True tracheal bronchus

bronchus were found in eight cases (0.9%), accessory cardiac bronchus was found in one case (0.1%), hypoplasia was found in one case (0.1%) and bronchial origin anomalies were found in 10 cases (1.14%). Conclusion The display of tracheobronchial variations is of clinical importance first because they are related to infections and, sometimes, malignancies and second in preoperative or in cases of bronchoscopic procedures. In our study, the commonest variation was the tracheal bronchus. MDCT and virtual bronchoscopy can depict tracheobronchial variations accurately and can be served as an alternative to bronchoscopy in certain cases of possible bronchial anomaly.

Thorax, 2008

RadioGraphics, 2001

Bronchial anatomy is adequately demonstrated with the appropriate spiral computed tomographic technique on cross-sectional images, multiplanar reconstruction images, and three-dimensional reconstruction images. Contrary to the numerous variations of lobar or segmental bronchial subdivisions, abnormal bronchi originating from the trachea or main bronchi are rare. Major bronchial abnormalities include accessory cardiac bronchus (ACB) and "tracheal" bronchus. An ACB is a supernumerary bronchus from the inner wall of the right main bronchus or intermediate bronchus that progresses toward the pericardium. Fourteen ACBs were found in 17,500 consecutive patients (frequency, 0.08%). The term tracheal bronchus encompasses a variety of bronchial anomalies originating from the trachea or main bronchus and directed to the upper lobe. In a series of 35 tracheal bronchi, only eight originated from the trachea, three originated from the carina, and 24 originated from the bronchi. Displaced tracheal bronchi (27 of 35) are more frequent than supernumerary tracheal bronchi (eight of 35). Minor bronchial abnormalities include variants of tracheal bronchus, displaced segmental bronchi, and bronchial agenesis. The main embryogenic hypotheses for congenital bronchial abnormalities are the reduction, migration, and selection theories. Knowledge and understanding of congenital bronchial abnormalities may have important implications for diagnosis, bronchoscopy, surgery, brachytherapy, and intubation.

Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics, 2016

Introduction: Tracheal bronchus or pig bronchus is a rare congenital lung anomaly .In this condition, an ectopic bronchus arises from the lateral wall of the trachea, more commonly from right side. Although pig bronchus is usually asymptomatic, however in some patients it is presented with recurrent pneumonia and segmental atelectasis. Case Presentation: The patient was a five-month-old female referred to the clinic because of pneumonia with inappropriate response to antibacterial treatment and previous history of recurrent pneumonia. On chest X-ray, she had reduced volume right lung with mediastinal shift to the right side. Thorax computed tomography scan (CT scan) revealed pneumonitis. On bronchoscopy, there was no foreign body, but purulent exudates and fibrin were observed in her right lung and possibility of tracheal bronchus was not proposed. Although axial views of CT scan did not determine any anatomic anomaly, the coronal view reconstruction of her first CT scan revealed tracheal bronchus above the carina on the right side. The images of axial cuts of CT scan re-inspect one more time; it was interesting that it had some evidence of tracheal bronchus. Conclusions: Recurrent pneumonia in right upper lobe sensitized physicians about the possibility of congenital anomalies particularly tracheal bronchus and coronal view reconstruction of CT scan should be requested.

Revista Portuguesa De Pneumologia, 2011

A comprehensive knowledge of the normal pattern of endobronchial branching is essential to any pulmonologist. The classification systems available are predominantly static descriptions and only seldom do they refer to possible variations within the normal spectrum. To evaluate all possible anatomical variants of the tracheobronchial tree we conducted a prospective study in our endoscopy unit between February 1st and July 10th 2009. A total of 181 individuals were included in the study. Anatomical variants were found to be present in 79 individuals (43% of total). Overall we found 20 different anatomical variants. Variations were more frequently found within the right upper lobe (16.6% of individuals). Middle lobe and lingula presented no variations. The variant most frequently found was the presence of a bifurcate pattern of the right upper bronchus (13.8%). The present study revealed a relatively high frequency of anatomical alternatives to the normal endobronchial branching pattern. Recognition of these variants and the frequency of their expression are fundamental for the bronchologist in establishing the limits of normal anatomy and preparing endobronchial techniques or surgical procedures.

