- ya n g b er b ed a t en t a n g s em a n t is it a s “m e o w” o r “b a r k ” s e r in g d ik u t ip t ivit a s , d a la m a r t i b a h wa ia m e m - bah asa. suatu s e b a ga i co n t o h - co n t o h t a n d in ga n ber i kelelu asaan kep ad a p en u t u r n ya n am a diberikan , ia akan selalu m eru- (counter-examples), yan g didasarkan u n t u k m e n cip t a k a n juk pada kon sep ben da itu, m eskipun p a d a a la s a n b a h wa m a s in g- m a s in g ya n g Ba gin ya , b e git u 30 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 b e lu m u ja r a n per n ah baru d id e n ga r seb elu m n ya , ya n g or a n g la in m a sih Nam un , s e t e la h / b/ d iga b u n g tam p ak d ar i con toh kalim at ber iku t. t e t a p d a p a t m e m a h a m in ya . Be r - d en ga n / i/ d a n kem u d ia n / g/ , t er - Pasangan suami istri itu membeli k e n a a n d e n ga n p r o d u k t ivit a s in i, b en t u kla h ka t a / b ig/ . rumah yang dimiliki oleh orang yang Kr id a la ksa n a (2 0 0 5:4 ) m en ya t a ka n Kar akter istik kesebelas m en gen ai bekerja di kantor yang terletak di b a h wa s e b a ga i s is t e m d a r i u n s u r - bah asa ad alah bah wa bah asa bu kan - samping toko yang menjual pakaian u n s u r ya n g ju m la h n ya t e r b a t a s , lah sesu atu yan g d ibawa sejak lah ir . yang dibuat dari sutra yang.. b a h a s a d a p a t d ip a k a i s e ca r a t a k Ke n d a t ip u n d ila h ir k a n Kar akt er ist ik ket igabelas t en t an g t e r b a t a s o le h p e m a k a in ya . Ba h a s a d e n ga n k e m a m p u a n b e r b a h a s a , ia b a h a s a a d a la h b a h wa b a h a s a it u In d on esia m isaln ya, m em iliki fon em h a r u s m e m p e la ja r i a t a u m e m p e r - bergan tun g pada struktur (structure- ku r an g d ar i 30 , tetapi m em iliki kata o le h b a h a s a p e r t a m a n ya d a r i p e - dependence) d a n t e r k e n d a li o le h lebih d ar i 8 0 .0 0 0 yan g m en gan d u n g n utur lain . Berken aan den gan hal in i, a t u r a n ( rule-governed) . R e n t e t a n fo n e m - fo n e m it u . De n ga n fo n e m - Dar d jowid jojo (20 0 5:14-5) m en yata- ka t a d a la m seb u a h ka lim a t t id a kla h fon em it u , m a sih m u n gkin d icip t a - k a n b a h wa b a h a s a it u d ip e r o le h t er su su n seca r a a ca k t et a p i b er ga n - kan kat a-kat a bar u . Lebih lan ju t d i- secar a t u r u n -t em u r u n d an gen er asi- tu n g satu sam a lain secar a ber kelin - n ya t a k a n b a h wa d a r i s u d u t p e r t u - on al. Sebagai con toh , an ak Bali yan g d a n (integrated). Ren t et a n ka t a it u turan, h a n ya d ila h ir k a n d a n d ib e s a r k a n d a la m t id a k h a n ya m en a m p a kka n lin ea r i- k a lim a t , kelu a r ga Ba li d i Ba li a ka n m em p er - t as, t et ap i ju ga m em ben t u k st r u kt u r ya k n i p e r n ya t a a n , p e r t a n ya a n , p e - oleh bahasa Bali. Akan tetapi, bahasa ya n g r in tah , kein gin an , dan ser u an ; tetapi m an a yan g d ip er oleh oleh an ak ber - 20 0 5:8 -9 ). Dalam kalim at Pembica- d e n ga n k e lim a t ip e it u , k it a d a p a t ga n t u n g p a d a m a su ka n d a r i m a sya - ra itu sedang membincangkan situasi m e n yu s u n k a lim a t I n d o n e s ia ya n g r a k a t t e m p a t a n a k in i t in gga l. Se - politik, m is a ln ya ; Pembicara itu ju m la h n ya r ib u a n b a h k a n ju t a a n . o r a n g a n a k ya n g la h ir d i M a la ys ia m e r u p a ka n s a t u u n it ( ko n s t it u e n ) , Ka r a kt er ist ik kesep u lu h t en t a n g d a n b e r ga u l d e n ga n m a s ya r a k a t sedang m e r u p a k a n s a t u u n it la in - b a h a s a a d a la h b a h wa b a h a s a m e - Ma la ysia a ka n m em p er oleh b a h a sa nya, dan membicarakan situasi politik m iliki d u alitas p em olaan , d alam ar ti Mela yu (Ma la ysia ) m eskip u n or a n g m er u p akan satu u n it p u la. Tiap -tiap b a h wa b a gia n -b a gia n ya n g b er la in - t u a n ya b er a s a l d a r i J a wa . Seb a lik- u n it it u b isa d iu r a ika n la gi m en ja d i an dar i suatu bah asa dapat dikom bi- n ya , a n a k d a r i a ya h d a n ib u Ba li k o n s t it u e n ya n g le b ih k e cil, ya k n i n a s i u la n g s eca r a s is t em a t is u n t u k ya n g la h ir d i Sle m a n d a n b e r b a u r bah wa pembicara itu d iu r ai m en jad i m e n cip t a k a n b e n t u k - b e n t u k b a r u . d en ga n m a sya r a ka t Yogya ka r t a ke- pembicara d a n itu, membicarakan Ga ga s a n in i m ir ip d en ga n p r od u k- m u n gkin a n b esa r a ka n m em p er oleh situasi politik b is a d iu r a i m e n ja d i t ivit as bah asa. Akan t et ap i, p r od u k- b a h a s a J a wa . membicarakan d a n situasi politik, bah asa m e m p u n ya i I n d o n e s ia lim a t ip e t ivit a s m e n ga cu p a d a k e m a m p u a n ( generate) m a n u s ia Kar akt er ist ik ked u abelas t en t an g h ie r a r k is ( Da r d jo wid jo jo , sed an gkan situasi politik bisa d iu r ai m akn a b a h a s a a d a la h b a h wa b a h a s a it u bar u , sed an gkan d u alit as p em olaan k r e a t if d a la m a r t i b a h wa s t r u k t u r Ka r a kt er ist ik keem p a t b ela s m e- m e n ga cu b a h a sa m em u n gkin ka n p em a ka in ya n gen ai bah asa ad alah bah wa bah asa n go m b in a s i u la n g u n it - u n it k e cil untuk s e la m a it u b e r d wim u k a d a la m a r t i b a h wa d a la m t a t a u r u t a n ya n g b e r b e d a . k a id a h - k a id a h d iik u t i. ia m e m ilik i s t r u k t u r ga n d a , ya k n i Fon em d a n h u r u f m em a n g t a k m e- Da la m s e b u a h k a lim a t ya n g b e r - struktur lahir (surface structure) dan m ilik i k e d u a n ya a k h ir d e n ga n n o m in a , m is a ln ya , str u ktu r b e r ga b u n g m e m b e n t u k k a t a ya n g k it a s e la lu d a p a t m e n a m b a h a n a k ( Da r d jo wid jo jo , 2 0 0 5: 13 ) . Ke d wi- m e m ilik i Sin gk a t n ya , k a lim a t r e la t if, d a n a p a b ila a n a k m u k a a n in ila h ya n g m e m u n gk in - s e b e t u ln ya k a lim a t r e la t if it u ju ga b e r a k h ir kan satuan (ben tuk) lin gual m em ili- t id ak ber m akn a d an bar u ber m akn a d e n ga n n o m in a , k it a m a s ih d a p a t k i k e t a k s a a n m a k n a ( ambiguity) . s e t e la h m elu a s ka n n ya s a m p a i m em or i kit a Dalam kalim at The chicken is ready m e n gh a s ilk a n pada m akn a kem am p u an tetapi m akn a. b u n yi- b u n yi d iga b u n gk a n . Bu n yi- m e m a n ip u la s in ya ter ten tu b u n yi / b / , / i/ , / g/ t id a k b er m a kn a m e m b a t a s in ya m an akala ia ter pisah satu sam a lain . 2 0 0 5: 11- 2 ) . Kr e a t ifit a s b a h a s a it u b a t in ( deep structure) ( Da r d jo wid jo jo , bersambung ke hal. 38 Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 - 31 EKSPRESI ia bah asa m e- m en jadi situasi dan politik. Artikel Diglosia dan Kesantunan Berbahasa Ahmad Ghozi Widyaiswara Bahasa Arab PPPPTK Bahasa Jakarta A. La t a r n ya d i J akar t a d an sekit ar n ya) saat ya n g m e n go m b in a s ik a n Ka t a ’s a n t u n ’ a d a la h k a t a ya n g in i su d ah tid ak can ggu n g lagi u n tu k p e r a s a a n , d a n b u d a ya d a la m s e - d is u k a i o r a n g k e t ik a m e n d e n ga r - m en gu n gka p ka n ka t a (m a a f) perek b u a h for m a si b a h a sa ya n g kr ea t if. n ya . N a m u n , m a s ih b a n ya k o r a n g u n t u k P SK a t a u p e la cu r . P a d a h a l, P a d a h a l, sa la h sa t u fa kt or ya n g ya n g b e lu m m e n ge t a h u i h a k ik a t 10 a t a u 15 t a h u n la lu ka t a -ka t a it u sa n ga t m en en t u ka n p r oses p elest a - m a kn a ka t a in i; wa la u p u n b ila d i- a m a t ja r a n g d id en ga r ka r en a ia d i- r ia n wa r isa n b er b u d a ya d a n b er b a - t a n ya ber bah asa a n gga p t a b u d a n p e m a k a i b a h a s a h a s a s a n t u n a d a la h p e n d id ik a n . seca r a sa n t u n , ja wa b n ya p okokn ya m e r a s a s u n gk a n u n t u k m e n gu n g- An a k p e r lu saya ngerti lah . kap kan n ya. H al in i belu m ter m asu k d en gan kebiasaan ber bah asa secar a b a ga im a n a k a h EKSPRESI Lat ar belakan g p en u lisan ar t ikel d id id ik d a n p ik ir a n , d ib in a m e d ia m a s s a d a n e le k t r o n ik ya n g s a n t u n . Bila d ib ia r k a n s a ja s a a t in i a d a la h m a r a k n ya fe n o m e n a d i m e m a in k a n s a n ga t b e s a r m er eka m en ggu n a ka n b a h a sa ya n g k a la n ga n m a s ya r a k a t , b a ik a n a k - d a la m m e m e n ga r u h i k e s a n t u n a n t id a k s a n t u n ( a p a la gi d i s e k o la h ) , a n a k, d a n r em a ja d i s ekola h m a u - ber bah asa H a m p ir s e la n ju t n ya a k a n la h ir ge n e r a s i p u n d i lu a r s e k o la h , o r a n g t u a , s e t ia p h a r i s e ja k b e r gu lir n ya e r a yan g ar ogan , kasar , d an ker in g d ar i b a h k a n gu r u ya n g k u r a n g s a n t u n r e fo r m a s i n ilai-n ilai etika dan agam a. Bila m a- d a n s o p a n d a la m b e r b a h a s a s a a t t id a k b er kom u n ika s i d en ga n or a n g la in . ka t a -ka t a d a n u n gka p a n -u n gka p a n untuk Be la k a n ga n per an m a s ya r a k a t . ya n g m e n ga k ib a t k a n t e r k e n d a lin ya kebebasan , sya r a ka t su d a h t id a k la gi b er u sa h a s e la lu ber bah asa s e ca r a in i m u n cu l is t ila h - vu lga r a t a u ka s a r d a n m et a for a d i sa n t u n , t u ju a n p en d id ika n t er seb u t ist ilah bar u yan g ban yak d igu n akan m ed ia m a ssa m en ga la m i in t en sit a s m a sih ja u h p a n gga n g d a r i a p i. d a la m m a s ya r a k a t , b a h k a n a n a k - t in ggi. Ba h k a n d a la m s a t u b u la n a n a k s e k a lip u n , m is a ln ya jablai s a ja —Agu s t u s t iga d ar i u p aya m en gen al secar a sin gkat (sin gkat an d ar i jar an g d ibelai) yan g m ed ia m assa n asion al (Kom p as d an su atu kajian d alam lin gu istik, yakn i d it u ju k a n u n t u k k a la n ga n wa n it a J a wa P o s ) d a n d a e r a h ( Su r ya ) , d iglosia d an r efleksi atas u n gkapan - ya n g suka menggoda atau digoda, t e r d a p a t 3 6 6 k o s a k a t a vu lga r d a n u n gk a p a n h in gga m e n ja d i s e b u a h h it s la gu m et a for a d a la m b er b a ga i ka t egor i: a t a s a ga r k it a d a p a t m e m a h a m i ya n g d in ya n yika n Tit i Ka m a l, d a n kon ven sion al, sin on im is, p olisem is, b a ga im a n a b er b a h a s a ya n g s a n t u n kat a kucing garong yan g d it u ju kan k o n t e k s t u a l, t e r je m a h a n , r e s a p a n , d e n ga n 2 0 0 3 —d a r i Tu lis a n in i m e r u p a k a n b a gia n d a la m m e lih a t m a s ya r