Urban land utilization : case study : Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

URBAN LAND UTILIZATION CASE STUDY: RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA by MOHAMMED A. ALVUSSAYEN & ALI M. SHUAIBI B. Arch., Riyadh University 1972 SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE IN ADVANCED STUDIES at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June, 1975 Signatures of the Authors-....................-... Department of Architecture May 1975 Certified by ....... ................................................... Horacio Camgfios , Accepted by Thesis Supervisor .... Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate John Habraken Rotch IS517 SCEP 5 1975 Students Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 9, 1975 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture in Advanced Studies. ABSTRACT This is a study of urban dwelling environments with primary emphasis on land utilization: its pattern, intensity, and efficiency. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is taken to illustrate the various aspects. The study consists of existing dwelling environments and a model for urban land development. The National Context of Saudi Arabia and the Urban Context of Riyadh are included in brief form as well as a summary of the urban housing policy of Saudi Arabia for reference. Five distinct urban dwelling environments in Riyadh have been identified, analyzed, and evaluated. These cases were chosen because of the time of their emergence in Riyadh, their location, and layouts, as well as the socioeconomic characteristics of their inhabitants. These cases are: Ad-dira (traditional pattern); Manfoha (transitional pattern); Khazzan (contemporary pattern); Malazz (contemporary government development for its employees); The Khurais (contemporary government project for low income families). to reference with locality the levels: cases were analyzed on four different a and block, a typical main elements, the containing its context, a segment typical dwelling. In addition, eight dwelling types, representing the dwelling systems available in Riyadh,have been further identified and evaluated. The study of the urbanization model consists of the following: - A review of the proposed master plan of Riyadh; - The asic studies for a physical development, including site limitation's and development plans and process. - Twelve layouts, three of them adapted from existing models, evaluated with respect to their land utilization. Objectives: - To illustrate the correlation between the settlement and its physical, socio-economic, and cultural context. - To emphasize the relationship between the physical pattern and the development process of a settlement and its land utilization. Application: - A guide for preliminary design and evaluation of urban environments in transition. - A stimulus for future studies. - A point of reference for policy makers in urban dwelling environments. Thesis Supervisor: Horacio Caminos Title: Professor of Architecture 0 N03 PREFACE This study is based on field surveys in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, carried out by the authors during the summer of 1974. The surveys included the physical and socio-economic aspects of selected Riyadh urban dwelling environments. The analysis and evaluations were carried out in the Urban Settlement Design Program, School of Architecture and Planning, M.I.T., during the academic years 1973-74 and 1974-75. The surveys and evaluations of the urban dwelling environments are based on a procedure developed in the Urban Settlement Design Program. The procedure provides a basis for comparison of urban dwelling environments in different parts of the world. Mohammed Al-Hussayen and Ali Shuaibi were responsible for all aspects of the thesis. Mohammed Al-Hussayen took particular responsibility in finalizing the case studies of Riyadh. Saleh Al-Hathloul participated fully in the preparation of the urbanization model. The authors gratefully acknowledge the guidance and kind support of Professor Horacio Caminos during the two years of the study. They are also grateful for: the critique and assistance of Reinhard Goethert during the same period; the classes of 1973-75, 1974-76 for their comments; Dee Clarke for the editing and typing of the text; Fatima Al-Hussayen for her moral support; Riyadh University for financing the research; the Saudi Arabian Educational Mission for their kind cooperation; the Town Planning Authority, the Municipality of Riyadh, the Ministry of Interior for Municipalities, the Housing Authority in the Ministry of Finance, the Aerial Survey Department in the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, and the Central Planning Organization for the provision of essential materials. The authors are further indepted to all who directly or indirectly contributed to this work whose names were not mentioned. CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION 1 URBAN CONTEXT 2 CASE STUDIES 7 1. AD-DIRA 2. MANFOHA 3. KHAZZAN 4. MALAZZ 5. KHURAIS 8 18 28 38 48 EVALUATIONS 59 DWELLINGS TIME/PROCESS PERSPECTIVE PHYSICAL DATA MATRIX COMMUNITY FACILITIES; UTILITIES / SERVICES MATRIX LAND UTILIZATION: PATTERNS, PERCENTAGES, DENSITIES LAND UTILIZATION: OPTIMUM RANGES LAYOUT EFFICIENCY 60 62 64 65 66 67 URBANIZATION MODEL 68 INTRODUCTION MASTER PLAN CONTEXT SITE CONTEXT COMMUNITY FACILITIES LAND UTILIZATION INTENSITY DEVELOPMENT PLANS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS LAYOUT PATTERN 68 69 70 71 72 74 75 76 APPENDIX 86 NATIONAL CONTEXT GLOSSARY EXPLANATORY NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY 86 90 91 91 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Urban Settlements have witnessed tremendous changes in their structure, functions, and environments during the past few decades. The problems of urban sprawl, social disintegration, and poverity are some of the results of these changes. These problems call for reassessment of the current approaches to the development of urban settlements. The isolation and study of differnt elements of settlements independently is indispensable to the understanding of its characteristics, but a comprehensive approach in planning and design is essential to a settlement's functioning and livability. Urban land utilization is influenced by different situations and policy interpretations on different levels; still the study of the relationship between different elements of environments in existing conditions helps the prediction and future planning in a given urban context. The focus of this study is on urban dwelling environments with primary emphasis on land utilization: its pattern, intensity, and efficiency. The study attempts to illustrate the correlation between the settlement and its physical, socioeconomic, and cultural context, and to emphasise the relationship between the physical pattern and the development process of a settlement and its land utilization. The study may be applied as a guide for preliminary design and evaluation of urban environments in transition, a stimulus for future studies, and a point of reference for policy makers in urban dwelling environments. (1) Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is taken to illustrate the various aspects. The study consists of two basic sections: a survey of existing dwelling ervironments and a model for urban land development. In addition the National Context of Saudi Arabia and the Urban context of Riyadh are included for reference. The survey of existing dwelling environments identifies, analyzes, and evaluates five distinct urban areas in Riyadh. These cases were chosen because of the time of their emergence in Riyadh, their locations and layouts, as well as the socioeconomic characteristics of their inhabitants. These cases are: Ad-Dira (traditional pattern); Manfoha (transitional pattern); Khazzan (contemporary pattern); Malazz (contemporary, Government development for its employees); Khorais (contemporary, Government project Squatter areas are not for low income families). if they continue to grow, but study, this in considered may result. environments dwelling distinct large-scale levels: different four on analyzed were cases The the locality with.reference to its context; a segment showing the main elements: streets, dwellings, lots, open spaces, commercial areas, and community facilities; a typical block; and a typical dwelling. In addition, eight dwelling types, representing the dwelling systems available in Riyadh, have been further identitied and evaluated. The study of the urbanization model consists of the following: a review of the proposed master plan of Riyadh; the basic studies for a physical development, including site limitations and development plans and process; and twelve layouts, three of them adapted from existing modeles, evaluated with respect to their land utilization. (2) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION URBAN CONTEXT RIYADH 24' 38' 4,000.000 N - - URBAN CONSTRUCTION TYPES -- NORTH 3,000,000 ---- 2.000.000 RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA -1- WIND O 100 ) OTHER 1.000.000 ADOBE It - WOD 500,000 MASONRY WOD 250,000 TEMPERATURE Riyadh is the capital and the largest city in Saudi Arabia. It is located in the Cent- 45C ral region of the country at the intersection 21C of major travel routes which link the Arabian Gulf to the Red Sea. The city is situated on a plateau which is 600 meters above sea level at Latitude 24* 38' North, Longitude 46* 43' East. Rain fall is rare; humidity is very low; and temperatures vary from 5*C in winter to 45*C in summer. WITER 37C 0C 1PRIM WMMERI FALL CONCRETE 1500 1700 1970 1500 The chart shows (1) approximate percentage of each construction type within the total number of dwellings and (2) building group that generally produces each type. 2000 URBAN POPULATION GROWTH horizontal: dates vertical:population Source:Doxiadis, Riyadh Existing Conditions. 11C MASONRY CONCRETE Quality of information:Approximate HUMIDITY 100% 75% 50% 25% URBAN UTILITIES AND SERVICES WATER SUPPLY CESSPOOL Almost 50% of the private households earn less than $1714 per year, and that means that 50% of the private households earn less than 15% of the aggregate personal income. Households earning less than $3428 per year make up 23%, and households who earn more than $3430 per year make up 27% of the total population. In 1968 the annual per capita income of Riyadh was $461. For the rest of the country it was $350-400. RAIN STORM DRAINAGE 400om 300=m 200mm 100mm SNOW 400mm 300om 200mm ELECTRICITY PROPANE TANKS REFUSE COLLECTION I I I 25% 20 15 Vil 10 5 M I : 5 11 10 1 1 1: I* 15 20 PAVED ROADS, WALKWAYS TELEPHONE 25% STREET LIGHTING URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION horizontal: percentages vertical: ages males: females:F Source: Doxiadis, Riyadh Existing Conditions. M Dm The municipality of Riyadh is responsible for the current administration of the city's affairs, and jointly with the Ministry of the Interior, for all projects concerning the city, its facilities, and its infrastructure. 25000 URBAN COMMUNITY FACILITIES 10000 POLICE A high percentage of urban construction is adobe, concentrated in center of the city. New neighborhoods are of concrete construction. 5000 FIRE PROTECTION 1000 SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS HEALTH Soo There is a complete water supply system in the city, but there is a shortage of water in the summer. There is no public sanitary system, so every individual building has a separate cesspool. Sanitary and storm drainage systems are under construction. There is no public gas system, but propane gas in tanks is the main fuel. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION 250 NORTH RECREATION, OPEN SPACES The chart illustrates the approximate availability utilities, services, and community facilities at three levels: NONE, LIMITED, ADEQUATE. Quality of information: Approximate 0 50% 40 30 20 10 0 URBAN ANNUAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION horizontal: percentages Source: Doxiadis, vertical: dollars Riyadh Existing Condition s. of .