The Journal of Association of Chest Physicians, 2018

We are reporting here a case of a right tracheal bronchus who presented with recurrent right upper lobe pneumonia. On the initial visit, the patient presented with a right upper lobe opacity which was anterior to the right main bronchus. Fiber optic bronchoscopy revealed a right tracheal bronchus, 2.5 cm above the carina. 8 months later, the patient presented with a peripheral type of right upper lobe opacity. Though the lesions simulated tuberculosis/malignancy, cytology and bacteriology were not confirmatory and the patient was treated symptomatically. After being on regular follow up after 4 months, the patient had complete resolution of both the opacities, with residual atelectasis in the upper lobe.

Japanese Journal of Radiology, 2014

measures approximately 10-12 cm. Its anterior portion consists of horseshoe-shaped cartilaginous rings, while its posterior portion lies between the open ends of the cartilaginous rings and consists of a fibromuscular membrane. The shape of the trachea varies according to the phase of respiration. During inspiration, the intrathoracic trachea has an elliptical or round shape; on expiration, it appears to have a horseshoe shape because the posterior segment does not contain cartilage. After the trachea divides at the carina, the left and right mainstem bronchi are formed, which then enter the lung tissue and continue dividing, giving rise to smaller bronchi. Computed tomography (CT) is the best non-invasive method for evaluating tracheobronchial lesions. The sensitivities of direct radiography and CT in detecting diseases of the trachea and main bronchi are 66 and 97 %, respectively [1]. Currently, with the increased use of multidetector CT, a full thoracic scan can be performed without any motion artifacts in a single breath-hold time. In addition to axial images, two-and three-dimensional reconstruction images can be used to evaluate the tracheobronchial tree. These advantages have enabled CT to make great contributions in the diagnosis of tracheobronchial wall lesions [2]. When congenital bronchial abnormalities (i.e., accessory cardiac bronchus, tracheal bronchus) are excluded, the diseases affecting the trachea and main bronchi can be divided into two basic categories: focal and diffuse [3]. Focal diseases include tracheal strictures and tumors. Tracheobronchomegaly, relapsing polychondritis, tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica, amyloidosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, tracheobronchomalacia, saber-sheath trachea, and tracheobronchitis associated with ulcerative colitis are examples of diffuse diseases. In this pictorial review, we aimed to present the CT findings of tracheobronchial lesions in 3 categories; congenital bronchial abnormalities, focal and diffuse diseases.

The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 2012

Background. Congenital tracheal stenoses are rare and life-threatening anomalies, associated with considerable variation in both morphology and prognosis. They have been classified previously according to the length of the stenosis or the severity of the symptoms, but not according to bronchial involvement.

The Annals of thoracic surgery

Lakbay-Kabanwahan: Mga Salaysay ng Pangingibang-bayan ng mga Likasyan, 2019

Elumbre, Adonis at Atoy Navarro, mga pat. 2019. Lakbay-Kabanwahan: Mga Salaysay ng Pangingibang-Bayan ng mga Likasyan 1. Sa isyung ito, ipinapakilala ang Lakbay-Kabanwahan: Mga Salaysay ng Pangingibang-bayan ng mga Likasyan bilang serye ng mga monograp ng Unibersidad ng Pilipinas (UP) Lipunang Pangkasaysayan (LIKAS). Ang unang tomong ito ay may temang Lakbay-Kabanwahan sa Timog Silangang Asya, at tampok dito ang mga sanaysay ng mga dating Likasyan na ngayon ay mga propesor at mananaliksik sa iba’t ibang unibersidad sa loob at labas ng Pilipinas.