a k a t d i p r in s ip - p r in s ip u n t u k m a kn a laki-laki yang buas. d a n s e b a ga in ya . Se b a ga i co n t o h , kesan tu n an I s t ila h - is t ila h in i m u n cu l k a r e n a kat a vu lgar ’pantat’ t er d ap at d alam b er b a ga i su m b er . a d a n ya p e r ge s e r a n n ila i d i t e n ga h ka lim a t ’p a n t a t I n u l a d a la h wa ja h m a s ya r a k a t ya n g d is e b a b k a n p e - k it a s e m u a ’ ( Su t r is n o , 2 0 0 5: 2 8 ) . B . La n d a s a n Te o ri n garuh budaya dan kebiasaan . Seba- M e t a fo r a pr oses Ba h a sa m en u r u t p r in sip n ya a d a la h gian m asyar akat In d on esia (kh u su s- p e n ge t a h u a n e vo lu s io n e r m a k n a d im a n a k it a m e n ga t u r k e - 32 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 a d a la h sebu ah s e ca r a ber bah asa m e la lu i h id u p a n s o s ia l ( Kr a m s ch ,2 0 0 1: 3 ) . ad alah p er soalan p en ggu n aan salah ya n g leb ih t in ggi. Va r ia s i t er s eb u t Ke t ik a b a h a s a d igu n a k a n d a la m s a t u d a r i d u a d ia le k d a la m s a t u dipelajari dan digun akan secara luas k o m u n ik a s i, b a h a s a d ib a t a s i o le h b a h a sa , b u ka n a n t a r a d u a b a h a sa . d a la m p en d id ika n for m a l (seb a gia n b u d a ya d a la m ca r a - ca r a ya n g b er - C. D iglo s ia b e s a r t u lis a n ) d a n p e m b ica r a a n lipat gan d a d an kom pleks. Akh ir n ya Diglo s ia b e r a s a l d a r i d u a k a t a , di fo r m a l, n a m u n t id a k d igu n a k a n b a h a s a a d a la h s is t e m t a n d a ya n g ya n g b er a r t i d u a d a n glossia ya n g d alam bah asa seh ar i-h ar i. Pem akai- t e r lih a t n ila i ber ar t i bah asa. Diglossia is a socio- an bahasa resm i atau form al bisa di- b u d a ya n ya . J a d i, p e n u t u r m e n gi- linguistic term used to denote a state ja d ik a n s a t u in d ik a t o r t e r h a d a p d en t ifika si d ir in ya d a n la wa n b ica - of language situation in a s p e s i f i c t in ggi- r e n d a h n ya ya n g m er u p akan status bah asa r a n ya m e la lu i p e n ggu - t e r s e b u t d ib a n d in g la in - n aan bah asa. n ya . Tu t u r a n p en ggu n a a n Da la m k e lu a r ga lin gk u n ga n di rum ah dan b a h a sa ya n g d ip ilih oleh lin gku n ga n , p en u t u r b ia sa - p en u tu r akan ber bed a n ya m e n ggu n a k a n d ia le k b er d a sa r ka n kela s sosia l s e t e m p a t ; s e d a n gk a n s e - it u . P e r a n s o s ia l ya n g wa k t u d im a k s u d a d a la h p e r a n suasan a s o s ia l ya n g b e r b ica r a d e n ga n umum, m er eka d ia m b il m e n ggu n a k a n b a h a s a b a - or an g yan g ber t u t u r d an ku . Ber ken a a n d en ga n h a l la wa n t u t u r k e t ik a b e r - in i, d a la m b a h a sa Ar a b d i- kom u n ikasi. Ar t in ya, p e- Tabel 1: Situasi Diglosia m ilih a n t u t u r a n s a n ga t (Sumber: Ferguson dalam Al Wasilah, 1993:123) k e n a l d u a b a h a s a , ya k n i bah asa amiyah d an bah asa fusha. d ip e n ga r u h i o le h p o s is i p er a n sosia l ya n g d iem b a n p et u t u r speech u n t u k m e m e n u h i d u a fu n gs i b a - 9 8 4 :8 5) . De fin is i Ba ka lla t e r s e b u t community h a s a , ya it u t r a n s a k s io n a l ( m e n g- m en u n ju kka n b a h wa d a la m m a sya - u n gk a p k a n is i) d a n in t e r a k s io n a l r akat u jar an t er t en t u , p ar a p en u t u r ( Ba k a lla , D . P r i n s i p -p r i n s i p Ke s a n t u n a n Be rbah as a Ber b a h a sa p a d a h a kika t n ya a d a la h ( m e n gu n gk a p k a n b er p ikir , b er n a la r , d a n b er - h u bu n gan -h u bu n gan p e r ila k u s o s ia l d a n s ik a p p r ib a d i Dalam an alisis at au p en elit i- (Br own & Yu le, 19 9 6 :1). a n Sa p ir d a n Wh or f, b a h a sa Kon sep lin gu sit ik lain n ya ya n g naan bah asa m en cer m in ka n p ola b er p ikir b e r k a it a n d e n ga n t u t u r a n p e n ggu a d a la h ( Ch o m s k y,19 6 8 ) . or an g atau m asyar akat p en u Tabel 2: Perbedaan Penggunaan Dialek Kosakata di Timur Tengah d iglo s ia . Diglo s ia a d a la h (Sumber: Bakalla,1984: 93) h ad ir n ya d u a bah asa baku t u r n ya . W a ja r s a ja a p a b ila k e m u d ia n ada u n gk a p a n M e la yu “b a h a s a m e n u n ju k ka n b a n gs a .” d a la m s a t u b a h a s a , ya k n i b a h a s a m e n ggu n a k a n d u a r a ga m b a h a s a t in ggi a t a u b a h a sa b a ku (d isin gka t atau lebih dalam kon disi-kon disi ter- s e b a ga i T) ya n g d i p a k a i d a l a m su a sa n a - t en t u . Per n ya t a a n d i a t a s d a p a t d i- m en ga n d a lka n kom u n ika si d en ga n su asan a r esm i d an bah asa r en d ah sim p u lka n b a h wa su a sa n a la h ya n g k o le ga n ya . Ko m u n ik a s i ya n g d ila - a t a u b a h a sa d ia lek (ya n g d isin gka t m e n gh e n d a k i p e m a k a ia n b a h a s a k u k a n it u m e m e r lu k a n k e s a n t u a n R) ya n g d ip a ka i u n t u k p er ca ka p a n t e r t e n t u , b u k a n ya n g la in n ya . a ga r a p a ya n g d is a m p a ik a n d a p a t M a n u s ia d icip t a k a n Alla h Swt m a k h lu k ya n g s e la lu Diglo s ia m e n ga cu p a d a s it u a s i s e s u a i d en ga n h a r a p a n n ya . Da la m d a la m Al Wa s ila h ,19 9 3 :119 ) . J a d i, b a h a s a ya n g r e la t if s t a b il ya n g a ja r a n I s la m , k a t a santun d a p a t ya n g k h u s u s d a la m d iglo s ia in i d id alam n ya t er d ap at var iasi bah asa d im a kn a i seb a ga i akhlaq. Per b ed a Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 - 33 EKSPRESI s e h a r i- h a r i ( H a r t m a n a n d St o r k a n n ya a d a la h b a h wa a k h la k b e r - m e n d e n ga r k a n n ya . Sa a t p r e s id e n su m b er d a r i sa n g p en cip t a , sed a n g- b e r b ica r a t id a k s a m a d e n ga n s a a t a d a la h ce r m in a n d a r i p e n d id ik a n ka n sa n t u n b er su m b er d a r i m a sya - p r e m a n b e r b ica r a . Sa a t gu r u b e r - ya n g b e r t u ju a n m e m b e n t u k k e p r i- r a ka t d a n b u d a ya ( Sa u r i,2 0 0 3 :3 ) . dan p e r ila k u bicar a d i d alam for u m ju ga ber bed a b a d ia n den gan saat pedagan g di pasar m en - ( Su m a a t m a ja 2 0 0 3 : 14 ) m e n gu n gk a p k a n b a h wa ja ja ka n b a r a n g d a ga n ga n n ya . Un g- 19 9 9 :18 ) . Di s a m p in g it u , Alq u r a n ter d ap at k a p a n n ya t e la h t id a k ku r an g dari 25 d is a m p a ik a n d e n ga n m a n u s ia san tun P u r wa d a r m in t a ( d a la m Sa u r i, ya n g d a la m utuh M u lya n a , m e n ga ja r k a n kesan tu n an t e r a t u r , t id a k t e r b u r u - b u r u , t id a k ber bah asa m elalu i u n gkap an qaulan m en gh in a a t a u m en ja t u h ka n or a n g karima ( QS.17: 2 3 , u ca p a n 1. P r i n s i p k e b e n a r a n . la in , m u lia ) , qaulan baliga ( QS.4 : 6 3 , M a k s u d n ya a d a la h b e t u l ( t id a k ya n g le m b u t . p r in s ip kesan tu n an ber bah asa, a n t a r a la in : dan m e n ggu n a k a n bah asa ya n g u capan yan g fasih , jelas d an ber n ilai sa la h , lu r u s, ju ju r ). Keb en a r a n d a r i 6. P r i n s i p k e i n d a h a n . t in ggi) , qaulan sadida ( QS: 4 : 9 , m a sya r a ka t a d a la h keb en a r a n ya n g I n d a h ya n g d im a k s u d d i s in i QS.3 3 :70 , u ca p a n ya n g b a ik, b en a r r e la t if. Ad a p u n keben ar an ya n g a d a la h b a h wa u n gk a p a n bah asa dan adil), qaulan layyina (QS.20 :44, qaulan m u t la k a d a la h ya n g b er su m b er d a r i ya n g d is a m p a ik a n d a p a t m e n a r ik u ca p a n ya n g Al Haq, Alloh Swt-Yan g Maha Ben ar. p en d en ga r n ya , ka r en a d i d a la m n ya ma’rufa ( QS Pr in sip keben ar an yan g d im aksu d d i d igu n a ka n p ilih a n ka t a ya n g t ep a t , QS.2 3 : 3 2 , sin i ad alah bah wa bah asa d iu n gkap - d a n t id a k m em b osa n ka n . m en a r ik d a n s es u a i d en ga n n or m a kan sesu ai r ealita d an tid ak boh on g. 2. P r i n s i p k e a d i l a n . tunan ber bah asa d e n ga n m e n g- ka p a n b a h a s a d is a m p a ika n d en ga n u n gka p ka n h a l- h a l ya n g wa ja r d a n ob yekt if, t id a k su b yekt if, d a n t id a k m a s u k a k a l, t id a k d e n ga n b a h a s a b er a t seb ela h . ya n g m e n ga d a - a d a . 3. P rin s ip ke b a ika n . le m b u t ) , 4 : 5, u ca p a n 8, QS.2 : 2 3 5, ya n g b a ik , m a s ya r a k a t ) d a n qaulan maysura 7. P rin s ip ke lo gis a n . P r in s ip in i m e n e k a n k a n k e s a n - M a k s u d n ya a d a la h b a h wa u n g- ( QS.17:2 8 , u ca p a n ya n g s e d e r h a n a d a n t id a k m en gecewa ka n ). E. Bahasa Bu kan Se kadar Pe lafalan 8. P r i n s i p k e te n a n g a n . Te m p a t b e la ja r s u a t u b a h a s a ya n g b a h wa M a k s u d n ya a d a la h b a h wa u n g- p a lin g b a ik b u ka n d i d a la m seb u a h b a h a s a ya n g d iu n gk a p k a n s e s u a i ka p a n b a h a s a d is a m p a ika n d en ga n lem baga kursus dan di dalam sebuah d e n ga n k a id a h b e r b a h a s a , is in ya t id a k r ib u t , t id a k gelisa h , d a n t id a k k e la s , m e la in k a n d i t e m p a t ya n g m e n u n ju k k a n k e b a ik a n , d a n d i- em osion a l. s e m u a o r a n g b is a b e r b ica r a d a n M a k s u d n ya a d a la h u cap kan sesu ai situ asi d an kon d isi. 4. P r i n s i p k e h a lu s a n . 