~mse- a I a a - a - - URBAN CONTEXT: RIYADH CITY URBAN TOPOGRAPHY AND CIRCULATION Riyadh was built between the Wadis Hanifah, Aysan and Batha in order to profit from the available water sources. Apart from the Wadis other natural features of the surrounding area are two rows of hillocks to the east and to the west. The built-up area covers an area of roughly 15km from north to south and approximately 10km from east to west. Of the major entrance points to the city, two are of major importance and these are not connected by the same route inside the city. Use of city streets is required to get from one to the other. The approaches are a) Dammam-Dhah- URBAN LAND USE PATTERN Residential areas exist throughout the city. The old section of the city consists mainly of mud houses. Apartment blocks have developed within the central business district and to the north. New residential areas, which developed after 1945 generally, house mostly middle and high income groups. Although most of the commercial and business activity is concentrated in the central business district, some groups of shops have sprung up in the new residential areas. The industrial area is located to the east of the city along Kharj Road. ran and b) Hejaz. Three lesser accesses play an important role in the movement of traffic to and from the city. KEY A Airport Primary Road it- +4Railroad ------------- Rapid Transit Built-up Area O O AD-DIRA MANFORA KHAZZAN 0 MALAZZ O KHURAIS AREAS RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL 0 qa ___________ , (4) S e URBAN LAND UTILIZATION URBAN INCOME PATTERN The very low income sector the city center and to the small squatter settlements upper class neighborhood. is concentrated in south of it. Some are located in the The middle income group lives in walk-up apartment buildings in the main commercial streets and in neigh- URBAN DENSITY PATTERN The estimated population of Riyadh in 1968 was 300,000 inhabitants. Since 1960, the average annual rate of increase has been The birth rate contributes only 2% 8.5%. per annum to the increase. The additional 6.5% is attributed to migration. .borhoods distributed around the city center. There is a concentration of the high income sector in neighborhoods towards the west and High population density is concentrated in the city center and in the low income neigh- northwest of the city. northern and eastern parts of the city have borhoods. The new residential area in the a low population density. DENSITIES INCOMES LOW 200-400 P./Ha. MEDIUM 100-200 P/Ha. HIGH Less than 100 P./Ha. 0 1:250000 5 10 151m URBAN CONTEXT: URBAN GROWTH PATTERN URBAN LAND VALUE PATTERN Some records of ancient history, the earliest dating back to 715 B.C., mention the existence of Hajiar in the general area where Riyadh Land prices in the Central Business District are in the range of $500 to $1200 per square meter. They continue to be high along the was later founded. Around 1730 Riyadh became the capital of a kingdom under the Iben Saud family, but the capital was subsequently moved to Daraiya, 20km to the north, in the beginning of the 19th century. In 1818, the kingdom was defeated and the capital destroyed. main commercial streets, and drop gradually towards the west. In the old city outside the Central Business District prices slide from $143 to $28 per square meter. In the new residential areas prices range from $43 to $14 per square meter, and in the industrial area, land costs vary from $20 to $7 per In the beginning of the 20th century King Abdul Aziz Iben Saud liberated and unified many square meter. areas of the peninsula from the control of the Ottoman Empire. At the end of World War II Riyadh became the capital of Saudi Arabia. PRICES DATES 1920 $500-12-00/m 1950 $100-500/m 1968 $3-100/m 2 2 2 1:250000 RIYADH CITY URBAN LAND UTILIZATION RIYADH, Saudi Arabia: (top) Batha Street, the main transportation and commercial spine with predominant walk-up apartment buildings. (bottom) As-Safah, the government palace sqaure, domi-nated by the increasing number of cars. URBAN CONTEXT SOURCES Urban Topography and Circulation: (accurate) Doxiadis, RIYADH EXISTING CONDITIONS, 1968. Urban Land Use Pattern: (approximate) IBID. Urban Income Pattern: (approximate) IBID. Urban Growth Pattern: (approximate) IBID. (approximate) IBID. Urban Density Pattern: Urban Land Value Pattern: (approximate) IBID. Climate: (accurate) IBID. Photographs: Field Surveys, A. Shuaibi & M. Hussayen, 1974. General information: Doxiadis, RIYADH EXISTING CONDITIONS, 1968. CASE STUDIES (7) CASE STUDIES The following section contains case studies depicting selected dwelling environments/situationsin the Riyadh urban area at the present time. The 5 cases were selected according to income groups, housing systems, and proportion of the population that each system houses. Each case study is represented at four scales: CASE STUDIES SURVEYED LOCALITY: A locality is defined as a relatively selfcontained residential area in Riyadh. In general, it is contained within physical boundaries. LOCALITY SEGMENT:' All the localities differ in size and shape. A segment of 400X400 meters has been taken from each locality for purposes of comparison. LOCALITY BLOCK: Within each locality segment a typical residential block has been selected to allow comparison of land utilization (patterns, percentages, and densities) that are homogeneous. The block is bounded on all sides by circulation so that the ratio of circulation to area served may be compared. DWELLING UNIT: A typical self-contained unit for an individual, a family, or a group in each locality segment. 1. AD-DIRA 2. MANFOHA 3. KHAZZAN 1. AD-DIRA : Private, low/middle income, Row-grouped houses/apartments. 2- MANFOHA : Private, low icome, row houses. 3. KHAZZAN : Private, middle income, detached houses/ apartments. 4. MALAZZ Public, middle/high income, detached houses. 5. KHURAIS : Public, moderately middle income, row houses. 4. MALAZZ 5. KHURAIS (8) 1 URBAN LAND UTILIZATION AD-DIRA Riyadh PRIVATE, LOW/MIDDLE INCOME, ROW GROUPED HOUSES/APARTMENTS 5Km LOCATION: It is located in the old city which includes the central business district and the remaining buildings of the old city. DEVELOPMENT: Until 1930, Riyadh was a very small town with a radius of about 750m and enclosed within a wall. After it became the capital of Saudi Arabia, the area of the town grew beyond its walls and they were removed. In the Fifties, straight streets cut into the city and the central business district developed along these streets. New buildings were erected with shops occupying the ground floors and business offices in the upper floors. Most of the buildings were originally designed as residential apartments, but business offices are replacing them at an increasing rate. Most of the middle and high income families have moved from the old houses to new neighborhoods on theperiphery. Many of the old homes are now used as warehouses. AD-DI5A, Riyadh: (top) The view shows traditional housefacadeswith theirsmallwindowsto provide privacy and protection from the weather. A part of a with a simple minaret is seen. mosque (bottom) This vegetable and fruit market is the main food supply for the city. The umbrellas are for protection from the sun. CASE STUDY: AD-DIRA LAYOUT: (9) There are two types of street patterns in the locality: 1)traditional, narrow streets within the residential area; 2) wide, commercial streets, open for circulation depending on need. Open spaces are limited for parking and cemeteries. SELECTED SEGMENT L)o N U LOCALITY PLAN 1:10000 INs Ie. (10) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION LAND USE: Commercial activities are concentrated along the main streets. The main food market is located in the south of the locality. The major mosque (Jami) and the 1/12% government palace (Quaser Alhokm) occupy the central area around Safat Square. There 4 0'9 w are three schools, 23 mosques, and a clinic in the locality. q/ / 4 ~~%/Z " AREAS - -.- -.-. .... ..-- O P E NNPA C E / A 'o Y 9 7 ol i/n Parking P Police P Fire DepartmentMq S 3 School Mosque Recreation L Library Eq moa U University H PO 88 Health Post Office Social Services K Market C Cemetery Mq % ... Mq ................. KEYA Ph '~ " '4 Q ~ M Pk:: iV ' ' AM MM 4~ A "M/ Bus K LOCALITY LAND USE PATTERN E 1:10000 Y . .. . . CIRCULATION: CASE STUDY: AD-DIRA (11) All streets are open to vehi- cular and pedestrian use. Streets in the old area are narrow and unpaved. The new streets,which are used as the main commercial center for the city, are crowded by vehicles and pedestrians during shopping hours. Parking areas are very limited, and side streets are used. KEY VEHICULAR ....... PEDESTRIAN N a LOCALITY CIRCULATION PATTERN 1:10000 in 5een (12) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION 40.- LOCALITY SEGMENT LAND UTIL IZATION D ATA DENSITIES Total Number Area HHectares Density N/Ha 44.18 LOTS 707 16 DWELLING UNITS 700 16 43.75 4900 16 306.25 PEOPLE AREAS Hectares PUBLIC (streets, walkways, open spaces) 2.9 SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces, schools, community centers) 0.4 shops, 12.4 Percentages 18 300mPRIVATE (dwellings, factories, lots) SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) TOTAL 0.3 16.0 200m- 100m- Om - N 1som LOCALITY SEGMENT AIR PHOTOGRAPH 1:2500 a - CASE STUDY: AD-DIRA LOCALITY CONSTRUCTION TYPES U ~s.j-. 100 0 B I OTHERS ADOBE WOOD MASONRY WOOD MASONRY CONCRETE a -3 CONCRETE The chart shows (1) approximate percentage of each construction type within the total number of dwellings and (2) building group that generally produces each type. Quality of information: Approximate LOCALITY UTILITIES AND SERVICES WATER SUPPLY CESSPOOL STORMDRAINAGE ELECTRICITY PROPANE TANKS REFUSE COLLECTION PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PAVED ROADS, WALKWAYS TELEPHONE STREET LIGHTING LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES POLICE FIRE PROTECTION amp- HEALTH go SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS do RECREATION, OPEN SPACES The chart illustrates the approximate availability utilities, services, and community facilities at three levels: NONE, LIMITED, ADEQUATE. Quality of information: Approximate an 0; - N 150m LOCALITY SEGMENT PLAN 1:2500 S. SELECTED BLOCK of (14) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION The traditional pattern appears in this locality. Lot sizes vary since the locality is inhabited by different LOCALITY BLOCK: income groups. Circulation is low and even lower in semi-private areas. E1 i urn a.. I I I i * * DENSITIES LOTS DWELLING UNITS PEOPLE i Density N/Ha Area Hectares 35 28 0.80 28 0.80 35 0.80 245 196 AREAS PUBLIC (streets, walkways, open spaces) Hectares Percentages 0.15 19 SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces, schools, community centers) PRIVATE (dwellings, factories, lots) shops, SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) TOTAL 0.61 0 I I I I * I LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA Total Number i i I i * i I I I I I I I I I I I I * a i 76 5I 04 0.80 100 NETWORK EFFICIENCY R-FACTOR _ network lenth (circulation) area served (circulation, lots) 179 0.8 = 224m/Ha = 286m2 AVERAGELOT AREA total area (circulation, lots) number of lots 0 LOCALITY BLOCK PLAN 1:1000 (15) CASE STUDY: AD-DIRA LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS -..-NS 1 Hectare I I 3 cWCS~':.\'c y .. I I . * PATTERN '....'.. 5459: 'R555 I I I I I I Public: streets/walkways Semi-Public: playgrounds Semi-Private: cluster courts Private: lots dwellings 1 Hectare i I * I I PERCENTAGES streets/Walkways 19% Playgrounds Cluster Courts 5% Dwellings/Lots 76% 1 Hectare 0 10 DENSITY LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION 1:1000 . 20 Persons Persons/Hectare 240 (16) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION TYPICAL DWELLING: Traditional house characteris by indirect opend court to the street. The central court functions as a ligh source, for air circulation, and as an open private space for family use. The rare court is used as a working area and extension of the kitchen. Reception room is located in the second floor. ELEVATION SECTION Living Room Dining/Eating Area Bedroom Kitchen/Cooking Area Toilet/Bathroom Laundry Closet Storage Room (multi-use) PLAN 0 TYPICAL DWELLING 1 1:200 51 CASE STUDY: PHYSICAL DATA (related to dwelling and land) DWELLING UNIT type: area (sq m): tenure: House 77 Legal ownership LAND/LOT utilization: area Private (sq m): 77 tenure: Legal ownership SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA location: type: DWELLING DEVELOPMENT mode: developer: builder: construction type: year of construction: City center Row-grouped 1 Single family Fair GENERAL: SOCIAL user's ethnic origin: place of birth: education level: NUMBER OF USERS married: single: children: total: Instant Private Artisan Adobe 1945 MATERIALS foundation: floors: walls: roof: Rubble Concrete Adobe Wood/Straw/Clay DWELLING FACILITIES wc: shower: kitchen: rooms: other : 1 1 3 Courts MIGRATION ('7) LOCALITY SOURCES (related to user) Plan: Saudi from rural Al-Kharj University 2 2 4 8 DWELLING number of floors: utilization: physical state: AD-DIRA Land Use Pa ttern: CirculationPa ttern: Segment Plan: Block Plan: Block Land Utiliz ation: Typical Dwe lling: PATTERN number of moves: rural - urban: urban - urban: urban - rural: why came to urban area: GENERAL: ECONOMIC user's income group: employment: distance to work: mode of travel: COSTS dwelling unit: land - market value: DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS financing: rent/mortgage: % income for rent/mortgage: 1 X Employment Middle Government employee 3km Private car $7,042 $150,000 Self-financed Nut Available. Physical Data: Socio-Economic Data: Photog raphs: General Information: (accurate) AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH. Department of Aerial Photognometry. Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals, 1973. (accurate) DOXIADIS, Riyadh Existing Conditions, 1968. (approximate) AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH, Department of Aerial Photognometry, Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals, 1973. . (accurate) IBID. (accurate) IBID. (accurate) IBID. (accurate) Fourth-year students field survey, Department of Architecture, Riyadh University, 1972. (approximate) Field Surveys, A. Shuaibi & M. Hussayen (approximate) IBID. A. Shuaibi M. Hussayen DOXIADIS, Riyadh Existing Conditions, 1968. & (18) 2 URBAN LAND UTILIZATION MANFOHA Riyadh PRIVATE, LOW INCOME, ROW HOUSES LOCATION: It is located 2km south of the city center in the inner ring. DEVELOPMENT: It was developed by a land subdivision plan proposed by the Riyadh Municipality for the low income group. Most of the inhabitants are of nomadic origin, now working as taxi drivers. Manfoha took its name from an uninhabited, old village south of the existing locality. People developed their land by introducing new materials into the old patterns: steel in entrance doors, cement on floors and roofs. MAFAOHA, Riyadh: (top) The main commercial street with walk-up buildings used for commercial and residential use. The minibus, appearing in the front, is used for public transportation. (bottom) This general view shows a typical block with its straight streets. U - ews S U. u U flu - h CASE STUDY: MANFOHA (19) 4 LAYOUT: The grid pattern with long blocks is the typical layout for Manfoha. Three main streets connect the locality to the city spine (Batha Street). Locality expansion is limited to the north and east by main street, but open to the south and west. 7584 584 ---586- 588 590 0)100586 rf \10584 rp p SELECTED SEGMENT - AN 588 0 LOCALITY PLAN 1:10000 1o0 586 son \\W\# *#4~~No :\\N 1011 a \\ ......... NN \ '4\ CD 10V4 MEN pg O--\, NWN \\\\\ N x 0,2 (DC) C) \C 0)" 0 C) O* O E H .0 ~ 4 )0 5P!, 4.)\ 00 C)4WH U)~o C) r H 0 4 >,4a) 0 WOW H m C C) 0-H H a) C)) 42 -H I 2W>C 02) 0 U) 0 2 . 0D U) U) U . 2 op V C) 00- u oo 4 ON \%%0 HR C) C .0 .0\ vN 00N1 > WHWU 4 ow) o.0 CASE STUDY: MANFOHA CIRCULATION: Mixed vehicular and pedestrian circulation exists in this case study. East-west streets connect the locality by the main spine (Batha Street) and include the main circulation routes. Other streets to the north and south contain lot accesses, but with less circulation. KEY VEHICULAR eeeeeeee. .PEDESTRIAN N I LOCALITY CIRCULATION PATTERN 1:10000 in seem (22) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION 400= LOCALITY SEGMENT LAND UTILIZATION DATA . -A #%J Total Number Area Hectares LOTS 750 16 DWELLING UNITS 640 16 40.00 4480 16 280.00 DENSITIES PEOPLE AREAS Density N/Ha 46.88 Hectares Percentages 8.7 54 SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces, schools, community centers) 0.4 3 PRIVATE (dwellings, shops, factories, lots) 6.9 43 PUBLIC (streets, walkways, open spaces) 300m- SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) TOTAL 16.0 200m - U. - LOCALITY SEGMET AIR PHOTOGRAPH 1:2500 CASE STUDY: MANFOHA jsjww (23) LOCALITY CONSTRUCTION TYPES 6" 100 0 OTHERS ADOBE WOOD MASONRY WOOD MASONRY CONCRETE 30Dm 5 CONCRETE _______ The chart shows (1) approximate percentage of each construction type within the total number of dwellings and (2) building group that generally produces each type. Quality of inlormation: Approximate LOCALITY UTILITIES AND SERVICES SUPPLY WATER CESSPOOL STORMDRAINAGE ELECTRICITY 200m PROPANE TANKS REFUSE COLLECTION PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PAVED ROADS, WALKWAYS TELEPHONE STREET LIGHTING LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES POLICE FIRE PROTECTION HEALTH SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS RECREATION, OPEN SPACES The chart illustrates the approximate availability utilities, services, and community facilities at three levels: NONE, LIMITED, ADEQUATE. Quality of information: Approximate :00::00:: ... N ? 00 LOCALITY SEGMENT PLAN 1:2500 so100 1508 SELECTED BLOCK of (24) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION BLOCK PLAN: Row houses, covering a small area, are approximately 1OX10m in size. Most of the lots have one access except those that are located on block corners. LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA DENSITIES Total Number LOTS DWELLING UNITS PEOPLE 66 65 455 AREAS Density Area Hectares N/Ha 1.0 66 65 1.0 1.0 455 Hectares Percentages PUBLIC (streets, walkways, open spaces) 0.38 33 0.62 62 1.0 100 SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces, schools,communitycenters) PRIVATE (dwellings, shops, factories,lots) SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) TOTAL NETWORK EFFICIENCY R-FACTOR network length (circulation) area served (circulation, lots) 405 = 1 405m/Ha AVERAGE LOT AREA total area (circulation, lots) number of lots 151m 2 "M CASE STUDY: MANFOHA PATTERN Public: streets/walkways Semi-Public: playgrounds Semi-Private: cluster courts Private: lots dwellings M 1 Hectare PERCENTAGES Streets/Walkways Playgrounds Cluster Courts Dwellings/Lots 38% _ 62% 1 Hectare * * * 0 0 0 0 500 iiiii .............1111111111111111111 DENSITY *20 persons Persons/Sectare 460 (26) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION Inspite of its small TYPICAL DWELLING: area, the transitional house retains enough essential elements for the low income family. The service court disappears in these dwellings. In the transitional pattern, Li- _ new building materials such as concrete floors, cement plaster, and cement blocks, are used. found. ELEVATION SECTION KEY Living Room Dining/Eating Area Bedroom IJ Kitchen/Cooking Area Toilet/Bathroom Laundry Closet Storage Room (multi-use) PLAN 0 TYPICAL DWELLING 1 1:200 5 More developed openings are CASE STUDY: MANFOHA PHYSICAL DATA (related to dwelling and land) DWELLING UNIT type: area (sq m): tenure: LAND/LOT utilization: area (sq m): tenure: DWELLING location: type: number of floors: utilization: physical state: DWELLINGDEVELOPMENT mode: developer: builder: construction type: year of construction: MATERIALS foundation: floors: walls: roof: DWELLING FACILITIES wc: shower: kitchen: rooms: other: SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA to user) (related House 121 Legal/Ownership SOCIAL GENERAL: user's ethnic origin: place of birth: education level: Private 121 Legal/Ownership NUMBEROF USERS married: single: children: total: Inner Ring Row/Grouped 1 Single family Fair MIGRATION PATTERN number of moves: rural - urban: urban - urban: urban - rural: why came to urban area: Instant Private Artisan Adobe 1955 Rubble Concrete Adobe Wood/Straw/Clay 2 1 1 4 Court * LOCALITY SOURCES Saudi from village Majmaa None 2 2 4 1 X Employment GENERAL: ECONOMIC user's income group: employment: distance to work: mode of travel: Low Labor 10km Public transportation COSTS dwelling unit: land - market value: $3000 $4260 DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS financing: rent/mortgage: income for rent/mortgage: Self-financed Not Available. Locality Plan: Land Use Pattern: Circulation Pattern: Segment Plan: Block Plan: Block Land Utilization: Typical Dwelling: Physical Data: Socio-Economic Data: Photographs: General Information: (accurate) AERIAL PHOTOcGRAPH,Department of Aerial Photognometry. Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals, 1973. (approximate) IBID. (approximate) IBID. (accurate) IBID. (accurate) IBID. (accurate) IBID. (approximate) Field Surveys, A. Shuaibi a M. (approximate) IBID. (approximate) IBID. A. Shuaibi a M. 1974 DOXIADIS, Riyadh Existing Conditions, 1968. Hussayen Hussayen, (28) 3 URBAN LAND UTILIZATION KHAZZAN Riyadh PRIVATE, MIDDLE INCOME DETACHED HOUSES/HIGH RISE APARTMENTS 10Km SKm LOCATION: This locality is bordered on the north by Khazzan Street, 700 meters west of a major commercial spine (King Feisal Street) and 800 meters northwest of Al-Jamie mosque, the main mosque of Riyadh in the city center. DEVELOPMENT: The lower part in the east was first developed with high income palaces in 1931. Some low income families also settled in the northeast beside the high income section. The remainder of the locality was subdivided and the north part was occupied by high income families in the 1950's with the southern and central parts later gradually developed as middle income areas containing walk up apartment buildings of four floors along the Khazzan Street. Seven story high-rise buildings started to be developed in the 1970's and were mostly occupied by high to middle income foreign employees or small Saudi families. Detached houses built in the 1950's are occupied by large Saudi families. The high income palaces in the north are now used by administrative buildings. KHAZZAN, Riyadh: (top) Walk-up and high-rise buildings are seen along Khazzan Street. commercial enterprises occupy the ground floors and the upper floors contain residential apartments. (bottom) Western style, detached houses (villas) are distributed in the new neighborhoods. (29) CASE STUDY: KHAZZAN 610 608 606 604 602 600 598 596 LAYOUT: 592 594 The area has wide commercial through streets with pattern. a predominately grid The lot sizes are varied. block layout does not discourage traffic infringement. VIZ 612 ST I=HAN air* sitn ....... ... t 6 A 0I .. 608- )i%~ \k~ 606 GL 604.....SEECTE s .. i..50t Kc LOAT LOCALITY PLAN soo 10z PN 1:10000- D The commercial me (30) fl URBAN LAND UTILIZATION LAND USE: There is a hugh administrative complex in the north of the locality which forced the commercial activities along Khazzan Street to the south and encouraged high densities of population. A private hospital, several mosques, schools, and a public park are found in the locality. AREAS RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL IA I Z A OPEN SPACES KEY Pk P F S Mq R L Parking Police Fire Department School Mosque Recreation Library U University H Health PO Post Office SS Social Services M Market C A1 A/'o A .... r....... rrO2Q4 MY 4 .. .. .. .. BREET .m~ 4% ... .. ........ 440 r 'AWA Cemetery Bus 500W LOCALITY LAND USE PATTERN 1:10000 CASE STUDY: KHAZZAN (31) CIRCULATION: The locality is connected with the city center by public transportation, which within walking distance for all residences. The main transportation mod (for detached houses dwellers) is by private cars. * 0 LOCALITY CIRCULATION PATTERN 1:10000 10N *.......* PEDESTRIAN seem (32) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION 400m - LOCALITY SEGMENT LAND UTILIZATION DATA Area Hectares Density N/Ha 217 16 13.56 210 16 13.13 1470 16 91.88 DENSITIES Total Number LOTS DWELLING UNITS PEOPLE AREAS Hectares Percentages PUBLIC (streets, walkways, open spaces) 2.92 18 SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces, schools, community centers) 0.91 6 12.17 76 PRIVATE (dwellings, factories, lots) shops, 300m " SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) TOTAL 16.00 200m- 100M - 0. - s"m LOCALITY SEGMENT AIR PHOTOGRAPH 1:2500 CASE STUDY: KHAZZAN "'"40m LOCALITY CONSTRUCTION TYPES W 0 100 0 0 rn 5 OTHERS ADOBE WOOD MASONRY WOOD MASONRY CONCRETE I MI CONCRETE 300m The chart shows (1) approximate percentage of each construction type within the total number of dwellings and (2) building group that generally produces each type. Quality of information: Approximate LOCALITY UTILITIES AND SERVICES WATER SUPPLY am CESSPOOL sell sm STORM DRAINAGE z. 200m ..................... ELECTRICITY ............................... ......... .. - . .......... I C.... ................... .................. ..... .. .......... . .... ...... ............ ............. PROPANE TANKS REFUSE COLLECTION om am -EM PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PAVED ROADS, WALKWAYS TELEPHONE STREET LIGHTING LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES POLICE FIRE PROTECTION HEALTH SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS RECREATION, OPEN SPACES The chart illustrates the approximate availability utilities, services, and community facilities at three levels: NONE, LIMITED, ADEQUATE. Quality of information: Approximate o1 -o SELECTED BLOCK -Eu -Om N I m(I LOCALITY SEGMENT PLAN 1:2500 of (34)) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION LOCALITY BLOCK: There is no definite lot size because, depending on the developer's income, some dwelling units occupy two lots or more. Common dwellings contain a front yard, a back yard, and two narrow strips of land on each side of the built area. J * {ummu.mmmm.mumu..a..umm.mImumEmEmEmm.mum.1..5m......m1u}. Ii_- I I! I a I!I Ii Ii LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA DENSITIES Total Number Area Hectares 24 24 1.38 1.67 1.38 168 1.38 1.67 121.74 Hectares Percentages LOTS DWELLING UNITS PEOPLE AREAS PUBLIC (streets, walkways, open spaces) Density N/Ha 0.4 39.5 SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces, schools, community centers) PRIVATE (dwellings, shops, factories, lots) 0.98 TOTAL _____ i i iiII I i ii 1/ _ -- i 1.38 ~ i i __ 70.5 SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) Ei 11* i -i I 100 NETWORK EFFICIENCY R-FACTOR _ network length (circulation) area served (circulation, lots) 310 225m/Ha AVERAGE LOT AREA total area (circulation, lots) number of lots = 575 m 2 IIItm~1mI'1Im.m!IrnE!muI.m.mmu.rnrn.m.mImJ 0 LOCALITY BLOCK PLAN 1:1000 10 5 - - ~. a a a CASE (35) STUDY: KHAZZAN LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS 1 Hectare 2..4..ZS. aaaaamma ammaamamamammssammama . ~~ +:. - ...... Uma~amseamsaUm mamamamammamemamamaml 5:: -... .a:.~~-w.:U::UU-:a .oo:+o.o PATTERN Public: streets/walkways Semi-Public: playgrounds Semi-Private: cluster courts i lots Private: dwellings -x.v..v. *X ......w.v.. v~~~~.-ns ~~ w . w -~-...we s n .. 