9. P rin s ip ke e fe ktifa n . b e r k o m u n ik a s i Bah asa yan g efektif ad alah bah a- t e r s e b u t . Ka la u k it a in gin p a n d a i d e n ga n bah asa M a k s u d n ya a d a la h t id a k k a s a r , s a ya n g d iu n gka p ka n d en ga n s in g- b e r b a h a s a J a wa , s e b a ik n ya k it a lem b u t , sop an d an b er ad ab . Pr in sip ka t , jela s, t ep a t sa sa r a n , t id a k b er - t in gga l s e la m a b e b e r a p a t a h u n d i in i ju ga m en ga cu p a d a t in gka t d a n p u t a r - p u t a r t e r le b ih d a h u lu , d a n Yo gya k a r t a a t a u So lo , t e r u t a m a d i d er a ja t or a n g ya n g m en gu n gka p ka n t id a k b e r t e le - t e le . Da la m is t ila h ped esaan , d a n ya n g m e n d e n ga r n ya , k e h a lu s - Ar a b , t er d a p a t u n gka p a n ya n g m e- d en ga n s et ia m en ggu n a ka n b a h a s a an bu d i p em bicar a ser t a p en gh ar ga- n u n ju k k a n e fe k t if J a wa . Di sa n a kit a t id a k h a n ya b e- a n t e r h a d a p p e n d e n ga r n ya . Le b ih - yakn i khoirul kalam ma qolla wa dalla la ja r ko s a ka t a b a h a s a J a wa , t e t a p i leb ih a p a b ila ya n g b er b ica r a a d a la h ( u n gk a p a n e fe k t if ju ga m e n d e n ga r , m e lih a t , m e m e r - s e o r a n g wa n it a , p r in s ip k e h a lu s a n a d a la h ya n g s e d ik it t a p i m e n ge n a h a t ik a n , m e n ir u k a n , d a n b e r a d a p - in i wa jib d iked ep a n ka n . d e n ga n t u ju a n n ya ) . t a s i s e ca r a la n gs u n g d e n ga n ca r a 5. P r i n s i p k e p a n ta s a n . M a k s u d n ya a d a la h p a t u t d a n EKSPRESI U ca p a n bah asa bah asa 10. P r i n s i p ya n g ya n g ke re n dah an h ati. tem pat m a s ya r a k a t b er kom u n ika si ya n g d ila ku ka n oleh or a n g J a wa . H a l in i ka r en a b a h a sa u n gk a p a n it u t id a k h a n ya m e n ca k u p i k o s a la h ya n g s e s u a i d e n ga n t in gk a t b a h a s a ya n g m e n u n ju k k a n k e r e n - k a t a ; t e t a p i ju ga m e n ca k u p i t u t u r statu s or an g yan g m en gu cap kan d an d ah an h at i d an t id ak som bon g. b a h a sa , ca r a m en gu n gka p ka n , ca r a la ya k. Un gka p a n ya n g p a n t a s a d a - 34 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 M a k s u d n ya a d a la h m e la fa lk a n , b a h k a n t e r m a s u k b a - an d an keh ad ir an kit a d alam kom u - www.m a r xis t s .o r g/ r e fe r n ce / h a s a t u b u h , m im ik , d a n in t o n a s i. n itas itu bisa lebih m u d ah m em bu at su b ject / filosop h y/ wor ks/ u s/ Se m u a it u b e r m u la d a r i k e gia t a n k it a ik u t b e r in t e r a k s i s e ca r a a k t if. ch o m s k y.h t m .2 2 - 6 - 0 4 . m e n d e n ga r k a n s e t ia p s a a t u ca p a n N a m u n , ya n g t a k k a la h p e n t in g d i Kr am sch , Clair e, 20 0 1. Language d is a m p a ik a n . Di p a gi, s ia n g, s o r e , s a m p in g m a h ir b e r b a h a s a a d a la h and Culture. New York: Oxford d a n m a la m h a r i; ya n g k it a d e n ga r b a h wa ca r a m en gu n gka p ka n b a h a sa h a n ya la h p e r ca k a p a n o r a n g- o r a n g ter sebu t ju ga m en u n ju kkan kep r iba- d a la m b a h a s a J a wa . Se la n ju t n ya , d ia n a n t a r a p em b ica r a d a n p en d e- kan Umum, Ban d u n g:Ikat an b a ga im a n a n ga r . Ka t a ku n cin ya a d a la h b a h wa Mah asiswa d an Alu m n i IKIP d e n ga n m e n gu n gk a p k a n n ya p en u h kesan t u n an dan kesan tu n an ber bah asa m e n ja d i s u a t u k e h a r u s a n b a gi p e n u t u r b a - kesop a n a n . Ca r a b ela ja r b a h a sa sep er t i p er n ya t a a n d i a t a s m e r u p a k a n ca r a Un iv.P r ess. Mu lyan a, 1999, Cakrawala Pendidi- Ba n d u n g. P u r wa d a r m in t a , W.J .S., 19 8 5, h asa t er sebu t , baik ber bah asa t in ggi Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia, m aupun J a ka r t a : Ba la i P u st a ka . r en d ah d a la m bah asa yan g p alin g alam i, p alin g Sa u r i, Sofya n , m u d a h , d a n p a lin g b e r - 2 0 0 3. Bahasa h a s il, ya n g d im u la i d e - Santun Menurut n ga n m e n d e n ga r , m e n i- Prinsip Alquran, r u kan , J akarta: PINBA- m e m e r h a t ik a n , d a n m em r a kt ikka n . Ca r a IMLA. in i m e la h ir k a n So r a ya , 2 0 0 5, ju t aan an ak-an ak ber u sia Diglosia dalam t e la h 1 t a h u n h in gga 5 t a h u n Media Cetak. ya n g m a h ir J akar t a: PKBB J a wa . ber bah asa J a n ga n Tabel 3: Ragam Diglosia dalam Bahasa Indonesia (Sumber: Soraya, 2005:154-155) k a ge t , ka la u d i J ogja d a n Solo, r a t a - r a t a a n a k k e cil m a h ir b e r - J a wa , I n d o n e s ia , Ar a b , I n ggr is , b a h a sa J a wa (?). J a n ga n ka get ju ga J e p a n g, d a n s e b a ga in ya . De n ga n k a la u d i M e s ir d a n n e ge r i Tim u r m en getah u i situ asi pem bicar aan d an Te n ga h la in n ya , a n a k - a n a k m a h ir la wa n b ica r a , k it a d a p a t m e m ila h b e r b a h a s a Ar a b . N a m u n , a d a k a h p en ggu n a a n b a h a sa ya n g leb ih sa n - p em belajar an kh u su s u n t u k p en u t u r t u n seh in gga kit a d ap at d ih ar gai se- t e n t a n g ca r a m e n gu n gk a p k a n n ya b a ga i p en u t u r ya n g b a ik. [E] d e n ga n b a ik d a n s a n t u n ? Kir a n ya , Su m be r Pu s ta ka p r in s ip - p r in s ip AlQu r a n a l Ka r im , J a ka r t a : Dep a g. kesan tu n an ber - b a h a s a d i a t a s d a p a t d ija d ik a n Al Wa sila h , Kh a ed a r , 19 9 3 , m o t iva s i kit a b e r s a m a u n t u k le b ih Pengantar Sosiologi Bahasa. m e n in gk a t k a n Ba n d u n g: P en er b it An gka sa . kom p eten si dan kes a n t u n a n b er b a h a s a . Bakalla, M.H ., 19 8 4 , Arabic Culture. Lon don : Kegan Paul In t. D . P e n u tu p Br own , Gillian & Geor ge Yu le, I n t is a r i d a r i k a jia n d i a t a s a d a la h 1996. Analisis Wacana b a h wa (Ter jem a h a n I . Su t ikn o). b e la ja r m e n gu n gk a p k a n b a h a s a it u m e m b u t u h k a n s e b u a h J a k a r t a : Gr a m e d ia . Ch om sky, Noa m , 19 6 8 . Language m u n ikasi d en gan bah asa itu . H al in i and Mind. H ar cour t Br ace su n ggu h p en t in g ka r en a ket er lib a t - J o.I n c.h t t t p :/ / J a ya . 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 Sajak Anna D. Kurniati 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 Behind Your Back 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 I am your anything 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 We think we have something 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 Hey it is nothing! 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 I meet the man 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 Behind your back 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678 I kiss the man 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 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9 Tahun V Juli 2007 - 35 EKSPRESI kom u n it as or an g-or an g yan g ber ko- Un ika At m a Artikel 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 Ihwal Menerjemahkan Taufik Nugroho Widyaiswara pada Jurusan Bahasa Inggris PPPPTK Bahasa EKSPRESI 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Nid a d an u n t u k s i a p a . De n ga n d e m ik ia n , 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 u m u m d a n ilm ia h b a gi s e lu r u h Ta b er m en a m b a h ka n p a d a n a n ya n g p e n e r je m a h d a p a t m e m u t u s k a n 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 la p is a n m a s ya r a k a t . wa ja r d a n t er d eka t , ya it u p en ya m - a p a k a h ia a k a n ( 1) m e n gh a s ilk a n 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 p aian m akn a n askah su m ber kep ad a kat a p ad an an yan g sam a, (2) m en g- Ap a k a h ya n g d i m a k s u d d e n g a n p e m b a ca n a s k a h p e n e r im a d e n ga n u n gk a p k a n a m a n a t s e ca r a b e b a s , m e n e r je m a h k a n ? m e n ggu n a k a n b a n gu n a t a u (3 ) b er p ega n g p a d a ga ya n a s- M e n e n u r u t N e wm a r k ( 19 8 8 ) , p e - bah asa pen er im a sebaik d an sewajar kah asli seh in gga d ap at m en cer m in - n e r je m a h a n m u n gkin . Den ga n d em ikia n , b en t u k k a n ga ya s i p e n ga r a n g, a t a u ga ya a d a la h p e n ga lih a n 36 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 kata dan Se m e n t a r a it u , b a h a s a za m a n n ya . Se s u a i d e n ga n p e n e r je m a h a n 4. Ketakterbacaan naskah. I a umum wa ja r sa n ga t m en gu t a m a ka n p en g- d a p a t t e r ja d i k a r e n a k a lim a t n ya p e n e r je m a h a n d a p a t d igo lo n gk a n a lih a n m a kn a . Keja n gga la n sed a p a t t e r la lu p a n ja n g d a n b e r b e lit - b e lit . m e n ja d i ( 1) p e n e r je m a h a n h a r fia h m u n gkin d ih in d a r ka n seh in gga t er - H a l in i s e r in g t e r d a p a t p a d a t e r - atau p e n e r je m a h a n jem ah an itu dapat m en an gkap m ak- je m a h a n ilm ia h . bebas, d an (3) p en er jem ah an wajar . n a n ya d en ga n jela s . J en is p en er je- 5. Kekakuan gaya atau bangun P en er jem a h a n h a r fia h a t a u ka t a m ah an in i san gat d isar an kan . Seba- kalimat. Kesa la h a n in i b ia sa n ya d i- p er ka t a m er u p a ka n b en t u k p en er - gai con t oh , m oh on d ip er h at ikan ka- sebabkan je m a h a n ya n g p a lin g t u a . Da la m lim a t b er iku t in i. k a lim a t p e n e r je m a h . M u n gk in ia p en er jem a h a n jen is in i m a kn a ya n g (3) t u ju a n ter sebu t, k a t a wi, (2) s e ca r a m is k in n ya p e n ga ya a n Bsu: A bloke I didn’t know from t a ku t m en yim p a n g d a r i m a kn a a sli- disam paikan serin g kabur dan terasa a bar of soap got into m y ear and n ya, at au segan m em u lu n g p ad an an t a k wa ja r d a n ja n gga l. Pen er jem a h - t r ied t o com e t h e r aw p r awn . ter d ekat d ar i wah an a bah asa n u san - a n h a r fia h b ia sa n ya t er d a p a t p a d a Bsa : Pr ia ya n g t a k ku ken a l it u t a r a a t a u lin gk u n ga n n ya . kajian sast r a d an lin gu ist ik. 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P en er jem a h wa 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 t in ggi, p a d a u m u m n ya k e s a la h a n jib m en gu a sa i seju m la h h a l, m isa l8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 t r ied t o com e t h e r aw p r awn . 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 Bsa: Pria yan g tak kuken al dari p e n e r je m a h a n d a p a t d is e n a r a ik a n n ya p en gu a s a a n b a h a n d a n b id a n g 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 ilm u , p e n gu a s a a n b a h a s a s u m b e r 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 s e b a t a n g s a b u n it u m a s u k seb a ga i b er iku t : 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1. Kesalahan makna, baik d alam d a n b a h a s a s a s a r a n , p e m a h a m a n 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 ku p in gku d an m en coba m en d a8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 u n gkap an m au p u n d alam kosa kat a. b u d a ya p e m ilik b a h a s a , d a n k ia t t a n gk a n u d a n g m e n t a h . 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 H a l in i m u n gk in d is e b a b k a n m en er jem a h ka n . 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Kesalahan bangun kalimat atau jem ah at au calon p en er jem ah ialah 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 m e n gu t a m a k a n p e n ga lih a n m a k n a 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 ket im ban g p en galih an ben t u k. H asil tata bahasa. H a l in i d a p a t t e r ja d i seb a ga i b er iku t . 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1. Ku a s a i m a k n a n a s k a h ya n g 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 t e r je m a h a n n ya m u n gk in a k a n t e - k a r e n a p e n e r je m a h t e r la lu t e r ik a t 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 8901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 r a sa lu wes a t a u t id a k t er lih a t jeja k pada kebiasaan bah asa ibun ya. 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Ala t u ku r t es b is a ja d i 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 r a si sesu a t u d en ga n su a t u p a t oka n , k r it ik t e r h a d a p s k a la Lik e r t ya n g ber ben tu k tes yan g ber d ata d ikotom i 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 ska la n u m er ik ya n g b er b en t u k a n g- d igu n a k a n d a n ju ga ya n g b e r d a t a k o n t in u m . 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 d a la m p e n gu k u r a n 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 ka d a r i r en d a h ke t in ggi ya n g m en - p en d id ika n , kh u s u s n ya p en d id ika n Tes ber data dikotom i laikn ya ber asal 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 ce r m in k a n t in gk a t p e n t in g, s k a la b a h a s a . d a r i je n is b u t ir - b u t ir ya n g m e n g- 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 p ilih an kat a sifa t , skala St a p el yan g h a s ilk a n r e s p o n b e n a r - s a la h . Se - 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 b e r b e n t u k ga b u n ga n a n t a r a s k a la P e n gu ku ra n d i B id a n g P e n d id ikd a n gka n t es b er d a t a kon t in u m b er - 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 pilih an kata sifat dan skala n um er ik, a n B a h a s a asal dari jen is butir-butir yan g m en g- 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 s k a la p e r in gk a t p a k s a a n , s k a la 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 h a silka n r esp on b er t in gka t . 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 Ket ika m em b in ca n gka n p en gu ku r a n 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 d ifer en sial sem an tik yan g ber ben tu k p en d id ika n , ia t id a k a ka n b er lep a s Seb a ga im a n a t es, a la t u ku r n on - 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 r en t a n ga n d i a n t a r a s ep a s a n g ka t a d ir i d a r i k e gia t a n ya n g s a n ga t t es ju ga m en gen al r agam jen is d at a- 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 b er la wa n a n , d a n ska la Liker t u n t u k penting dalam proses riset. Ini dijadin ya. Mer eka d ap at ber u p a ku esion er 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 p en gu ku r a n s ika p . ber d ata d ikotom i d an kon tin u m , wa- 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 k a n p ija k a n k a r e n a m e la lu i p e n g12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 Di a n t a r a b a n ya k ska la t er seb u t , u ku r a n a ka n d ih a s ilka n d a t a r is et . wa n ca r a b er d a t a d ikot om i d a n kon - 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 skala Likert palin g serin g digun akan . Dan , dari data riset itu dapat dibuatt in u m , is ia n in ve n t o r i, o b s e r va s i, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 I n i t en t u d iseb a b ka n oleh b eb er a p a kan su at u p en afsir an d an sim p u lan . su r vei d en gan skala, d an sebagain ya. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 p e r t im b a n ga n , s e p e r t i k e m u d a h a n Ten t u , s im p u la n ya n g d ikeh en d a ki Ke t ik a m e n yin ggu n g is t ila h s k a la , 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 d a la m m e n yu s u n n ya , k e m u d a h a n a d a la h s im p u la n ya n g a n d a l ya n g p a r a a h li p e n gu k u r a n p e n d id ik a n 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 pem berian bobot respon , dan keefek- b en a r -b en a r d a p a t m er ep r esen t a sia k a n m e m ilik i k e s e m p a t a n u n t u k 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 t ifa n p e r o le h a n r e s p o n . E d wa r d s k a n k a r a k t e r is t ik s a m p e l m a u p u n m e m ilih s a t u d i a n t a r a b a n ya k r a - 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 (1957) m en yatakan bah wa kelebih an - popu lasi yan g m en jad i sasar an r iset. ga m s k a la . R a ga m s k a la it u m e n - 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 kelebih an skala Liker t it u m en caku ca k u p i s k a la k a t e go r is ya n g h a n ya 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 U n t u k m e n gh a s ilk a n s im p u la n 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 p i k e m u d a h a n p e n yu s u n a n n ya , 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 m e n u n ju k k a n k a t e go r i o b je k u k u r , 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 yan g an dal itu, diper lukan data yan g 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 k e ce n d e r u n ga n u n t u k m e n gh a s il- s a h ih ya n g h a n ya m u n gk in d ip e r s k a la k u a lit a t if b e r p e r in gk a t ya n g 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 k a n r e lia b ilit a s ya n g r e la t if le b ih oleh m elalu i p en gu ku r an yan g t ep at m en u n ju kka n p er in gka t p a d a ob jek 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 t in ggi, d a n b u t ir - b u t ir ya n g t id a k sasar an . Dikem u kakan oleh Pop h am u ku r , skala jawaban d ikot om i, skala 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 jela s d a p a t m en u n ju kka n h u b u n ga n ( 19 75) , p e n gu k u r a n a k a n m e n gh a jawaban betu l politom i, skala jawab- 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 d e n ga n s ik a p r e s p o n d e n . Te r le p a s silkan in for m asi yan g t er jam in aku a n t e r b a ik , s k a la Th u r s t o n e u n t u k 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 - 39 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 Artikel Kritik terhadap Skala Likert dalam Pengukuran Pendidikan Bahasa EKSPRESI rasin ya yan g berorien tasi pada pen a- ya n g m en gh a silka n st im u lu s-r esp on h a n ya r ik a n putusan . b er d a sa r ka n p en a fsir a n r esp on d en spesifik yan g m un gkin un tuk dijelas- p e n gu k u r a n m a sin g-m a sin g. Ap a b ila in i b ia sa ka n . Un t u k m e m p e r o le h s ifa t - s ifa t m er u p a ka n h a l ya n g t id a k d ip isa h - t er ja d i, m en gh a silka n psikologis secara tepat den gan an gka- kan d ar i pr oses r iset. p er m a sa la h a n m en d a sa r b er ka it a n a n gk a , d ip e r lu k a n a la t u k u r ya n g d en ga n De n ga n s im p u la n atau d e m ik ia n Pen gu ku r a n d i b id a n g p en d id ik- a ka n p en gu ku r a n . m em en u h i ku a lit a s b a ik. Ala t u ku r Kegia t a n p en gu ku r a n p en d id ika n , ya n g d e m ikia n t e n t u t e la h m e n ge - ten tu harus m e n gik u t i kegia t a n b a gia n - b a gia n a n , k h u s u s n ya p e n d id ik a n b a h a s a k a id a h - kh u su sn ya p en d id ika n b a h a sa ya n g s a m p in gka n kr it ik An a s t a s i ( 19 9 7) ka id a h t er t en t u ya n g t ela h d is ep a - tidak akurat akan m en ghasilkan hasil ya n g m e n ya t a k a n ka t i. Ka id a h it u b isa sed er h a n a d a n u ku r yan g tid ak tepat, d an d em ikian esen sia l b a n ya k kon d isi ya n g t id a k ju ga b is a k o m p le k s . P e n gu k u r a n p u la sebalikn ya. r eleva n d en ga n t u ju a n p en gu ku r a n a s p ek-a sp ek p a d a va r ia b el m a n ifes EKSPRESI ia m e n gu k u r La n t a s, a ga r seseor a n g d a p a t ya n g dapat b a h wa m e n gh a s ilk a n s e ca r a ga la t d a p a t d ika t egor ika n seb a ga i kegia t - m ela ku ka n p en gu ku r a n p en gu ku r an , sep er t i fakt or fisik d an an yan g ber kaid ah sed er h an a. Pen g- dengan baik, ia ten tu m em bekali diri- psikis respon den , prosedur pen guku- u ku r a n it u m en ca ku p i t in ggi b a d a n n ya d en ga n p em a h a m a n ya n g b et u l r an , d an faktor alat u ku r itu sen d ir i. s is wa ju r u s a n b a h a s a , b er a t b a d a n t en t a n g kon sep p en gu ku r a n . Da la m Ba n ya k a h li p e n gu k u r a n in gin m a h a s is wa ju r u s a n b a h a s a , s u h u b a n ya k lit er a t u r , t ela h d iseb u t ka n m elih a t seb er a p a b esa r ga la t p en g- badan guru bidan g studi bah asa, dan b a h wa m er u p a ka n u ku r a n ya n g d en ga n n ya a ka n d a p a t seb a ga in ya . Sed a n gka n p en gu ku r a n pr oses pem ber ian an gka pad a objek- m elih a t p u la d er a ja t r elia b ilit a sn ya . a s p e k - a s p e k p a d a va r ia b e l la t e n objek atau kejadian -kejadian m en urut R e lia b ilit a s d a p a t d ika t egor ika n seb a ga i kegia t - su a t u a t u r a n t er t en t u (St even s d i ya n g b e r t a lia n d e n ga n s k o r ya n g a n ya n g b er ka id a h kom p leks. Dika - d a la m I st ila h d ih a s ilka n d a r i s u a t u p e n gu ku r a n . t a ka n d em ikia n ka r en a ia b er t a lia n p em ber ian an gka d alam p en gu ku r an Oleh karen a itu, yan g m en jadi sorot- d en ga n ka r a kt er ist ik p sikologis r es- d a p a t d ia r t ika n seb a ga i p em et a a n an kem u d ian ad alah skor r esp on d en p o n d e n ya n g m a n a a la t u k u r n ya ya n g d ila ku ka n d en ga n m em a sa n g- s e b a ga i s k o r k o m p o s it d a r i b u t ir - tidak selalu tersedia secara paten dan kan setiap objek yan g diukur den gan b u t ir a la t u k u r . Ya n g d igu n a k a n a d a n ya fe n o m e n a p s ik o lo gis ya n g an gka un tuk objek itu den gan aturan h in gga k in i u n t u k m e n gh a s ilk a n san gat ber agam d an d ap at ber u bah - u ku r n ya (Ker lin ger , 198 6). Kr an t , et skor u b a h . As p ek-a s p ek ya n g b er ka id a h a l d i d a la m Mu r p h y & Da vid sh ofer d e n ga n kom pleks itu m en caku p i kom p eten si (19 9 1) m en d efin isika n p en gu ku r a n Lik e r t . siswa d a la m m en d en ga r t eks lisa n , sebagai proses pem berian an gka pada kom p et en si gu r u bah asa d alam ber - objekn ya sed em ikian seh in gga sifat - Ti l i k a n Kr i t i s t e r h a d a p M e t o d a b ica r a , kom p et en si p eser t a d ikla t s ifa t s p e s ifik d a r i o b je k - o b je k it u p a d a S k a l a Li k e r t keb a h a sa a n d a la m m em b a ca t eks secar a tepat d apat d ir epr esen tasikan Metoda pada skala Likert m erupakan n a r a si, kom p et en si d osen b a h a sa o le h m etod a d a la m d ib e r ik a n n ya . m en u lis a r t ikel p op u ler , kegia t a n p en gu ku r a n Ker lin ger , s ifa t - s ifa t 19 8 6 ). b ila n ga n ya n g m er u p akan k o m p o s it ter sebu t p en d ekatan pada p e n s k a la a n k a n ca h a d a la h s k a la p e r n ya t a a n s ika p d en ga n m en ggu n a ka n d is t r i- m ot ivasi p en d id ik u n t u k ber p r est asi Ber d asar kan atas kon sep ten tan g busi respon sebagai dasar pen en tuan dalam m en ulis karya ilm iah, persepsi p en gu ku r a n t er seb u t , p er lu d iket a - n ila i s ka la n ya . Me t o d a Like r t a t a u peser ta diklat dalam m en gikuti m ata h u i b a h wa p e n gu k u r a n p s ik o lo gis d iken a l s eb a ga i summated ratings diklat praktik kom un ikasi berbah asa, m e r u p a k a n u p a ya u n t u k m e n ya t a - ( Aik e n , 19 9 6 ) d igu n a k a n dan Kesu ka r a n k a n b a gia n d a r i a t r ib u t in d ivid u - m e lu a s k a r e n a a d a n ya k e le b ih a n - pen gukuran sifat-sifat psikologis pada in d ivid u d a la m b e n t u k b ila n ga n keleb ih a n ya n g d im ilikin ya . Na m u n variabel laten itu, m en urut Cron bach a t a u b e s a r a n . De n ga n p e r k a t a a n d e m ik ia n , a p a b ila d it ilik s e ca r a (19 8 4 ), d iseb a b ka n oleh a la t u ku r la in , p e n gu ku r a n p s iko lo gis b u ka n m en d a la m , ia sesu n ggu h n ya m em i- ya n g d ir a n ca n g d en ga n m en ggu n a - u n t u k m e n gu k u r s e ca r a t o t a lit a s liki b a n ya k kelem a h a n . ka n st im u lu s ya n g t a k b er st r u kt u r a t r ib u t - a t r ib u t seb a ga in ya . 