1 Hectare ---......-..-.----------------- .............. :x, . ...... I Ii ss i **I U......E. II streets/Walkways 30% PERCENTAGES . m2sesesmmaaasmasnsassx Playgrounds Courts Cluster ~~.................... .zx~xxexx~+axxa~aae~~m~eee * m ~ ggigig|gssgig!!22%2!!%!$202 aaeuraiemmn % Dwellings/Lots %2f 1 Hectare j;3pmaemoa *meammoeoaooeooumo 0 * 0 to DENSITY LOCALITY BLOCK 70% LAND UTILIZATION 1:1000 . Persons/Hectare 20 Persons 120 (36) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION ELEVATION SECTION YARD BR T 0 BR TYPICAL DWELLINGS: Originally the kitchen was located in the house, but the owner shifted the kitchen into the yard for two reasons: the need for more rooms and the desire to separate the service area from Inhabitants use the front yard the house. for greeting visitors and the back yard for private use. There is an underground reservoir, the main water supply, and an upstairs reservoir,for daily domestic use. T LR7 T R S T RECEPTION LR&D K KEY LR Living Room PLAN D 0 TYPICAL DWELLING 1 1:200 5 Dining/Eating Area BR Bedroom K T L Kitchen/Cooking Area Toilet/Bathroom Laundry C Closet S Storage R Room (multi-use) CASE STUDY: PHYSICAL DATA SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA (related to dwelling and land) type: area (sq m): tenure: LAND/LOT utilization: area (sq m): tenure: House 181 Legal LOCALITY SOURCES (related to user) DWELLING UNIT user's GENERAL: SOCIAL ethnic origin: ownership place of birth: education level: Private 351 Legal ownership NUMBER OF USERS married: single: children: Saudi from urban Mecca University total: DWELLING location: type: number of floors: utilization: physical state: DWELLING DEVELOPMENT mode: developer: builder: construction type: year of construction: MATERIALS foundation: floors: walls: roof: DWELLING FACILITIES wc: shower: kitchen: rooms: other: Inner ring Detached 1 Single family Good MIGRATION number of moves: rural - urban: urban - urban: urban - rural: why came to urban area: GENERAL: ECONOMIC user's income group: employment: distance to work: mode of travel: Reinforced concrete Mosaic tile Cement brick Reinforced concrete dwelling unit: land - market value: 1 X Commerce Middle Trade 2km Private car COSTS DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS financing: rent/mortgage: */ income for rent/mortgage: Plan: (accurate) Aerial Photograph, Department of Aerial Photcgnometry, Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals, 1973. Land Use Pattern: (approximate) IBID. Circulation Pattern: (approximate) IBID. Segment Plan: (accurate) IBID. Block Plan: (accurate) IBID. B1o)ckLand Utilization: (accurate) IBID. Typical Dwelling: (approximate) Field Surveys, A. Shuaibi Sussayen, 1974. & Physical Data: (approximate) IBID. Socio-Economic Data: (approximate) IBID. 1974; DoxiM. Photographs: A. Shuaibi adis General Information: Riyadh Existing Conditions, 1968. M. PATTERN Instant Private Small contractor Concrete 1965 3 3 1 5 Storage KHAZZAN $28,169 $11,865 Self-financed & Hussayen, (38) 4 URBAN LAND UTILIZATION MALAZZ Riyadh PUBLIC, MIDDLE/HIGH INCOME, DETACHEDHOUSES LOCATION: Malaz is located towards the northeast of the city center about 3km from the central business district. DEVELOPMENT: Originally it was empty land that was intended to be developed as a housing project for middle income government employees when the governmental ministries were transferred from Mecca to Riyadh. The residental area has been developed gradually by individuals since then. The dwelling units are 754 detached houses (villas) and three apartment buildings with a capacity of 180 units for rent. The detached houses are in three sizes: small, medium, and large. MALAZZ, Riyadh: (top) This general view shows part of the wide Setteen Street. University buildings appear in the back. (bottom) This view of Malazz shows one- and twoFences surround houses story, detached houses. for privacy. CASE STUDY: MALAZZ 610 -60 - (39) No definite boundaries define the area except for some public facilities and traffic roads. The grid pattern pre- LAYOUT: S a r\major ,a dominates, intersecting streets divide the q-~ ® residential area into separate blocks. kwithin 10 Most blocks are 100m x 50m, and the lot sizes vary. The lots have a depth of 25m and a variety 25m, 40m, 37m, and 50m. of widths: -l6- 610 ti 60el 81 S S 0 6.606 602 - h ij' ST (Wi fle ON.~ 596 LOCALITY PLAN \ 604 (40) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION LAND USE: The administration buildings and 0. some colleges of Riyadh University are south of the locality. There is a private hospital to the north, and a sports center to the southeast of Malaz. Vol . In addition, a zoo was founded on the eastern boundary, and there are 8 schools, 5 mosques, and a public clinic. Mq AREASOF 91y RESIDENTIAL INDUSTRIAL Y ,0 A.. COMMERCIAL 01y0 OPENSPACES KEY P Parking Police F Fire Department S School Pk Mosque Recreation Library U University H Health PO Post Office Mq R L SS M C OME. V/Wxl //_ 0/ 1/1 E 0 Social Services Market Cemetery Bu s Rapid Transit 011 ........... I ........... A ........................ .......................... ................... ............... .................... ............... ........ ... ............ ......... ............. ............. .......... .:::o 100 ........................................ ........ ........................... ............... 500M T!Tn . 1:10000 CASE STUDY: MALAZZ (41) CIRCULATION: Because pedestrian circulation is not separated from vehicular circulation, and there are a large number of intersections without traffic lights or signs, there are many accidents. There are two main streets, University Street and Setteen Street, with smaller branches which pour into them. Pedestrian movement is very light except in the limited commercial area. Public transportation is provided along the main streets, and the majority of people have private cars. LOCALITY (42) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION 400m - LOCALITY SEGMENT LAND UTILI ZATION DATA Total Number Area ectares Density N/Ha LOTS 147 16 9.19 DWELLING UNITS 138 16 8.63 PEOPLE 966 16 60.38 DENSITIES AREAS Hectares PUBLIC (streets, walkways, open spaces) 7.19 SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces, schools, community centers) 0.34 PRIVATE (dwellings, shops, factories, lots) 8.47 Percentages 45 300m - SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) TOTAL 16.00 100 200m - 100m - Om - N 100 LOCALITY SEGMENT AIR PHOTOGRAPH 1:2500 15eM I I - mew a (43) CASE STUDY: MALAZZ 400m LOCALITY CONSTRUCTION TYPES * 0 100 0 OTHERS ADOBE WOOD MASONRY WOOD MASONRY CONCRETE CONCRETE 300. The chart shows (1) approximate percentage of each construction type within the total number of dwellings and (2) building group that generally produces each type. Quality of intormation: Accurate LOCALITY UTILITIES AND SERVICES WATER SUPPLY CESSPOOL STORM DRAINAGE ELECTRICITY 200m PROPANE TANKS REFUSE COLLECTION PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ahen PAVED ROADS, WALKNAYS TELEPHONE STREET LIGHTING LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES POLICE -- FIRE PROTECTION 100. HEALTH SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS RECREATION, OPEN SPACES 9 The chart illustrates the approximate availability services, and community facilities at utilities, three levels: NONE, LIMITED, ADEQUATE. Quality of information: Approximate 600 SELECTED -0. N 50 LOCALITY SEGMENT PLAN 1:2500 100 150ow :.-::: BLOCK of (44) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION The pattern, Western in origin, was brought to the country to replace the traditional housing pattern. LOCALITY BLOCK: I U U I -I I This locality was developed as a housing project with the land divided into three different lot sizes: 25 x 25m, 40 x 25m, and 50 x 50m. r I I I I I I I I LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA DENSITIES Total Number 12 12 84 LOTS DWELLING UNITS PEOPLE AREAS Density N/Ha Area Hectares 1.19 10.05 1.19 1.19 10.08 70.59 Hectares PUBLIC (streets, walkways, open spaces) 0.58 SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces, - I i I I I U. I I I I I Percentages I centers) schools,community shops, PRIVATE (dwellings, factories, lots) .61 SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) TOTAL U- ci? 51 . 1.19 100 NETWORK EFFICIENCY R-VACTOR network length (circulation) area served (circulation, lots) 318 ~1.19 _ = 267m/Ha = 992m AVERAGE LOT AREA N total area (circulation, lots) number of lots 2 LOCALITY BLOCK PLAN 1:1000 CASE STUDY: MALAZZ LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS 1 Hectare aso.Pg 020 .... ......... .. ................. PATTERN .......... - * Public: streets/walkways Semi-Public: playgrounds Semi-Private: cluster courts Private: lots dwellings .f. . e , 1 Hectare .. ... ... I goa -- .mats, .a"" r~l~lk,~.. : I e PERCENTAGES Ia esai so mem I0I~aII -I- UTILIZATION 49% 51% 1 Hectare a a 0 LOCALITY BLOCK LAND streets/walkways Playgrounds Cluster Courts Dwellings/Lots 1:1000 10 5 DENSITY 020 Persons Persons/Hectare 80 (46) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION ELEVATION SECTION TYPICAL DWELLING: The owners increased the originally built area based upon their needs. Two bedrooms in the east and a reception area in the west were added to the The open space beside the original plan. reception area is used as an uncovered garage, and the other open space is used as a private garden. The roof serves as sleeping quarters in the summer. KEY LR D BR IJ * T L C S R Living Room Dining/Eating Area Bedroom Kitchen/Cooking Area Toilet/Bathroom Laundry Closet Storage Room (multi-use) N 0 PLAN TYPICAL DWELLING 1 1:200 5 10m CASE STUDY: MALAZZ PHYSICAL DATA (related to dwelling and land) DWELLING UNIT type: area (sq m): tenure: LAND/LOT utilization: area (sq m): tenure: DWELLING location: type: number of floors: utilization: physical state: DWELLING DEVELOPMENT mode: developer: builder: construction type: year of construction: MATERIALS foundation: floors: walls: roof: DWELLING FACILITIES wc: shower: kitchen: rooms: other: SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA House 220 Legal ownership Private 625 Legal ownership Inner ring Detached 1 Single family Good Instant Public Large contractor Concrete 1960 Poured poured Cement Mosaic 2 2 1 itorage LOCALITY SOURCES (related to user) reinforced concrete reinforced concrete brick tiles GENERAL: SOCIAL user's ethnic origin: place of birth: education level: Saudi from rural Kasseem Intermediate NUMBER OF USERS married: 2 single: 1 children: 8 total: 11 MIGRATION PATTERN number of moves: rural - urban: urban - urban: urban - rural: why came to urban area: 2 1 1 Employment GENERAL: ECONOMIC user's income group: employment: distance to work: mode of travel: Government clerk 3.5km Private car COSTS dwelling unit: land - market value: $8500 $27,000 DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS financing: rent/mortgage: */. income for rent/mortgage: Public $36 5% Plan: (accurate) Aerial Photograph, Departsent of Aerial Photognometry, Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals, 1973. Land Use Pattern: (approximate) IBID. Circulation Pattern: (approximate) IBID. Segment Plan: (accurate) IBID. Block Plan: (accurate) IBID. Block Land Utilization: (accurate) IBID. Typical Dwelling: (approximate) Field Surveys, A. Shuaibi & 1. 1974. Physical Data: (approximate) IBID. Russayen, Socio-Economic Data: (approximate) IBID. Photographs: A. Shuaibi & N. 1974; Doxiadis General Information: Riyadh Existing Conditions, 1968. Hussayen, (48) 5 URBAN LAND UTILIZATION KHURAIS Riyadh PUBLIC, MODERATE LOW/MIDDLE INCOME, ROW HOUSES LOCATION: The project is located about 10km east of the city center on a main rout (Khurais Road) which connects Riyadh with the eastern province. DEVELOPMENT: The new housing project, being developed by the government in stages for low and moderately low -income employees, will have a capacity, in the first stage, of 1000 dwelling units, all of them single family houses. The developer will mortgage the dwelling costs on a low percentage of the family income without interest. It will be provided with public facilities and utilities. Modelof KhuraisHousingProjectshows dwellingunits (white)and facilities buildings(black). CASE STUDY: KHURAIS Hills in the topography forced the design for the residential area and the circulation to take a special layout. The land is bounded by Khurais Road and the stadium to the north. LAYOUT: / 6SELECTED I H' 628 \- 630 636 e J -It - -- 636 638 638 j It 637 S636 IIr j //640 641 642 LOCALITY PLAN 1:10000 644 642 640 (49) SEGMENT 5 (50) _ - URBAN LAND UTILIZATION LAND USE: Commercial facilities are concentrated in a shopping center, and therefore, are separated from the residential area. The clusters are served by corner shops. The project contains 12 schools, 8 mosques, a police station, and a recreational area. The residential area consists of single family dwellings distributed throughout the entire area. ori 7,-f,,,,,, .::::: 0/ :Mi 09 o iW' 'A 10< Z >, At '~ z ?"'~% ~'q /:M /........ ... VW% AREAS RESIDENTIAL ,.Zc COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL OPEN SPACES f/ ///// 7/ EY Pk Parking " %o/, ....................... Police F ... .. .. .. . Fire Department School 7/4 /// Mq Mosque R Recreation L Library U University H Health 'o'5 7/4 yz o ;/// ///,/ 4 4 PO Post Office Social Services MS Market C Cemetery ///// A '~ 9 S Bus U LOCALITY LAND USE PATTERN 1:10000 Im 500M a ... ... (51) CASE STUDY: KHURAIS CIRCULATION: * The circulation layout is de- signed to follow land topography. Road. Lines of access serve the dwellings and provide grouped parking areas. There are pedestrian foot paths in the clusters * between mosques and schools. \....PeOE..R.A "T.1 : . 0 0 0 PDSRA ~ 10 S,~~ . ..... 0 seem . 1:1000 LOCALITY CIRCULATION PATTERN = .. EL Four ma- jor roads connect the project to Khurair e (52) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION 400. - LOCALITY SEGMENT LAND UTILIZATION DATA Area Hectares Density N/Ha 164 16 164 1148 16 10.25 10.25 16 71.75 Total Number DENSITIES LOTS DWELLING UNITS PEOPLE AREAS Hectares Percentages PUBLIC (streets, walkways, open spaces) 11.6 76 SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces, schools, community centers) 0.7 4 PRIVATE (dwellings, factories, lots) 3.7 23 shops, SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) - - 16.0 TOTAL 300m 100 200m- The suggested household income in- INCOME: a) 50% of total comes are as follows: households have incomes of $1000/year; b) 25% have $2000/year; c) 25% have $3000/ year. 25000 10000 5000 loom 1000 500 50% 40 30 20 10 0 LOCALITY ANNUAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION vertical: dollars horizontal: percentages Source: M & R International om - 150 LOCALITY SEGMENT AIR PHOTOGRAPH 1:2500 CASE STUDY: ~- -us. KHURAIS LOCALITY CONSTRUCTION TYPES 100 0 U) 0 J0 0H OTHERS ADOBE TOOD MASONRY WOOD MASONRY CONCRETE CONCRETE - 300m The chart shows (1) approximate percentage of each construction type within the total number of dwellings and (2) building group that generally produces each type. Quality of information: Accurate LOCALITY UTILITIES AND SERVICES WATER SUPPLY CESSPOOL STORMDRAINAGE - 200m ELECTRICITY PROPANE TANKS REFUSE COLLECTION PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PAVED ROADS, WALKWAYS TELEPHONE STREET LIGHTING LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES POLICE - FIRE PROTECTION 100m HEALTH SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS RECREATION, OPEN SPACES The chart illustrates the approximate availability utilities, services, and community facilities at three levels: NONE, LIMITED, ADEQUATE. Quality of information: Approximate N 150M LOCALITY SEGMENT PLAN 1:2500 :.:.:..... SELECTED BLOCK of a .me URBAN LAND UTILIZATION LU BLOCK PLAN: A typical block is surrounded by service streets on three sides, and on the fourth, by pedestrian paths. The lots surround a small, semi-private area used as a playground for 19 dwelling units. All lots are 15 x 15m in size. Pu - i IU I I I I I i LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA I Total DENSITIES Density Aea Number Hectare es 19 19 133 1.13 1.13 1.13 LOTS DWELLING UNITS PEOPLE N/Ha 16.81 16.81 117.70 AREAS Hectares PUBLIC (streets, walkways, 0.58 51 0.12 11 Percentages open spaces) SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces, schools, community centers) PRIVATE (dwellings, factories, lots) ji I I i U I I I U I I i U. mum shops, I .43 SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) - - 100 1.13 TOTAL I i i i I I I I I I I I i i NETWORK EFFICIENCY I.umumumumumumumummmum.mmmamamamum.mummammumumlrn R-FACTOR network length (circulation) area served (circulation, lots) AVERAGE i - 191m 1.13 = 169m/Ha LOT AREA total area (circulation, lots) 2 2594m number of lots 0 LOCALITY BLOCK PLAN 1:1000 i I .9. em Wv CASE STUDY: (55) KHURAIS LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS 5 U C1 .C.CUCICICICXICsiIii I I~ E X. U PATTERN . i .I mo PP.M 11... .. II...hp....m.gII........ .. iX i..................I ................... i ... ... .... .. .U .......... ...... .... .... ................. .. i .... ... .... ... .. ... i . . . . .. . . .. . ... ... .. .... ... .. ........... .... ... .. .. .. ... Public: streets/ulkuvu Semi-Public: playgrounds Semi-Private: cluster courts Private: lots Is dwellings .. ..... ... .. ........... 1 Hectare . . . .. .. . . .. .... ... ........ ... . .. .. . . .. . . ....... ..... .. ... i I ... ...... ...... ... .. ......... ....... .. ... ... . ... ................ ..... ... .... I. .. ........ .I................ ..... .. . ............. ....... i let......... .. ........ I A C.C....C U C I C C I E CI 1 * I.. '...- PERCENTAGES 51/, streets/Walkways 11% Playgrounds Cluster Courts 38% Dwellings/Lots 1 Hectare 0 LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION 1:1000 10 DENSITY S20 Persons Persons/Hectare 120 US URBAN LAND UTILIZATION TYPICAL DWELLING: Two entrances, the main opening on a front yard and the service entrance opening on a back yard, serve the -L SECTION dwelling. There is enough room in the bathroom for a washing machine. ELEVATION STREET LR Living Room D Dining/Eating Area BR Bedroom K Kitchen/Cooking Area T Toilet/Bathroom L Laundry C Closet S Storage R Room (multi-use) N PLAN 0 TYPICAL DWELLING There is a possibility for ex- pansion horizontally or vertically. 1 1:200 5 10m CASE STUDY: KHURAIS PHYSICAL DATA (related to dwelling and land) DWELLING UNIT type: area (sq m): tenure: House 110 Legal ownership LAND/LOT utilization: area (sq m): tenure: Private 225 Legal ownership DWELLING location: type: number of floors: utilization: physical state: DWELLING DEVELOPMENT mode: developer: builder: construction type: year of construction: MATERIALS foundation: floors: walls: roof: Periphery Semi-detached 1 Single family Good Instant Public Large contractor Concrete 1974 Reinforced concrete Tiles Cement block Reinforced concrete slab DWELLING FACILITIES wc: shower: kitchen: rooms: other: 2 1 1 3 Store, yard SOC10-ECONOMIC DATA (related to user) GENERAL: SOCIAL user's ethnic origin: place of birth: education level: NUMBER OF USERS married: single: children: total: MIGRATION PATTERN number of moves: rural - urban: urban - urban: urban - rural: why came to urban area: GENERAL: ECONOMIC user's income group: employment: distance to work: mode of travel: COSTS dwelling unit: land - market value: DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS financing: rent/mortgage: % income for rent/mortgage: LOCALITY SOURCES The project is under construction, information are not available. Plan: (accurate) M & R International Land Use Pattern: (accurate) IBID. Circulation Pattern: (approximate) IBID. Segment Plan: (accurate) IBID. Block Plan: (accurate) IBID. Block Land Utilization: (accurate) IBID. Typical Dwelling: (accurate) IBID. Phsyical Data: (accurate) IBID. Socio-Economic Data: Unknown. Photographs: A. Shuaibi & N. Hussayen, 1974. General Information: Housing Studies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, X & R International Consultants, 1973. (57) M-4I MI4 ..... EVALUATIONS (59) EVALUATIONS The following sections are contained in the evaluations: DWELLINGS TIME/PROCESS PERSPECTIVE, models relating the case studies to their original models. PHYSICAL DATA MATRIX, a comprehensive summary of the data with comments. COMMUNITY FACILITIES, UTILITIES, SERVICES MATRIX, summary of the availability of facilities. LAND UTILIZATION: PATTERNS, PERCENTAGES, DENSITIES, a graphic comparison of land utilization. LAND UTILIZATION: OPTIMUM RANGES, a cross comparison of densities and percentages of land utilization. LAYOUT EFFICIENCY: a comparative graph illustrating the relationship of the circulation net works with the area served DWELLINGS TIME/PROCESS PERSPECTIVE The five case studies of Riyadh city are representative of types of existing housing situations which illustrate different cases of land utilization. Case studies do not include all of the dwelling types existing in Riyadh city. Eight dwelling types represent the existing housing models presented in the following pages. The models have been distributed in the chart in an attempt to relate them to their originating models and to see them in a broader time/process perspective. From the eight models described on the following pages, only three are Arabic models (tent, traditional, and transitional houses). One is Western oriental and four are universal. The models permit medium/high densities, with the exception of the detached house which provides low density. Five models are accessible to very low/moderately low income groups and three are accessible to medium/high inFive models provide efficient land uticome group. lization. Models have to be improved in terms of safety, and it is important to encourage efficiency in administrative procedures. (60) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION DWELLINGS TIME/PROCESS PERSPECTIVE I .1" Section Plan ORIGINAL MODEL Physical Characterristics Population Density Land/Layout Users SHACK TRADITIONAL Groups of shanties scattered in privately owned lands Grouped interior court houses 1-2 stories, characterize with two courts. Entrance opens indirectly to the central court. Medium/high density. Medium/high density Medium/high density Modified from the traditional model with only one central court directly connected with main entrance. Medium/high density Shepherds looking for pasture lands Economic use of land is Provides good land utilization and privacy. Economic use of land is major constraint. Provides good land utilization and privacy. Economic use of land is major constraint. Arabic temporary structures used by tribal Universal model used by very low income groups. Arabic model used different income groups. Arabic model used by different income groups. There is no change added to the structure of original model. Exterior toilets are provided in the urban areas. Model imported to Riyadh in the recent period and used by laborers working on construction projects. All the existing units were built in the past and construction of this type no longer exists. Model was developed in Riyadh by private sector as an alternative for housing new migrants. Very low income nomadic, migrant groups, moved to the city to look for work or to squat very low income groups Low/moderately low income groups. Low income groups. A random case from middle and high income localities Squatters around existing projects. AD-DIRA MANFOHA ARABIC CULTURE Permits low/medium densities. Accessible to Efficiency of land very low income groups. utilization is limited.. UNIVERSAL Permits medium/high densities. very low income groups. Accessible to ARABIC CULTURE Permits medium/high densities. Accessible to low/middle income groups. Very efficient land utilization. ARABIC CULTURE Permits medium/high densities. low income groups. Not accessible to urban areas. for temporary conditions. Illegal model for urban areas. vide protection from climate. Does not proDanger of fire. Model provides efficient land utilization, maximization of private responsibility. Provides more privacy and weather protection. Provides private courtyard. Provides efficient land utilization, maximizaProvides intion of private responsibility. ternal courtyard. TENT Separated or grouped movable units, used in desert by nomads the not major constraint. HOUSE TRANSITIONAL HOUSE groups PRESENT MODEL Users Case Studies LAND ISSUES Comments It is suitable Accessible to EVALUATIONS: DWELLINGS TIME/PROCESS PERSPECTIVE -M -rn i- Section It' DETACHED HOUSE APARTMENT TENEMENT Detached row houses, 1-2 stories. Groups of several apartments per floor with multiple stories. Groups of rooms alligned on a corridor or around interior court, one-story units. Low density Medium/high density. Economic use of land is not major constraint Economic use of land is a major constraint. ROOM J LI SERVICED ROOM ORIGINAL MODEL Rooms used by visitors and businessmen like hotel and motel rooms. Physical Characteristics Medium/high densities. High density. Population Density Economic use of land is major constraint. Economic use of land is major constraint. Land/Layout Used by visitirs for long term temporary living. For middle/high income groups. Cs European model used originally by middle/ high income groups. European, XIX Century model, used originally by middle income groups. Universal model used by low income groups. Model was imported to Riyadh in the XX Century. Used on a large scale, replaced the traditional house. Model was imported to Riyadh in the XX Century. Speculation with rents, high investment in construction and utilities. As a result of the increase in educational institute and governmental administration, there is an increased demand for single-family housing. Model was known in the Islamic countries from the X Century. The old model was developed and imported to Riyadh in the XX Century. Middle/high income groups. Middle income groups. Used by single family of low income group. Middle/high income groups. Users EMAZZAN, MALAZZ KHAZZAN Concentrated in the central area, on Batha Street. Concentrated in the city center. Case Studies UNIVERSAL Permits medium/high population dinsities. Accessible to medium/high income groups. Inefficient land utilization. UNIVERSAL Permits high population densities. Accessible to low/moderately low income groups. Very good land utilization. UNIVERSAL Permits high population densities. to middle/high income groups. Model provides efficient land utilization, minimization of private responsibility. Model provides efficient land utilization, minimization of private responsibility. Single groups should be encouraged to use it. Model is necessary for the city. demands for hotels in Riyadh. WESTERN CULTURE Permits low/medium population densities. cessible to middle/high income groups. Ac- Model provides inefficient land utilizatio, maximization of private responsibility, minimization of privacy and climate protevtion. livi Users I- PRESENT MODEL LAND ISSUES Accessible There are comments (62) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION PHYSICAL DATA MATRIX USER DWELLINGUNIT Income Type 0,000 B 5 5 D, A 0 400 11 20 -778 l 2. N . A D - > Mn O I ) R 0 WO-. C DES<i D N 60,000 11 30,000 6 500,000 95 24,000 5 524,000 100 D0 DD C3. 