40 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 it u , m e la in k a n s e ca r a Ke le m a h a n utam a b e r t a lia n d e n ga n s k o r t o t a l ya n g d ih a s ilk a n m e la lu i p e n ju m la h a n s k o r b u t ir s it r es p on d en ya n g d a p a t m eleb ih i Ap a b ila r e lia b ilit a s b e r s ifa t t id a k va r ia n s i ya n g s e s u n ggu h n ya . s t a b il, ga la t p e n gu k u r a n r e la t if Ke r lin ge r ( 19 8 6 ) m e m p e r k u a t b e s a r . I n i b e r m a k n a b a h wa h a s il u n t u k t ia p - t ia p r e s p o n d e n ya n g p e n je la s a n n ya ya k n i p a d a s k a la u ku r d a r i wa kt u ke wa kt u m en ja d i m e n ga n d u n g ya n g Liker t ter d ap at kecen d er u n gan bu tir t id a k Ini b er sim p a n ga n b a ku ya n g kecil a ka n s e b a lik n ya . b e r m a k n a b a h wa a d a b a n ya k p o la ber kor elasi r en dah den gan skor total r espon t id a k je la s in t e r p r e t a s i ( M u lle r , 19 8 6 ) . ya n g b e r b e d a k o n s is t e n , d e m ik ia n p u la d ar i skor ya n g d iseb a b ka n oleh va r ia n si skor Pe n u tu p r e s p o n d e n ya n g s a m a ya n g s u k a r t o t a l ya n g m e r u p a k a n a k u m u la s i M e m b in ca n gk a n u n t u k d ib er ika n a r t i ya n g s er a ga m d a r i va r ia n s i s k o r b u t ir . Va r ia n s i b id a n g (uniform) ya n g a ka n m en gh a silka n d a r i r e s p o n - r e s p o n it u k e m u d ia n p e n d id ik a n m asalah p ad a valid itas skala (Aiken , m em b a u r ke d a la m skor p a d a ska la ber lep as d ir i d ar i kegiat an p em ber i- 19 9 6 ) . I n i d ip e r k u a t o le h N a s ir Like r t ya n g m e n ga kib a t ka n p e r b e - a n a n gka (n u m er ik) kep a d a a t r ib u t ( 19 8 8 ) ya n g m e n ya t a k a n b a h wa d a a n r e s p o n in d ivid u it u s e b a ga i r espon d en a d a n ya a n e k a k e m u n gk in a n p o la sum ber extraneous variance. Kecen - is wa r a , d o s e n , d s b .) . La zim n ya , ia r es p on ya n g d ih a s ilka n u n t u k s kor d er u n ga n va r ia n si ya n g extraneous m er u p akan bagian d ar i p r oses r iset . ya n g sa m a p a d a ska la m od el Liker t it u d ap at m em p en gar u h i r eliabilit as Sa la h s a t u t ilik a n m e n a r ik ya n g d a p a t d ip er h it u n gka n seb a ga i ga la t p e n gu k u r a n d ih a s ilk a n . set a ka t in i ser in g d ia b a ika n a d a la h d a r i r esp on ya n g t er ja d i. Fer gu sson d i d alam Ed war d s (19 57) b e r t a u t - r a p a t d e n ga n h a s il u k u r Kelem ah an lain ber talian d en gan m e n ge m u k a k a n b a h wa r e lia b ilit a s d e n ga n p r in sip p em b ob ot a n ya n g d ib er ika n s k o r ya n g d ih a s ilk a n d a r i m e t o d a ska la Liker t . Riset -r iset keb a h a sa a n u n t u k s e t ia p b u t ir ya n g b e r n ila i p ad a skala Liker t d ap at d ip en gar u h i s e r in g sam a, o le h s k a la Resp on ya n g d ih a silka n p a d a ska la p e m b o b o t a n ya n g d igu n a k a n it u p s ik o lo gis . U n t u k m e n ga t a s in ya , Lik e r t in i m e m a n g b e r n ila i s a m a . s e s u n ggu h n ya t e la h m e n ga b a ik a n d ip e r lu k a n a d a n ya r e d u k s i ju m la h Sen ya m p a n g ia t id a k m en im b u lka n a d a n ya k o r e la s i a n t a r b u t ir d a la m bu t ir yan g ber fu n gsi u n t u k m en in g- m a sa la h . Na m u n , ia m en ja d i m a sa - skala itu d an m en gan ggap tiap bu tir k a t k a n d e r a ja t r e lia b ilit a s d e n ga n la h ya n g b esa r ya n g a ka n b er t a lia n m e m ilik i k e k u a t a n ya n g s a m a d a n m e m b a n d in gk a n in d ivid u . d en ga n ga la t p en gu ku r a n . Su m b er - salin g bebas. In i ten tu ber ten tan gan Na m u n , r elia b ilit a s it u a ka n t er a n - s u m b e r it u t e r n ya t a b e r a s a l d a r i d e n ga n ca m a p a b ila kelom p ok r a t a -r a t a n ya r espon bu t ir d alam skala Liker t m er u p akan d ib a n d in gk a n ber bed a p e r n ya t a a n - p e r n ya t a a n s ik a p ya n g Den ga n d em ikia n , r elia b ilit a s p en g- Be r d a s a r k a n t ilik a n p u s t a k a d a n m er ep r esen t a sika n sika p r esp on d en ukuran dari skor kom posit respon den h a s il r is e t d a r i a h li p e n gu k u r a n , secara utuh pada objek sikap seh in g- d e n ga n m e m ilik i d in ya t a ka n b a h wa d er a ja t r elia b ili- ga m e n im b u lk a n k o r e la s i a n t a r a k e ce n d e r u n ga n flu k t u a t if. I a k e - tas akan d ipen gar u h i oleh in ter kor e- bu tir satu dan bu tir lain n ya. Apabila m u d ian m en u n ju kkan ket id akst abil- la s i a n t a r b u t ir p a d a s k a la Lik e r t p en ju m la h a n b u t ir -b u t ir p a d a ska la a n . F lu kt u a s i r e lia b ilit a s it u d a p a t ya n g s es u n ggu h n ya t id a k m em iliki Lik e r t t id a k d ilih at d ar i tiga aspek, yakn i ad an ya b o b o t ya n g s a m a . Di s a m p in g it u , a d a n ya in t e r k o r e la s i a n t a r b u t ir , in t e r k o r e la s i a n t a r b u t ir ya n g d i- k e s e r a ga m a n s k o r ya n g d a p a t d i- va r ia n s i ya n g d ih a s ilka n o le h s ko r a b a ik a n , p e m b o b o t a n ya n g s a m a in t er p r et a sika n seb a ga i a kib a t d a r i k o m p o s it d e n ga n k e t id a k s e r a ga m a n r e s p o n in d ivid u ya k n i 1 (satu). k e n ya t a a n P r in s ip b a h wa b u t ir - m e m p e r h it u n gk a n r espon d en m er u p akan ju m la h ya n g b u t ir m etod a pada skor ( M u lle r , Lik e r t m e n ga b a ik a n 19 8 6 ) . per bed aan p e n gu k u r a n p e n d id ik a n , bah asa di k h u s u s n ya t id a k akan ( s is wa , gu r u , wid ya - m e n ggu n a k a n m e n ggu n a k a n in d ivid u tetapi ya n g a la t u ku r s k a la in i. m e s t in ya d ia n gga p sam a. a ku m u la si d a r i va r ia n si b u t ir -b u t ir respon butir terhadap skor kom posit, m er u p a ka n fen om en a esen sia l ya n g it u . Ka r en a b u t ir d a n b u t ir la in n ya d a n a d a n ya extraneous variance. dapat s a lin g b e r k o r e la s i, d id a p a t k a n la h Keadaan yan g dem ikian ten tu m en g- Den ga n d em ikia n , p a r a p egia t p en g overlapping variance ya n g m e n g- a k ib a t k a n h a s il u k u r ya n g t id a k akibatkan var ian si d ar i skor kom p o- baik, yan g ber u pa galat pen gu ku r an . m e m e n ga r u h i va lid it a s . Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 - 41 EKSPRESI bersambung ke hal. 43 E nglish Corner Let’s Talk about Love Marike Nawang Palupi English Teacher Trainer at PPPPTK Bahasa h o can r esist wh en th e above W usin g poetry in EFL classroom can be sen t en ce is a d d r essed t o u s? a fo u n d a t io n t o p r a ct ice s t u d e n t ’s Love is universal them e, which is able la n gu a ge to cross the border of age, nation, race in t er p r et a t ive a b ilit ies. an d even political view. I rem em ber- a wa r e n e s s and As a n e xa m p le , t h e a r t icle will 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 THE OUTLET My river ….. to thee: …….. sea, wilt welcome me? My river ……. reply. Oh …….., look graciously! ed som e years ago, m y five- year- old take n e igh b o r ’s me Dickin s o n , gr e a t Am e r ica n wo m a n wh eth er I loved m y boyfrien d or n ot. p oet in t h e b egin n in g of t wen t iet h I asked her back what she knew about ce n t u r y. I t is h igh ly e xp e ct e d t h a t love. She then gave a quick an d witty t h is ar t icle in sp ir es EFL t each er s t o r espon se. Love was a lon gin g feelin g u se p oet r y in t h eir own cla ssr oom . a ccor d in g t h is lit t le gir l. Wh en you The target learn ers are those who are Ac t i v i t y 4 lon ged for som eon e b a d ly, it m ea n t in e le m e n t a r y u p wa r d s o r lo we r Aft e r co m p a r in g t h e fin is h e d you love h im . I lau gh ed in st an t ly at in t er m ed ia t e level. d a u gh t e r asked h er sim ple association of love. a lo ve poetr y by E m ily I’ll fetch thee brooks From spotted …….., — Say, sea, Take me! p o e m , s t u d e n t s wo r k in p a ir s a n d Ac t i v i t y 1 a n s we r r e a d in g q u est ion s. co m p r e h e n s io n I b e lie ve p e o p le h a s t h e ir o wn St u d e n t s a r e a s k e d wh a t t h e y association of love, whether it is good k n o w a b o u t lo ve a s t e a ch e r wr it e s or b a d . Sin ce t h e a ssocia t ion com es down th e wor d LOVE in wh iteboar d. of the poem ? a m an or a wom an? fr om exper ien ces, th ey ar e d efin itely The use of m other tongue is tolerable. b. What does th e e m ean? (students differen t for each person . That is why Th is is a lead - in activity to p r ep ar e love offer s in t er est in g, excit in g a n d st u d en t m in d set t o t h e t op ic. As a n r ich th em e to talk abou t par ticu lar ly a lt er n a t ive, t ea ch er ca n p la y a love ( t e a ch e r for t een ager s. son g, wh ich h as th e closest m ean in g a ssocia t ion a b ou t r iver ) This article offers the exploitation of a love p oet r y u sed in EFL cla ss- to th e poem . Ac t i v i t y 2 a. Who do you thin k is the speaker ca n ch eck t h eir d ict ion a r y) c. Wh a t d o e s m y r i v e r m e a n ? ca n ask stu d en ts d. Who is blu e s e a? (teacher can ask studen ts association about sea) r o o m . W h y p o e t r y? P o e t r y h a s Te ll t h e s t u d e n t s t h a t t h e y a r e e. What do you think bro o ks m ean? ce r t a in fe a t u r e co m p a r e d t o o t h e r goin g to read or listen to love poetry f. Wh at do you th in k n o o ks m ean ? gen re of literary works, wh ich breaks en titled TH E OUTLET. Stu d en ts ar e g. Wh a t d o yo u t h in k a b o u t t h e th e ‘r u le’ of lan gu age. It is often fu ll asked to pr ed ict wh at th e poetr y tell poem , is it a sad poem or a happy of figu r at ive lan gu age. Bu t p oet r y is about based on th e title. the best e xa m p le on h ow to com m u n ica t e u sin g t h e fr esh er a n d m o r e o r igin a l wa y. F o r e xa m p le Ac t i v i t y 3 I n p a ir s , s t u d en t s com p let e t h e poem usin g words in th e box on e? etc E a ch p a ir s r e p o r t t h e ir r e a d in g com p r eh en sion or a lly or in wr it t en for m s EKSPRESI in stead of sayin g I a m re a lly re a lly sad e ve ryth in g yo u le ave , a poetr y say e ve r y ti m e yo u s a y g o o d b ye , I d i e a l i ttl e . Th er efor e, 42 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 waits, r u n s, blu e, n ooks, sea Ac ti v i ty 5 St u d e n t s ca n r e a d t h e p o e t r y a lo u d a ft e r h a vin g s u fficie n t un derstan din g of the poem . They can perform in fron t of th e class Ac ti vi ty 7 F o r in d ivid u a l wo r k , s t u d e n t s 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 THE OUTLET My river runs to thee: Blue sea, wilt welcome me? My river waits reply. Oh sea, look graciously! I’ll fetch thee brooks From spotted nooks, — Say, sea, Take me! write their origin al short poem based on th e followin g pr ocedur es : a . wr ite th e wor d LOVE as th e title. b . write on e adjective th at you th in k h a ve t h e clo s e s t m e a n in g t o LOVE. c . write two sen ten ces to explain the a b ove a d ject ive. d . wr ite on e sen ten ce to con clude. Th e r esu lt of t h eir p oem s can be d isp layed in th e classr oom . [E] Ac t i v i t y 6 R e fe r e n c e s In p air s, stu d en ts d o a r ole-p lay. La za r , Literature Gillia n . and On e stu d en t p r eten d s to be th e p oet Language Teaching. Ca m b r id ge. (t h e on e wh o wr it es TH E OUTLET). Ca m b r id ge The other preten ds to be a journ alist, 19 9 3 . wh o in t e r vie ws a ct ivit y is the u s e fu l to poet. Th is U n ive r s it y Pr ess. www.e ve r yp o e t s .co m e n co u r a ge st u d en t in t er p r et a t ive a b ilit ies a n d c r e a t i vi t y. sambungan dari hal. 41 u k u r a n d i b id a n g p e n d id ik a n , k h u s u s n ya p e n d id ik a n b a h a s a , d is a r a n - Am s t e r d a m : H o lt So u n d e r I n t e r n a t i o n a l. Kr a n t , e t a l. ( 19 9 1) . F o u n d a t io n o f k a n u n t u k le b ih k r it is u n t u k m e n g- m easu r em en t. gu n a k a n a la t u k u r , k h u s u s n ya s k a la Mu r p h y Lik e r t . [E ] Psychological testing: Principles & Di C.O. d a la m K.R . Da vid s h o fe r . and applications. N e w J e r s e y: P u s t a k a R u ju k a n Aiken , L.R. (19 9 6 ). Rating scales and P r e n t ice - H a ll I n t e r n a t io n a l. Mu ller , D.J . (19 8 6 ). Measuring social checklists, evaluating behavior attitude. personality and attitude. Ca n a d a : Co lle ge , Co lu m b ia U n ive r s it y. J oh n Wiley & Son s. An a s t a s i, A. & U r b in a , S. ( 19 9 7) . Psychological testing, Ed isi ke-7. Lon d on : Pren tice-H all I n t e r n a t i o n a l. Cr o n b a ch , L.J . ( 19 8 4 ) . Essentials of New Yo r k : Te a ch e r s Na sir , M. (19 8 8 ). Metode penelitian. J a k a r t a : Gh a lia I n d o n e s ia . Poph am , W .J . ( 19 75) . Education evaluation. New J er sey: P r en t iceH a ll I n c., En glewood Cliffs. St e ve n s , S. ( 19 8 6 ) . M a t h e m a t ics , psychological testing, Ed isi ke-4 . m easu r em en t, New Yor k: H a r p er & Row. p h ysics. Di d a la m F.N. Ker lin ger . E d wa r d s , A.L. ( 19 57) . Techniques of and Foundation of behavioral research, E d is i Yo r k : Ap p le t o n Ce n t u r y- Cr o ft s . So u n d e r I n t e r n a t io n a l. behavioral research, E d is i k e - 2 . ke-3. Am s t e r d a m : H o lt EKSPRESI attitude scale construction. N e w Ker lin ger , F.N. (19 8 6 ). Foundation of p s ych o - 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 Sajak Bambang Supriyanto 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 masih saja ada badut-badut 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 berdasi kemunafikan berceloteh: 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 tentang Kebenaran dan Kejujuran 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 selalu disingkirkan dan teraniaya 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 Kesalahan dan Kecurangan 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 selalu dipertahankan dan terlindungi 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 kapankah... 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 keadilan dapat ditemui 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 kalau kesejahteraan hanya basa-basi 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 haruskah 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 korupsi dianggap prestasi 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 kolusi dianggap kompetisi 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 nepotisme dianggap variasi 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 dan rintihan dianggap aksi 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 sedangkan penderitaan semakin tertindas 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 bersama persoalan yang terkunci 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 tapi semua itu hanya titipan Tuhan 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 yang harus dipertanggungjawabkan 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 kini... 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 jangan kenakan topeng untuk berkata 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 jangan gunakan boneka untuk melangkah 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 genggamlah iman untuk berkarya 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 pijaklah takwa untuk bersujud 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 peganglah doa untuk bertobat 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 buanglah dosa untuk beramal 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 marilah kita... 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 satukan langkah dalam kata 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6789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 6789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 6789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 EKSPRESI B a n y a k d i a n t a r a k it a ya n g t e n t u n ya m e n ge t a h u i a t a u p a lin g t id a k m e n d e n ga r m e n ge n a i k e r t a s d a u r u la n g. Ke r t a s in i b e r a s a l d a r i b a h a n k e r t a s ya n g s u d a h t id a k t e r p a k a i, ya n g d ile b u r m e n ja d i b u b u k ker tas, la lu d e n ga n k a t a lis a t o r d ip is a h k a n a n t a r a k e r t a s d e n ga n t in t a a t a u k o t o r a n ya n g m e le k a t p a d a n ya .Se t e la h it u d ip r o s e s m e n ja d i k e r t a s ya n g s ia p d ip a k a i k e m b a li.W a la u p u n s e ca r a k u a lit a s t id a k la h s e b a ik k e r t a s n o n d a u r u la n g, t e t a p i d e n ga n b e r b a ga i k r e a s i, k e r t a s d a u r u la n g d a p a t t e r lih a t le b ih ca n t ik d a n a r t is t ik . Di J e p a n g, p r o s e s d a u r u la n g d ike n a l d e n ga n is t ila h risaikuru.Ka t a in i m e r u p a k a n b a h a s a s e r a p a n d a r i b a h a s a I n ggr is , recycle ya n g s e ca r a h a r fia h b e r a r t i p e m r o s e s a n lim b a h untuk d io la h k e m b a li m e n ja d i b a h a n ya n g b e r m a n fa a t b a gi m a n u s ia ( M e r r ia m Webst er On lin e Dict io n a r y) . N a m u n , k a t a in i m e n ga la m i p e le b a r a n m a k n a s a a t d is e r a p k e d a la m b a h a s a J e p a n g. R is a ik u r u t id a k t e r b a t a s b e r m a k n a p a d a s u a t u h a l ya n g d io la h d a n d ile b u r k e m u d ia n d a r in ya d ih a s ilk a n barang ya n g s ia p d igu n a k a n kem bali.N a m u n , le b ih d a r i it u p e n ge r t ia n n ya m e n ca k u p b a r a n g- b a r a n g second a t a u b a r a n g- b a r a n g ya n g p e r n a h d igu n a k a n o le h s e s e o r a n g d a n d igu n a k a n k e m b a li o le h o r a n g ya n g b e r b e d a t e t a p i t id a k m e la lu i p r o s e s d a u r u la n g. H a l in i p e n u lis ketah u i saat m e n gu n ju n gi toko r is a ik u r u ya n g b e r lo k a s i d i d a e r a h Kita Urawa, Prefecture Saitama. Se m u la , s a a t p e r t a m a k a li m e n d e n ga r n a m a t o k o t e r s e b u t , p e n u lis 44 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 S ekilas I nfo b e r a n gga p a n b a h wa ya n g d iju a l a d a la h b a r a n g- b a r a n g h a s il dari p r o d u k d a u r u la n g, t e r n ya t a t o k o t e r s e b u t m ir ip d e n ga n t o k o Babe ( Ba r a n g Be k a s ) . Ko n d is i b a r a n gb a r a n gn ya m e m a n g m a s ih r e la t if b a ik d a n m a s ih s a n ga t la ya k u n t u k d igu n a ka n . M e s k ip u n t e r m a s u k d a la m ja ja r an n e ga r a m a ju ya n g n o t a b e n e t in gk a t k e m a k m u r a n n ya cu k u p b a ik , m a s ya r a k a t J epan g s e ca r a u m u m t e r lih a t t id a k m e m ilik i r a s a ge n gs i u n t u k m e m b e li d a n m e n ggu n akan bar an g bekas. Pad a saat ad a furii maaketto ( fle a m a r k e t ) , ya it u s e m a ca m p a s a r k a ge t ya n g d is e le n gga r a k a n p a d a wa k t u - wa k t u t e r t e n t u , b e r d u yu n - d u yu n o r a n g J e p a n g m e n d a t a n gin ya . Da t a n g d e n ga n t u ju a n m e n ca r i b a r a n g ya n g d iin gin k a n d a n d e n ga n h a r ga ya n g s a n ga t m u r a h . Tid a k a d a n ya r a s a ge n gs i u n t u k m e m b e li d a n m e n ggu n a k a n b a r a n gb a r a n g b e k a s d i m a s ya r a k a t J e p a n g m u n gk in m er u p akan k e b e r h a s ila n p r o p a ga n d a p e m e r in t a h ya n g b e r u p a ya m e r e d u k s i a n gk a p e m b u a n ga n s a m p a h d e n ga n m e m a k s im a lk a n r is a ik u r u . Co n t o h - co n t o h p r o gr a m h ija u ya n g