3. KHAZZAN 5. ~ [I [f 1 [.I L 2.MANFOHA 4. MALAZI C 9 Rent/ Utili- Area Mort. zation a, MANOH 4. MA AZ 410,000 78 8 Tenure a. a 1. AD-DIRA A 7 K HOALI POP NC Ma T UA LOAITE KHURAIS TOTAL HA Hot DWELLING Area 0 a. O W o LAND/LOT 10 0o c 11 0 N N-A - 4a. z (V W 351 E I 14 121 NA 140 625 NA 121 NA 351 625 t3 13 14 15 LocatIon Type No. Utili Phy. Floors zat'n State 01C W NA - 12 Tenure .c a-OAIIS> I c-0n aM 225 DWELLINGDEVELOPMENT DIR 00'I W14 NNXW - 16 1 RED I .5 a4N 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mode Developer Builder Construction Type Date Den. VU o I0 :3a0, ~m " 00 - 17 mz 0 10- 0 COCOt X~S z 0e NINa- 0 0 OID 7: H51 Em8 -a ama a o a . E0 D3 >a jS4 NIO a, a,-I h physial d <e ) of m I : >1DDO w t I0 N) W tfe ~ cae s I 17 0 3 a. 26r exit a IE C L1..3[]1955 3]196D IJ [3]1965 [ [. 2 16 1) ) ). 195 1730 X 4W 196 460 24 26D 1 80 4 460 2 120 3 80 4 1973 1205 Available HIGH INCOME TOTAL POPULATION The physical data of the five case studies existing in Riyadh is summarized in the physical data matrix and in the following comments. The matrix permits: a) a comprehensive view of the spectrum of dwelling types; b) a comparison and determination of trends and patterns. a . SW U mua~ EVALUATIONS: PHYSICAL DATA MATRIX (1) CATEGORY: (2) POPULATION PER CATEGORY: Number of people; (3) PERCENT OF TOTAL POPULATION: (4) NAME OF LOCALITY. The five case studies have been grouped in three categories, identifying different income groups, housing systems and selected physical characteristics. The three categories shown were identified as follows: Category/income Pattern (8) DWELLING UNIT TENURE: The low, moderately low, and middle income groups live in legal/ownership of their houses. Some middle income groups live in legal/rented apartments as in Ad-Dira and Khazzan. Dwelling ing projects, Malazz and Khurais, the percent of mortgage is less than 20% of the to- Traditional Old Transitional tal household income. In the first three case studies, the mortgage percent is not B Middle New Detached applicable and rent percentages are not avail- Public Detahced (10) LAND/LOT UTILIZATION: In the five case studies, people have complete control of Category A includes the low, moderately low, their land. and middle income groups, and represents the majority of the population (78%). Category nomenon and were therefore not covered in Squatters, who are a rare phe- the typologies section, have public and semiprivate land utilization. (11) LAND/LOT AREA: groups in public subsidized housing and represents 6% of the population. quarters like Ad-Dira and Manfoha, the land/ 2 lot area ranges from 121m2 to 140m . In the (5) USER INCOMEGROUP: The income level is the basic indicator in the expected pattern: The higher the income, the higher is the level of the indicator. The process of housing for the low income groups is a matter of survival whereas in the higher income group, it is a service or a commodity. (Note MAN2 FOHA, low income, adobe, 121m , in contrast 2 with MALAZZ, middle income, concrete, 625m . (6) DWELLING UNIT TYPE: The percentage of Low income shanty and room is very low. groups live in old, adobe houses in and Middle income around the city center. In the old-pattern new quarters like Khazzan and Malazz, the land/lot area is more than 200m2 (12) LAND/LOT TENURE: Most of the effective tenures are legal rental and legal ownership in Riyadh city. A very low percentage are extralegal. (13) DWELLING LOCATION: The city center is mostly occupied by low and moderately low income groups (Ad-Dira). Such groups have access to services, jobs, and facilities. The inner ring is occupied by middle income Khurais Housing groups (Khazzan, Malazz). Project is for low middle income groups lo- groups live in apartments along main streets cated on the periphery. and in new detached houses. occupy the periphery. ais), multiple dwelling occupancy (Khuzzan, terize low income groups. Malazz), or walk-up apartments are the forms of utilization. (7) DWELLING UNIT AREA: There is a small per- 2 Low and moderately low income groups live in houses having areas of more than 100m2. Middle income groups live 2 in apartments having areas of 50 - 100m and 2 houses havinq more than 100m lower than 50m . The pattern of Fair states are found in low and moderately low income groups, particularly in Ad-Dira and Manfoha; good physical states are generally typical of middle income groups and of public housing. (18) DWELLINGDEVELOPMENT MODE: Incremental used by low/moderately low income groups, particularly in Manfoha and Ad-Dira. Instant mode is typical of middle/high income groups and public housing projects. (19) DWELLING DEVELOPER: The private sector deals with land subdivisions and develops their houses individually. The public sector is concerned with housing projects for low and middle income government employees. (20) DWELLING BUILDER: Artisans are employed in most of the traditional, old-pattern (AdDira, Manfoha) localities. Small contractors are hired by middle/high income groups to build individual houses. The public sector generally employs large contractors for the construction of low/middle income housing projects. High income groups (21) DWELLING CONSTRUCTION TYPES: common material is adobe and it centage of very low income groups living in shacks or tents whose areas in this case are (14) DWELLING TYPES: Ad-Dira has three dwel- The most counts for approximately 60% of the dwellings in Riy- ling types: row/group houses, walk-up apart- adh. ments, and high-rise apartments because of its location in the city center. Manfoha, a tern, and counts for approximately 25% of locality of low income groups, has transitional row houses. Middle and high income groups (Khazzan, Malazz) occupy detached houses built outside the city center. after 1950. (16) DWELLING UTILIZATION: Single occupancy in row/group housing (Ad-Dira, Manfoha, Khur- mode is cludes the moderately low and middle income This was followed by Manfoha. As a result of the transferring of the ministries from Jeddah to Riyadh, new localities were built (23) DWELLING DEVELOPMENT - DENSITY: There is a clear pattern between density and income group: lower densities characterize middle income groups; higher densities charac- (17) DWELLING PHYSICAL STATE: physical state is as follows: able. B includes middle income groups and represents 11% of the population. Category C in- come groups. Walk-up apartments are accepted as land values increase. High-rise units are provided on a limited scale for middle income groups. (9) DWELLING UNIT-PERCENT INCOME FOR RENT AND MORTGAGE: In the cases of public hous- A Low/M.Low/Middle C M.Low/Middle (15) DWELLING FLOORS: Most dwellings are generally one to two floor units in all in- Concrete is typical of the new pat- the dwellings in the city. (22) DWELLING DEVELOPMENT - YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION: The oldest case study, Ad-Dira located in the city center, was built in 1730. "a - (64) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION COMMUNITY FACILITIES, UTILITIES/SERVICES MATRIX COMMUNITY FACILITIES UTILITIES AND SERVICES O U 0 0 H LOCALITIESA a) 1o AD-DIRA 540 A~~ o A LOCALITIES A ETOTAL POPULATION 0 I 9 410,00050,00 78 * 24,00 60,000 Li C 30,000 6 500,000 3. KNAZIAN HIGHCU INCCOME 5.KNURAIS 24,000 5 524,000 100 W u) 4 * fllfl *3III - - - - - 55 2 5 TOTAL HIUM INCOME TOTALPOPULATION The Community Facilities, Utilities/Services data of the five case studies existing in Riyadh City is summarized in the Community Facilities, Utilities/Services matrix and in UTILITIES AND SERVICES: The city has an efficient refuse collection system provided by Riyadh municipality. Water supply and electrical systems are ade- the following comments: quate for the entire city. Every building currently has a separate cesspool, until the sewerage system, now under construction is completed. drainage in Riyadh. Good, efficient systems of police and fire Propane gas is the.main form of fuel, received protection are provided throughout the whole and used in tanks. city, so adequate protection exists in the five case studies, except in Khurais which is a housino Pro-ect under construction. Recreation areas are adequate in housing projects Malazz and Khurais, limited in Public transportation is adequate in the main residential parts of the city and the city center. Khurais Housing Project, located on the periphery, is inaccessible by public Khazzan and Ad-Dira, and non is provided in low income locality Manfoha. Health care is adequate in most of the localities except for the low income locality Manfoha and Khurais where none is available. Schools/playgrounds are adequate throughout Different levels of schools exist in every community in Riyadh. The matrix illustrates the approximate availability of community facilities, utilities, and survices in the 5 case studies. Three levels are indicated as follows: w No provision at all. There is no storm COMMUNITY FACILITIES: the city. M'o . U 0 - MAAZ TOTAL 2.MANPIOHA 95 I 5 1. AD-DIPA 5.3.KUURAIS C Ha -100 A. 4. H H transportation. Paved roads and walkways are adequate in the city center Ad-Dira, limited in other localities, and proposed for the housing project under construction, Khurais. The telephone system is adequate for the whole city and not available in the housing project. Street lighting is adequate in the city center and limited in other parts of the city. Limitedor occasion. Adequate or normal. EVALUATIONS: PATTERNS, PERCENTAGES, LAND UTILIZATION: PATTERNS, PERCENTAGES, 1 AD-DIRA Houses: Private DENSITIES 2 traditional MANFOHA Houses: High percentage of land for lots; low percentage of public and semi-private (cul de sac) streets. There is a medium population density in interior areas and a high population density along the main streets. (65) DENSITIES 3 KHAZZAN Houses: private, low income Medium percentage of land for streets and walkways and acceptable percentage of land for residential use; high population density. private, 4 middle income Medium percentage of land for streets and walkways; medium percentage of land for lots; low population density. 5 MALAZZ Houses: KHURAIS Houses: public, medium-high income High percentage of land for streets and walkways; all public area used for circulation; very low population density. public, low-middle income Public area for cluster's open spaces and circulation; high percentage of land for streets, walkways, and open spaces; low population density. ~LIx O Cz r-A i i E Kniz . PERCENTAGES Streets/walkways Playgrounds Cluster Courts Dwellings/Lots 19% 5% 76% 0 00 . .... ... ...................... 38% 49% 62% 51% ; ............. 0 0 0 0@0 00 D DENSITIES ese.0 E Persons/Hectare 0.0 260 460 P/Ha. 120 P/Ha. 80 P/Ha. 120 P/Ha. (66) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION LAND UTILIZATION: OPTIMUM RANGES From URBAN SETTLMENTDESIGN PROGRAMformat. The three graphs shown are used to evaluate and to compare the 5 case studies in terms of LAND UTILIZATION PERCENTAGESand RESIDENTIAL POPULATION DENSITY. Residential population density is the total number of persons per unit hectare. The range of desired/acceptable densities is 300 persons per Ha to 600 persons per Ha, based upon case studies and accepted zoning standards in different urban contexts in developing countries. This range can be achieved assuming that the dwelling development is of 1-3 stories, with an average built-up area of 10-20m per person and 30-35 percent of land/lot coverage. Land utilization percentages are computed for the following areas: a) PUBLIC: streets, walkways, open spaces; b) SEMI-PUBLIC: open spaces;c) PRIVATE:dwellings,lots. Land utilization percentages are obtained from locality segments. Desired/Acceptable Gross Density Range 0 * PUBLIC: streets, walkways, open spaces. Areas 75%/ purchase, development and maintenance. The CURVE shows: optimum area percentages for streets, walkways, and open spaces. (20-30 %, based upon case 50% 1000 ........ .. 100- 2000p/Ha .......PUBLIC . . .. . . . I . . . Walkways, .. . . . . . ..... ............................................. .............................................. .......... ................................. ........... % .................................. ........................................... .............................................. ............................................. -................. ............................................ SEMI -PUBLIC ............................................. - ........................... ............................................. .................................. ............................................. 75% maintenance. The CURVE shows: optimum area percentages for open (3-31%, based upon case studies in Latin 603 ....................................Streets, studies in Latin America and in the U.S.A.) The percentage of street and walkway areas varies slightly with density. spaces. 300 100 / withen an urban layout used for pedestrian and vehicular circulation. The land has minimum physical controls and maximum public responsibility in initial * SEMI-PUBLIC: open spaces. Areas within an urban layout used for supporting facilities and services. (Open spaces-playgrounds are the only supporting areas considered since the land utilization percentages are only based upon a small sector area). The land has partial or complete physical controls and public/user responsibility in development and 100 KEY VERTICAL SCALE: Land utilization percentages (0 to 100%). HORIZONTAL SCALE: Residential population density (0 to 2,000 persons per Ha shown on logarithmic scale). CURVE: Range of optimum land utilization percentages (optimum values vary for different densities based upon case studies and accepted zoning standards in different contexts). SHADED AREA: Desired/optimum efficiency of land utilization (the intersection of desired/accepted residential population densities and desired/accepted land utilization percentages). NUMBEREDDOTS: the Riyadh case studies. 25*/ America and in U.S.A.) The percentage of open spaces varies considerably with density. .................. _ ......................... ...................................... ...... ..................................... ........ ................ ............................ .................... % .......... .............. ..................... ........................ ...... I.................... ................. .............................................. ............................................. .. ........................ ................ ...................................... ...... ............ ................. ............................................. ............. .......................... ........... ....................................... ............... ........ ................... ................................ ............ ............................................ ................ ............................ .............. ...................... ............................................ ....................... ............. ............................... ................... ........................ .................... ......................... .............................................. ............................................ ........................................ ................................ ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ...................................... ... ... ... ... ..... ... .. ..... ..... .. .... .. ... .. ............................................. .1 .............. ............................ ............................................. .......................................... ............................................. .............................................. ............................................. ... I......................................... ............................................. ............................... .............. ............................................. - _ ................................. ........................................... ......................................... ............................................. ....... _ I........................... ............................................. ......................... ................... ................. ........................... ............ I................................. ....... ..................................... I................. ........................ w.......................... ................... .... I......................................... ............................................. ............. ................................ ............. ............................... .... I........................................ ........................ .................... ........................................... ........................................ ............................................. ............................. ............................ .............. ............. Open Spaces mum Percrntages Op t i 100 */ ....................................... ........... ....................... ............................................. ............................................. ........... .............................. ............. ............................... ............................................. * PRIVATE: dwellings, lots. Areas within an urban layout used for residential and commercial use. The land has maximum physical controls and owner/tenant/user responsibility in development and maintenance. The CURVE shown, optimum area percentages for dwellings and lots. (The range of optimum percentages of land for Public areas is 20-30% with 3-31% for Semi-public areas; therefore, the remaining 77-39% of land is for private use) 504/ 25 * ........... ............................ ......................................... ........................................ - .................................... .................................... ............... ................. ...... ............................. ........................................ ............................... ...................................... ................................... I......... ............................... ......................... ........ ....................................... .................................. ........................ ........................ ........... ...... ............ .... ...................... ....................... .............. ...................... ...................... ......... ........ ............................ %..... ................ .. ................... .................... ............................................. ............................. __ ....... ............................... ............. ............................................. ...................................... ...... .............................. _ ............ ...................................... ............................................. ................. . .................. ............... .............................. .............. ............................ ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ........... .................. '....",..".."."",,*"*"*"""*"'*""."'*""'*",*,.."",..-....",. .-."-..,. 0*.....,... ..................................... ...... ............ ................................ ................. I........................... ............................................. . I........................................... ............................................. ..... I....................................... .......... ......... ........................ ............................................. ................................... ......... ... I......................................... ............................................ - ..................................... - .................................... .......................... ............. ...................................... ...... ................ ............................ ............................................. ... I........... ....................... ................ ........ ... - ............................... ......... ............................................. ........................ .................... ............................... ........ - - ....... ............................ .......................... _ ................ ............................................. PRIVATE Dwellings, Lots Optimum Perce t a ges Open Spaces EVALUATIONS: LAYOUT (67) LAYOUT EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY From URBANSETTLMENTDESIGN PROGRAMformat. The urban LAYOUTis the physical configuration determined by the combination of networks of circulation and areas served. and Networks of circulation (highways, streets, walkways) define the lines of distribution/collection of the utilities The urban layout services, and are publicly owned land. Areas served (lots, blocks) are usually privately owned land. and services and their maintenance and operation. is a major economic determinant in the provision of utilities The comments below relate to the land utilization percentages of the Riyadh case studies. It may be observed from tha graphs that only one case study is within reasonable density ranges. Only one case study satisfies all three optimum land utilization requirements (public, semi-public, private). The efficiency/effectiveness of a network is the ratio of the length of the network to the area(s) served: network length = R-VALUE EFFICIENCY OF NETWORK = area(s) served The R-Value varies inversely to the network efficiency; a smaller R indicates a higher efficiency and vice versa. The layouts of the case studies have been evaluated in terms of network efficiency and are shown in the graph below. For further information on the R-Value see: "A Method for the Evaluation of Urban Layouts", INDUSTRIAL FORUM, Volume 3, Number 2, Montreal, December, 1971. * PUBLIC: Cases above curve (2,4,5) have a high percentage of land devoted to streets and walkways; therefore, these cases constitute a great burden to the municipal government in terms of land, construction, maintenance, and operation. The case below the curve (1) has a smaller percentage of land devoted to streets and walkways. This case study is located in the city center and is a burden to the R-VALUE SUMMARY Cases Degree of Efficiency Comments municipal government. There is only one case study (3) that has a reasonable percentage of land devoted to 1 Efficient 2 Efficient Medium lots, high population density, efficient lot proportion Small lots, high population density, efficient lot proportion Medium lots, low population density, inefficient lot proportion Large lots, very low population density, inefficient lot proportion Medium lots, low population density, efficient lot proportion streets and walkways. * SEMI-PUBLIC: There is no case above curve which has a higher percentage of land devoted to open areas and public facilities. Cases below the curve (1,2) have a smaller percentage of open areas and public 3 Inefficient 4 Very Inefficient 5 Efficient 0 200 400 600 800 2000 1000 3000 4000 440 0m2 2000 2000 Cases near the curve (3,4,5) have a reasonable percentage of land for open spaces and public facilities. facilities. KEYvalues on logarithmic scalel. VERTICAL SCALE: R-value (efficiency 2 HORIZONTAL SCALE: lot areas (m ). CURVE: optimum R-Value (the optimum values are derived from lots of different areas having a width to depth ratio of 1:4, a public 1000 1000 street serving only the short dimension of the lot, and transverse streets at intervals of 150 meters). NUMBER DOTS: The R-values of the Riyadh case studies. a high i PRIVATE: The case above the curve (1) has percentage of private land and therefore is a burden to the municipal government in the provision, maintenance, and operation of utilities and services. Cases below the curve (2,4,5) have low percentages of private land. Case (3) has a reasonable percentage of private land. All of the private land is within 500 400 300 *0 200 200 the lot area of the dwellings. 