t e la h d ila k u k a n p e m e r in t a h J e p a n g d a n d id u k u n g o le h m a s ya r a k a t n ya a d a la h : P e r t a m a , p e m is a h a n je n is s a m p a h t id a k la gi h a n ya s e b a t a s s a m p a h o r ga n ik d a n a n o r ga n ik , a t a u d a la m is t ila h J e p a n gn ya : moeru gomi ( s a m p a h ya n g b is a d ib a k a r ) , moenai gomi ( s a m p a h ya n g t id a k d a p a t d ib a k a r ) d a n n a m a gomi ( s a m p a h o r ga n ic) . P e m is a h a n je n is s a m p a h le b ih d ip e r in ci la gi s e p e r t i p e m is a h a n s a m p a h k a t a go r i k a le n g ( akikan) , b o t o l p la s t ik b e k a s m in u m a n ( petto botoru) , k e r t a s ( kami) d a n la in - la in . M e n a r ik n ya per n ah d it a ya n gk a n d i TV t e n t a n g s e k e lo m - p o k m a s ya r a k a t ya n g t e la h b e r h a s il m e m is a h k a n je n is s a m p a h h in gga m e n ca p a i le b ih 3 0 je n is s a m p a h , s e h in gga s a m p a h ya n g t e r s is a d a n t id a k d a p a t d id a u r u la n g, t e r s is a h a n ya s e k it a r 2 8 % d a r i k e s e lu r u h a n s a m p a h ya n g a d a . Sa m p a h t e r s e b u t b e lu m d a p a t d id a u r u la n g d e n ga n a la s a n b a h wa b ia ya ya n g d ip e r lu k a n s a n ga t t in ggi. Ke d u a , p r o p a ga n d a d ila k u k a n m e la lu i m e d ia m a s s a , s a la h s a t u n ya m e la lu i TV. Da la m t a ya n ga n a ca r a TV h a m p ir s e t ia p h a r i d a p a t d is a k s ik a n a ca r a ya n g ber ken aan d e n ga n r is a ik u r u . Ad a ya n g b e r u p a talkshow, b e r u p a p e n a ya n ga n h a s ilh a s il p r o d u k d a u r u la n g, s e p e r t i k a p u r t u lis ya n g b e r a s a l d a r i lim b a h k u lit k e r a n g. Ka p u r t u lis in i m e m p u n ya i k u a lit a s ya n g le b ih b a ik d ib a n d in gk a n d e n ga n k a p u r t u lis ya n g b e r a s a l d a r i b a h a n d a s a r b a t u k a p u r . Da r i s a m p a h o r ga n ik d a p a t d ih a s ilk a n e t a n o l ya g m e r u p a k a n b a h a n b a k a r a lt e r n a t if ya n g le b ih r a m a h lin gk u n ga n . Ba h a n b a k a r b io d ie s e l d a p a t d ih a s ilk a n d a r i lim b a h r u m a h t a n gga ya n g r e n t a n m e n ce m a r i s u n ga i, ya it u m in ya k je la n t a h . Be git u p u la d e n ga n b a r a n g p e ca h b e la h ya n g b e r a s a l d a r i b a r a n g p e r a b o t a n r u m a h t a n gga , d ile b u r s e h in gga m e gh a s ilk a n b a r a n gb a r a n g k e r a m ik ya n g s ia p d ip a k a i. Ke t iga , m a s a la h r is a ik u r u ju ga d iin t e gr a s ik a n s e b a ga i t o p ik p e la ja r a n d a n d im u a t d a la m b u k u - b u k u p e la ja r a n d i s e k o la h . Ke e m p a t , b a n ya k n ya la r a n ga n la r a n ga n d a n a ja k a n u n t u k m e m e lihara k e b e r s ih a n dan k e in d a h a n lin gk u n ga n ya n g d ip a s a n g d i t e m p a t u m u m , d a n h a m p ir s e b a gia n b e s a r m a s ya r a k a t J epan g m e m a t u h in ya . Ak a n s u lit k it a ju m p a i s a m p a h s a m p a h ya n g t e r s e r a k b u k a n p a d a t e m p a t n ya . I t u la h s a la h s a t u ya n g m e m b u a t p e n u lis m e r a s a t e r k e s a n akan k e p e d u lia n dan kesad ar an m a s ya r a k a t J e p a n g u n t u k m e n ja ga k e n ya m a n a n lin gk u n ga n . Ba ga im a n a k a h d e n ga n k it a ? Ap a k a it a n n ya a n t a r a r is a ik u r u d e n ga n p e la ja r a n bah asa J epan g di I n d o n e s ia ? Se ca r a s e p in t a s m e m a n g s e o la h k e t e r k a it a n it u t ip is , b a h k a n s e ca r a e k s t r im n a m p a k t id a k s a lin g b e r k a it a n . Te t a p i s e b e n a r n ya p a d a saat m e m p e la ja r i sebu ah bah asa s e n a n t ia s a b e r h u b u n ga n d e n ga n b u d a ya n ya s e k a ligu s . I b a r a t n ya s e b a ga i d u a s is i m a t a u a n g ya n g t id a k t e r p is a h k a n . Kit a , s e b a ga i p e n ga ja r b a h a s a J e p a n g d a p a t m e n ggu n a k a n m a t e r i in i s e b a ga i b a h a n p e la ja r a n d i k e la s , b a ik u n t u k s e k a dar m e n ge n a lk a n b u d a ya J e p a n g ya n g s a n ga t b a ik u n t u k d it ir u , ju ga m e n ge n a lk a n aspek kebah asaan s e p e r t i k o s a k a t a , u n gk a p a n d a n p o la k a lim a t . [Endang Susilowati—E] 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901 Stage de Jeune Professeur: 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901 Partisipasi PPPPTK dalam Agenda 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901 SCAC 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901 T M a r ylè n e Br a u lt / Dir e k t u r ku r su s CCF , Mlle. N a wa l Ka r a m / s t a f b id a n g Lin gu is t ik , Mlle. Au d r e y La m o u / s t a f b id a n g P e d a go gis , M. Do m in iq u e R o u b e r t / As is t e n At a s e k e r ja s a m a u n t u k b a h a s a P e r a n cis d a n ju ga s e b a ga i s t a ff b id a n g p e m b e r it a a n k e d u t a a n P e r a n cis (Attaché de la Presse) d a n 4 p e n ga ja r in d o n e s ia antara la in : Mme. F id a La r u e / P e n a n ggu n gja wa b E DU F R AN CE , M. U s a h a P e r a n gin a n gin / Do s e n s e n io r U N J , M. H e n d r a / P e n ga ja r s e n io r d i CCF Ba n d u n g, d a n Mme. Su fn i/ P e n ga ja r s e n io r d i CCF J a k a r t a . Mer eka a d a la h p a r a st a ff ya n g t er lib a t la n gsu n g d a la m p em b ela ja r an dan p en gem b a n ga n b a h a sa P er a n cis d i I n d on esia m ela lu i ln st it u si sep er t i CCF, SCAC, Un iver sit a s d a n Ked u t a a n Besa r P er a n cis. De n ga n m e m p e r d a la m la n gk a h la n gk a h p e d a go gis ya n g d ib e r ik a n , d ik la t in i a k a n le b ih m em bu ka p a n d a n ga n t e n t a n g t e k n ik p e n ga ja r a n b a h a s a P e r a n cis ya n g a d a d i n e ga r a - n e ga r a E r o p a s a a t in i u n t u k d a p a t d ia d a p t a s i, m e n ja d i co n t o h d a n m e m b e r ik a n p e n ga la m a n ya n g b e r a r t i b a gi p e s e r t a d ik la t s e n d ir i m aupun m a h a s is wa / p e m b e la ja r / gu r u b a h a s a P e r a n cis s e b a ga i s a s a r an utam a. Da r i s is i b u d a ya , p a r a p e s e r t a d ik la t m e n gh a d ir i p e r t u n ju k k a n Cie P o k e m o n Cr e w p a d a t a n gga l 3 0 M e i d i TI M d a n M a k a n m a la m b e r s a m a s e b a ga i b e n t u k s ila t u r a h m i d ia n t a r a P e n ga ja r d a n P e s e r t a d ik la t . Sa t u h a l t e r p e n t in g ya n g m e n ja d i p e n ye m a n ga t d a la m k e gia t a n Dik la t Do s e n M u d a in i a d a la h a k a n a d a n ya p e m b e r ia n p r o gr a m b e a s is wa co u r s d ’é t é a t a u s h o r t co u r s e m u s im p a n a s s e la m a 1 b u la n u n t u k t a h u n b e r ik u t n ya s e b a ga i b e n t u k p e n gh a r ga a n b a gi 1 o r a n g ya n g t e r b a ik d a n la ya k m e n d a p a t k a n n ya . De n ga n k e ik u t s e r t a a n P P P P TK Ba h a s a , Ba h a s a P e r a n cis d a la m a ge n d a SCAC d a p a t m e m b a wa p e n in gk a t a n k u a lit a s d a n p r o d u k t ivit a s p e n ga ja r a n d i d ik la t ya n g d ia d a k a n d i P P P P TK Ba h a s a . [Elvira Ratna Sari—E] Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 - 45 EKSPRESI u n t u t a n k o m p e t e n s i p e n ga ja r a n b a h a s a s a a t in i a d a la h k e b u t u h a n ya n g t id a k d a p a t d ih in d a r i. P P P P TK Ba h a s a , b id a n g Ba h a s a P er a n cis (d a h u l u : P 3 G Ba h a sa , red) , b e r d a s a r k a n s a la h s a t u b u t ir k e s e p akatan k e r ja s a m a ya n g d it a n d a t a n ga n i b e r s a m a d e n ga n SCAC ( B r e f : Se r vice d e co o p é r a t io n e t d ’a ct io n cu lt u r e lle ) , tahun in i, m e n gir im k a n satu s t a fn ya d a la m p r o gr a m d ik la t “J e u n e Prof e s s e u r , ( J P ) ” Dik la t ya n g d it u ju k a n u n t u k p a r a d o s e n m u d a , ya n g b e r la n gs u n g s e t ia p h a r i d a r i Se n in s .d . J u m a t d a r i t a n gga l 2 1 M e i s .d . 2 1 J u n i 2 0 0 7 d i CCF J a k a r t a . Da r i s e ju m la h p r o gr a m t a h u n a n SCAC ya n g ada, Ini per tam a k a lin ya P P P P TK Ba h a s a , s e ja k t a h u n 2 0 0 2 b e r p a r t is ip a s i d a la m Dik la t Do s e n M u d a . P e s e r t a t a h u n in i d iik u t i o le h 11 p es er t a d a r i 7 p r op in s i d i I n d on es ia ya n g b e r a s a l d a r i U n ive r s it a s , STP , CCF / Allia n ce F r a n ça is e , d a n P 4 TK Ba h a s a . Tu ju a n Dik la t in i a d a la h u n t u k m e m b e r ik a n kesem p atan kep ad a d osen m uda, p e n ga ja r Ba h a s a P e r a n cis ya n g b e lu m p e r n a h m e n gik u t i d ik la t s e r u p a b a ik d i I n d o n e s ia m a u p u n d i P e r a n cis u n t u k d a p a t m e m p e r d a la m p e n ge t a h u a n d a la m b id a n g lin gu is t ik d a s a r d a n b u d a ya , s a s t r a d i s a t u s is i d a n m e n gu a s a i m e t o d e - m e t o d e b a r u p e n ga ja r a n d i s is i la in . M a t e r i- m a t e r i ya n g d ib e r ik a n t e r d ir i d a r i t u ju h ( 7) p o in ya n g t e r in t e gr a s i, ya it u Did a k t ik F LE (Français Langue Etrangère), F OS (Français sur objectifs spécifiques), Ba h a s a , Ke b u d a ya a n , Sis t e m U n ive r s it a s , E va lu a s i d a n Se r t ifik a s i, Lit e r a t u r , d a n Ak t ivit a s b u d a ya . P a d a m u la n ya d ikla t in i b e r la n gs u n g s e la m a 7 m in ggu a t a u 2 4 0 ja m , ber sam a p er u bah an -p er u bah an ya n g a d a u n t u k t a h u n in i d ikla t b e r la n gs u n g s e la m a 5 m in ggu a t a u 13 0 ja m ya n g d ia kh ir i d e n ga n t e s t DE LF / DALF B2 d a n C1 ( o p t io n a l) d en ga n st a n d a r CECR (Cadre européen commun de référence) a t a u Kerangka Umum Eropa dalam Referensi untuk Bahasa, ya n g m a n a s e m u a b a h a s a ya n g d ip a ka i d i Un i E r o p a m e n ggu n a ka n s t a n d a r ko m p e t e n s i b a h a s a in i b a gi p e m b e la ja r a s in g. Tu n t u t a n akan stan dar kom p e t e n s i b e r u p a s e r t ifik a s i DE LF / DALF (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 dan C2) in i s a n ga t d ip e r lu k a n u n t u k m e m b a n gu n r a s a p e r ca ya d ir i b a gi p e n ga ja r b a h a s a P e r a n cis d a la m k e gia t a n b e la ja r m e n ga ja r , per tem u an -per tem u an atau s e m in a r - s e m in a r kebah asaan b a ik d i I n d o n e s ia , d i n e ga r a - n e ga r a p e n u t u r b a h a s a P e r a n cis , b a h k a n d i n e ga r a P e r a n cis t e m p a t b a h a s a in i b e r a s a l. Ke gia t a n ya n g d im u la i p u k u l 0 8 .0 0 h in gga 16 .0 0 t ia p h a r in ya b e r va r ia s i d a r i t u ga s in d ivid u , b e r p a s a n ga n , o b s e r va s i k e la s d i CCF Sa le m b a d a n W ija ya , s e r t a t e s a k h ir d i s e t ia p m a t a t a t a r a n n ya . P e m a t e r i d a la m d ik la t in i t e r d ir i d a r i 5 P e n u t u r a s li a n t a r a la in : M. J a cq u e s Cu e ille r o t / At a s e k e r ja s a m a untuk bah asa P e r a n cis , Mme. 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 b a ga i k e b u d a ya n J e p a n g ( k a b u k i, Training Program for Foreign 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 s u m o , s h o d o , ch a d o , d a n ik e b a n a ) 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 Teachers of The Japanese Language 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 s e r t a p e r ja la n a n wis a t a ( R yo u k o u ) 56789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 s e la m a 5 h a r i. EKSPRESI T u l i s a n in i d ib u a t b e r d a s a r k a n p e n ga la m a n p r ib a d i p e n u lis s e la ma m e n gik u t i k e gia t a n Tr a in in g P r o gr a m F o r F o r e ign Te a ch e r s Of Th e J a p a n e s e La n gu a ge d a r i t a n gga l 8 M e i- 3 J u li 2 0 0 7 d i U r a wa J e p a n g. U n t u k lu lu s d a la m p r o gr a m in i a d a b e b e r a p a p e r s ya r a t a n ya n g h a r u s d it e m p u h ya it u m e n gis i s e ju m la h t e s ,m e m b u a t k a r a n ga n d a n s a t u a n p e la ja r a n d a la m bah asa J epan g ser ta m e m p u n ya i kem am p u an ber bah asa J epan g ( N o u r yo k u Sh ik e n ) le ve l 3 . Tr a in in g P r o gr a m u n t u k gu r u b a h a s a J e p a n g As in g in i t e r d ir i d a r i: - Ta n k i P r o gr a m / Sh o r t Te r m ( 2 b u la n ) , m e lip u t i: Haru Ta n k i ( M u s im Se m i) , Natsu Ta n k i ( M u s im Pan as), F u yu Ta n k i ( M u s im Din gin ) . - Ch o k i P r o gr a m / Lo n g Te r m ( 6 b u la n ). - P e la t ih a n s e la in m a t a p e la ja r a n b a h a s a J e p a n g, m is a ln ya : m u s ik ,k e b u d a ya a n J e p a n g, d ll. ( 1 b u la n ). - J o k yu ( 2 b u la n ) . Un t u k P r o gr a m H a r u t a n ki/ s h o r t t e r m yg p e n u lis iku t i t e r d ir i d a r i 3 4 o r a n g p e s e r t a ya n g b e r a s a l d a r i 17 m a ca m N e ga r a ,ya it u : I n d o n e s ia ( 8 o r a n g) ,M a la ys ia ( 3 o r a n g) , Sr i La n ka ( 2 o r a n g) , I n d ia ( 3 o r a n g) , Br a zil ( 2 o r a n g) , Co lu m b ia ( 1 o r a n g) , Ch e ko ( 1 o r a n g) , Ru s ia ( 1 o r a n g) , Uzb e kis t a n ( 2 o r a n g) , Ka za kh s t a n ( 1 o r a n g) , Mo n go l ( 1 o r a n g) , Th a ila n d ( 4 o r a n g) , Au s t r a lia ( 1 o r a n g) , N e w Ze a la n d ( 1 o r a n g) , Ar m e n ia ( 1 o r a n g) , Ukr a in a ( 1 o r a n g) , Vie t n a m ( 1 o r a n g) . P r o gr a m in i b e r ja la n s e la m a 2 b u la n d e n ga n k e gia t a n ya n g s u d a h t e r ja d wa l, d ia n t a r a n ya m e lip u t i k e gia t a n p e r k u lia h a n ya n g d im u la i d a r i ja m 9 .3 0 - 16 .0 0 ( Se n in - J u m a t ) , k u n ju n ga n k e Se d o la h Da s a r d a n Se k o la h M e n e n ga h U m u m k h u s u s u n t u k wa n it a d i J e p a n g, H o m e s t a y, m e lih a t d a n m e m p r a k t ik k a n b e r - 46 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007 Se la m a p e r ku lia h a n ka m i t e r b a gi ke d a la m 3 ke la s s e s u a i d e n ga n h a s il p la ce m e n t test. Ad a p u n m ata p e la ja r a n ya n g d ip e la ja r i s e la m a d i Ur a wa J e p a n g, m e lip u t i Ba h a s a J e p a n g ( 4 5 ja m ) , Ta t a b a h a s a ( 2 7 ja m ) , m e t o d o lo gi p e n ga ja r a n (30 ja m ) , ke b u d a ya a n d a n m a s ya r a ka t J e p a n g ( 10 ja m ) , ko m p u t e r ( 4 ja m ) , ko n s u lt a s i p s iko lo gi ( kija a d a ya n g b e r m a s a la h 2 ja m ) , s im u la s i m e n ga ja r ( 2 ja m ) . Ad a p u n b e n t u k ke la s s e la m p r o s e s p e r ku lia h a n ya it u le t t e r ‘U‘ d e n ga n ju m la h p e s e r t a 11- 12 or an g s e h in gga m e n ja d i le b ih k o m u n ik a t if. Foto 1 Se la in k e gia t a n p e r k u lia h a n k it a ju ga m e n ga d a k a n k u n ju n ga n s e k o la h , ya it u k e Se k o la h Da s a r d a n Se k o la h M e n e n ga h U m u m k h u s u s wa n it a ( J o s h i Ko u k o u Ka s u k a b e ) . Di sa n a kit a d ip er ken a lka n keb ia sa a n a n a k-a n a k d i sekola h ser t a b er kelilin g sekit a r lin gku n ga n sekola h d a n b er d isku si d en ga n p a r a gu r u . Sa la h sa t u con t oh keb ia sa a n m u r id -m u r id d i J ep a n g ya it u m er eka t id a k m em a ka i sep a t u ke d a la m kela s, t et a p i m er eka m en ggu n a ka n sa n d a l kh u su s (su r ip p a ) ya n g t er sed ia d i sekola h seh in gga kela s m en ja d i b er sih . Sela in it u ket ika ja m m a ka n sia n g, m er eka t id a k m em b eli m a ka n a n d i ka n t in t et a p i sekola h su d a h m en yed ia ka n m a ka n sia n g (Kyu sh oku ). Ad a p u n ya n g m en ja d i p et u ga s ya n g m em b er ika n p ela ya n a n ket ika m a ka n sia n g a d a la h m u r id -m u r id it u sen d ir i ya n g b eker ja seca r a b er gilir a n sesu a i ja d wa l p iket (Fot o 1). Set ela h m a ka n sia n g kem u d ia n a d a wa kt u b er sih -b er sih , d im a n a m u r id m u r id m ela ku ka n p iket keb er sih a n t id a k h a n ya d i kela s sa ja t et a p i ju ga d i r u a n ga n -r u a n ga n t er t en t u sep er t i p er p u st a ka a n (Fot o 2 ). Foto 2 Se d a n gk a n k e t ik a k it a m e n ga d a k a n k u n ju n ga n k e Se k o la h M e n e n ga h Um u m kh u su s wa n it a di Ka s u k a b e ( J o s h i Ko u k o u Ka s u k a b e ) k it a s a lin g ber tu kar in fo r m a s i t e n t a n g p e n d id ik a n dan kead aan s e k o la h antar n e ga r a . Se la in m e n ga d a k a n d is k u s i d e n ga n gu r u gu r u k it a ju ga m e la k u k a n b in ca n gb in ca n g d e n ga n p e r wa k ila n m u r id m u r id . Ka m i m e m p e r k e n a lk a n N e ga r a k a m i m a s in g- m a s in g m u la i d a r i le t a k N e ga r a s e ca r a ge o gr a fis , k o n d is i a la m , p e n d id ik a n , k e b u d a ya a n , m a t a u a n g, m o d e l p a k a ia n ya n g s e d a n g t r e n d y d a n la in s e b a ga in ya . Meskip u n d a r i m er eka b a n ya k ya n g b elu m p er n a h d a t in g ke I n d on esia , t a p i t id a k sed ikit d a r i m er eka ya n g b en a r -b en a r in gin d a t a n g ke I n d on esia . Sela in b ela ja r d en ga n gu r u d i kela s a d a ju ga kegia t a n b ela ja r sen d ir i (J issh u ) d en ga n p ela ja r a n ya n g b er b ed a -b ed a . Set ela h selesa i b ela ja r m er eka ju ga t id a k la n gsu n g p u la n g t et a p i m en giku t i clu b ya n g a d a d i sekola h sesu a i d en ga n p ilih a n d a n m in a t m a sin g-m a sin g. Misa ln ya ola h r a ga , m u sik (Fot o 3 ), ka r u t a (Fot o 4 ) d a n la in -la in . Se la in m e n ga d a k a n k u n ju n ga n s e k o la h k it a ju ga m e n d a p a t k e s e m p a t a n u n t u k m e lih a t s e ca r a la n gsun g k e b u d a ya a n J epan g ya n g Foto 6 Da n k e gia t a n t e r a k h ir ya n g d ila k u k a n ya it u p a r iwis a t a ( R yo u k o u ) s e la m a 5 h a r i d e n ga n m e n ggu n a k a n Foto 7 k e r e t a t e r ce p a t d i J e p a n g ( s h in k a n s e n ) . Kit a m e n ga d a k a n wis a t a k e H ir o s h im a m e lih a t s e ca r a la n gs u n g t e m p a t p e n ge b o m a n za m a n d u lu . Se la in it u ju ga k it a k e Kyo t o d a n N a r a m e lih a t b e r b a ga i p e n in gga la n k u il- k u il ja m a n d u lu ya n g s a m p a i s a a t in i b e r d ir i d e n ga n in d a h n ya , s e p e r t i Kin k a k u ji d a n H im e jijo d a n la in -la in . M u n gk in in ila h s e k e lu m it la p o r a n p a n d a n ga n m a t a d a r i p e n u lis s e la m a d i U r a wa J e p a n g. Ad a s e ce r ca h h a r a p a n ya n g t e r s ir a t d i b e n a k in i in gin r a s a n ya s u a t u s a a t k e m b a li k e n e ge r i s a k u r a ya n g in d a h in i. [Dwi Puspitasari—E] Edisi Edisi99Tahun TahunVVJuli Juli2007 2007-- 47 47 E EK KS SP PR RE ES S II sudah la m a dan t e r k e n a l ya it u n a ka n u n t u k Sh od o in i a d a la h ka n ji Ka b u k i dan d a n a la t u n Su m o ser ta t u k m en u lism e m a k a i n ya d in a m a b a ju t r a d is ika n fu d e. on al J epan g C h a d o Ki m o n o . D a n a t a u u p a ca r a untuk le b ih m in u m teh m en getah u i ju ga d ip e la keb u d a ya a n ja r i t a t a ca r a m a sya r a ka t n ya . Se b e J e p a n g lu m m e la k u sehari-hari kan ch a d o , kam i pun b i a s a n y a m e n d a p a t m elakukan Foto 3 kesempatan p en gh or m a t m e n gin a p d i an kep ad a rum ah o r a n g J e p a n g ( h o m e s t a y) Tu h a n t e r le b ih d a h u lu ( F o t o 5 ) . s e la m a 1 h a r i 1 m a la m . Dis in i k it a Ad a p u n t e h ya n g d igu n a k a n b e r b is a m e lih a t k e b ia s a a n o r a n g je p a n g wa r n a h ija u dan s e d ik it p a h it r a s a n ya s e h in gga s e b a ga i p en ye im b a n g s e b e lu m m inum teh m e m a ka n ku e ya n g m a n is t e r le b ih d a h u lu . Ad a a la t kh u s u s u n t u k m e n ga d u k t e h in i. Ke t ika m e n ya jika n n ya pun p e la ya n d a n p e m in u m t e h m e la ku ka n p e n gh o r m a t a n ( Ojigi) ya n g ber bed a. Su n ggu h m e n a r ik s e ka li. ( F ot o 6 ) Ke gia t a n la in n ya ya it u s e n i m e r a n gk a i b u n ga a t a u ik e b a n a . Ka m i b e la ja r m e Foto 4 r a n gk a i b e b e r a p a ku n tu m m u la i d a r i b a n gu n t id u r s a m p a i b u n ga a n ggr e k ya n g d it a n ca p k a n k e t id u r k e m b a li. J u ga k it a b is a m e lih a t d a la m p o t ya n g le b a r d a n b e r is i a ir . r u an gan -r u an gan Bu n ga in i ya n g a d a d i dalam b is a b e r t a rum ah oran g J epan g, han sam ada r u a n ga n a la pai satu barat ( Yo u s h it s u ) m in ggu . dan a la J epan g Selain ( W a s h it s u ) . Un t u k b e l a j a r r u a n ga n a la J e p a n g i k e b a n a b ia s a n ya p in t u n ya k it a ju ga ter bu at d ar i ker tas mendapat ya n g d is e b u t t o k o kesem patnom a. an untuk Ke gia t a n la in m e l i h a t Foto 5 ya n g d iik u t i s e la m a d an m em di U r a wa , J epan g ya it u Sh o d o b u a t s e n d ir i p e m b u a t a n W a s h i a t a u ( m e n u lis in d a h huruf J e p a n g) . k a r t u p o s J e p a n g ya n g d ib u a t d a r i Bia s a n ya je n is h u r u f ya n g d igu - d a u r u la n g. ( F o t o 7) EKSPRESI 48 - Edisi 9 Tahun V Juli 2007