200 400 0 80 ue curve 100 200 400 600 800 1000 2000 3000 4000 440 2 Om (68) URBANLAND UTILIZATION URBANIZATION MODEL Since Riyadh was chosen as the capital of Saudi Arabia, it has been growing at a very high rate. In 1930 the city population was about 20000, while in 1968 it was more than 300000. With an average rate of 7 to 10% this population growth caused tremendous problems. Housing shortage, lack of facilities, utilities and services, traffic congestion and uncontroled development are some of these problems. By realizing this situation the Ministry of Interior for Municipalities granted the studies of existing conditions and the master plan of the city to C. A. Doxiadis Association. The study of existing conditions was prepared in 1968, then revised in 1971. During this period the study of the master plan was carried out and it has been approved in 1974. The implementation of the plan has been asigned to the Supreme Committee for Planning of Riyadh, the Town Planning Authority and Riyadh City Council. An abstract of the basic plans proposed by Doxiadis Association is included in the following two pages under the title Master Plan Context. The rest of the study is an attempt by the authers to provide arguements and suggestions to stimulate further studies for the development of the sub-areas (localities) of residential primary use, with an approximate dimensions of 2km x 2km in the proposed plan. The ultimate objective of this study is to assure continuous balance and harmony between the people and their environments. Such objective can only be achieved by the creation of a dynamic design and planning practice, based on the understanding of process of urbanization and population characteristics. Sterio type models for the development of new urban areas have been avoided because of the following reasons: - Every site is unique in its physical characteristics and its relation to the urban context; - population characteristics and expectations are in constant change; and that - standards, codes and regulations reflect practical trade off between objectives and resources, so, they will not be followed unless the society can afford them. In response to the previous argument the authers suggest the emphasis on the study of the following: - Intensity of land utilization as a tool for the qualification of magnitude of diffrent land uses, for the prediction of future changes and for the evaluation of diffrent alternatives. - Requirements and standards for community facilities, utilities and services; to decide on reservation of some land for future development and for scheduling the provision of facilities and services. - Development plans; to ensure the consideration of important factors withen one integrated framework of development. - Development process; to ensure the continuous balance in the environment during different periods of development. - Effeciency of land utilization; to evaluate different alternatives with regard to thier effeciency of land utilization. The scope of consideration and depth of the study has been affected by the limitations of time and distance from the case study. URBANIZATION MODEL MASTER PLAN CONTEXT LAND USE: The physical plan for the development of Riyadh is composed of: FORCAST OF RIYADH GROWTH 1) a major commercial and civic spine which extends to the northwest and the southeast of the existing business district; 2) an administrative area which is situated perpendicular to the civic and commercial spine; 3) residential districts which extend from both sides of the spine. A strip of industrial and special-use areas YEAR 1975 1980 2000 ESTIMATED ESTIMATED ESTIMATED BUILT-UP AREA (Ha) POPULATION (Persons) RESIDENTIAL DENSITY (person/Ha) 9,277 13,484 30,436 525,000 685,000 1,400,000 200 --- Source: Riyadh Master Plan, 19'72. runs parallel to the spine forming a man-made boundary on the northeast. On the other side, the southwest, steep cliff formations of Wadi Hanifah form a natural boundary for the city. These boundaries direct the development of the residential areas parallel to the city spine. CIRCULATION: The plan of Riyadh shows that the vehicle will continue to be the main mode of transportation. The circulation pattern is planned to have the following hierarchy: 1) FREEWAYS: four major freeways connect the city with the country freeway system. the grid of expressways runs 2) EXPRESSWAYS: parallel and perpendicular to the city spine. This grid serves as boundaries for the residential areas (localities); the grid of major roads runs 3) MAJOR ROADS: through the center of residential localities. It connects these localities to each other as well as to the city spine. This grid is expected to be constructed in the first stage of residential development. AREAS RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL CITY STRUCTURE: The master plan devides the city into six large devisions. Each devision INDUSTRIAL will be composed of 8-12 localities with an average dimension of 2km x 2km. Each locality is devided into four urban units with a ADMINISTRATIVE common center. SPACES A AIRPORT S SPECIAL USE (FUTURE OPEN .OPEN SPACE) UNIVERSITY U LAND USE PATTERN 1:250000 5 1 15Km (70) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION LOCALITY CONTEXT is each site on the proposed LOCALITY: master plan of division no. VI, which has approximate dimensions of 2km x 2km. LOCALITY BOUNDARIES: are the grid of limited access expressways proposed in the master plan, which separate localities from each other. LOCALITY ACCESS: is each point on the borders of the locality which permits the movement to extend byond its limits. Each locality has four points of accesses. The access leading to city spine is the most important one. LOCALITY SPINE: is the area along the major road leading to city spine. Most of side streets in the locality lead to locality CITY LOCALITY LOCALITY DEVISIONS spine. STRUCTURE OF COMMUNITIES 1975 .(EXISTING) MAJOR ROAD 1980 EXPRESSWAY FREEWAY L-t-i -1- _____2000 RAIL ROAD STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 15Km CIRCULATION PATTERN 1:250000 0 1:500000 10 20 30Km URBANIZATION MODEL COMMUNITY FACILITIES 2000m 2000m --. -.-. ................................. .................................. :.-X.:.X :.X.:.X X ....... . . .. ....... . 2000m uuum .... ................. ............... ......... .................................... ........... ..................................................... ... . .............. .. -.. .. ... .. .. .................... ......... .................. ................. .. .... .... 0.....00.. 0 . ............ ..... ..... -1 - -.-... ----. 0 .............. ............ ..................................... ............................... ................................ ................................. -.-..-.-.-.;; ....... -4 ................................. ............ X ............ .... ... .......... .......... ... ........ ............ ..... ........ .......... .... ................... . .. . . .................. ...................................... ...... :X .X ........................... ..... ....... . ........ .. ........................ ... ... X:..... ~ ;;..... .... - - ... --------- ....... . ....................... .. ........................ DENSITY POPULATION ASSUMED CIRCULATION COMMUNITY FACILITIES PRIVATE AND SEMIPRIVATE 50 20000 200 p/Ha 80000 p p/Na p 400 160000 600 p/Ha 240000 p % 25.0 % 25.0 % 25.0 4.4 % 15.7 % 27.8 % 44.5 59.3 % 47.2 % 30.5 25.0 70.6 % p/Ha p KEY PRIVATE AND SEMIPRIVATE (INCLUDING CIRCULATION) PUBLIC AND SEMIPUBLIC (INCLUDING CIRCULATION) (Design just intended tc indicate Community facilities represent an important part of the land utilization pattern of any community. Usually they are considered semipublic areas, such as schools; in some cases, The community facilities' plans indicate the relationship between population and the size of facilities needed. The elements which have been taken into consideration as neces- they might be public areas, such as parks. The size of community facilities is deter- sary for a locality are: schools: kindergarten, elementary, intermediate, and secondary; recreation: playgrounds and parks; and mined by the number of people: the greater the number of people the larger the area other community facilities: health clinics and centers, mosques, libraries, clubs, required for public facilities. police stations, fire stations, and municipal buildings. The type of facilities depends on the age group of the population and their social and cultural background. In Riyadh, those under the age of fourteen represent nearly 46% of the total population, and it is likely that this trend will continue with little decline in the next two decades. This means that more area than currently provided in Riyadh will need to be devoted to schools, playgrounds, and other related activities. The plans however indicate the need for: - A careful prediction of ultimate population density (in any given context). - Reserving land for future needed facilities. - Measures to control population growth in planned residential areas. 0 1:40O,000 0.5 2Ki __ 'Ail "Im -. (72) 00',_ 1_-___" " _111-I'- URBAN LAND UTILIZATION LAND UTILIZATION 4 oe-00" INTENSITY Land utilization intensity is the magnitude or degree of use of unit land by a certain activity at a certain time. The intensity is the result of a set of determinants; these are: the sources 1) Generators: of attraction which either stimulate the use of a certain type of activity or create the need for it, ie. employment creates the need for housing; paths and modes which pro2) Transmitters: vide an easy access to the source of attrac- I 2 3 4 5 6 proximity of the site to the main determi-nants of the intensity such as the generators and the transmitters. Internal effects are the local conditions existing inside the site (the receiver) such as availability of utilities, topography, soil conditions, pollution, view, regulation on use, etc. Values given to any factor vary according to local conditions of different societies and different environments. RESIDENTIAL INTENSITY: CASE OF RIYADH The main generator for resi- 1) GENERATORS: dential intensity in Riyadh is employment opportunities. Such opportunities are mainly created by: - Commercial and business activities located along the city spine; - Central government agencies located along 10 12 11 13 EFFECT ALONG COMMERCIAL AND CIVIC SPINE horizontal: locations vertical: relative intensities tion, ie. subway lines, main roads; 3) Receivers: areas which receive the effect of generated needs, ie. a residential area around a source of employment. For a specific site the intensity is the result of external as well as internal effects. External effects depend upon the 9 7 RESIDENTIAL LAND UTILIZATION INTENSITY ... 0000'0/ 5 8 RESIDENTIAL LAND UTILIZATION INTENSITY RESIDENTIAL LAND UTILIZATION INTENSITY EFFECT OF COMMERCIAL AND CIVIC SPINE (5) horizontal: locations vertical: relative intensities EFFECT OF COMMERCIAL AND CIVIC SPINE (8) horizontal: locations vrtical: relative intensities RESIDENTIAL INTENSITY CHARTS The residential land utilization intensity charts for the city of Riyadh help to find the relative intensity value of any given site within the city. These charts are based on the preceding analysis of intensity determinants. The relative intensities given are only hypothetical ones in order to proceed with the study. If the concept is to be applied in-depth research is necessary to determine these values in relation to their generators . The values are subject to change with time. 0 1 2 3 RESIDENTIAL LAND UTILIZATION INTENSITY EFFECT OF ADMINISTRATIVE AREA horizontal: locations vertical: relative intensities For a given locality in the city (say locality A), the intensity value will be determined by the total value of all determinants: a) Effect of commercial and civic spine, cross section (8) on which the locality is situated; b) Effect of administrative zone (See effect of administrative area); c) Effect of industrial zone (See effect of industrial area). the administrative zone; - Growing industries located nearby; 2) TRANSMITTERS: The main modes of trans- portation which effect the residential in- 0 tensity in Riyadh are: RESIDENTIAL LAND UTILIZATION INTENSITY - Walking; - Public transportation - Private passenger cars. (buses and taxis); 1 2 EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL AREA horizontal: locations vertical: relative intensities 0 1:500,000 25Km URBANIZATION MODEL (7 7) The area available for housing; the characteristics of each area will influence the ultimate pattern of intensi3) RECEIVERS: ties. According to the preceding analysis of intensity indicators in Riyadh, the closer the site to city spine, administrative zone, and industrial zone, the higher its intensity and vice versa. Relative intensity value of a given site within a locality depends on the value of generators and length, comfort, and reliability of available transmitters of generated activities. These transmitters are: U U 1 2 ~ U 4 3 U I 5 6 I I 9 8 U U 10 11 RESIDENTIAL LAND UTILIZATION INTENSITY EFFECT ALONG LOCALITY SPINE horizontal: locations vertical: relative intensities pedestrian paths, vehicular roads, and public transportation lines. I I I I I I I 500 0 U I U I RESIDENTIAL LAND UTILIZATION INTENSITY EFFECT OF LOCALITYSPINE horizontal: distance (VEHICULAR) vertical: relative intensities -t -t -1-TT r o I I I I 500 I a I I I 10OOm -0--I--f2K 1:4,00 RESIDENTIAL LAND UTILIZATION INTENSITY EFFECT OF LOCALITY SPINE (PEDESTRIAN) vertical: relative intensities horizontal: distance m (74) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION DEVELOPMENT PLANS ............- y...7......... . .. Y.. . . .. . . ?.. . .......... ..... .. . 1..N a . . ......... TY...... LAN UTILZATIN.PATER '.IN.... I~~~~~.a ..... ~~~4.~~ CIRCULATION LAND PATTERN UTILIZATION LAND INTENSI 4iy$2 00"', TENURE AREAS O ACCESS TO EXPRESSWAY ACCESS ROAD LOW RESIDENTIAL MEDIUM COMMERCIAL SIDE ROAD HIGH OPEN SPACES AND FACILITIES MAJOR ROAD MAJOR ROAD SEMI-PUBLIC (FUTURE PRIVATE) AsS!.'| a PRIVATE 0.5 Km (LOCALITY SPINE) 1:40,000 The process of urbanization implies that following the provision of essential facilities and utilities, - Land value will rise - Population and building densities will increase - Commercial growth will naturally follow certain patterns if not restricted and - As development matures, growth and change will go hand in hand. This will require land to be structured under flexible tenure patterns. CIRCULATION The periphery adjacent to the expressways where open buffer space is provided and low residential density is ex- LAND TENURE roads. These streets will work for transfering traffic from the access ways to major roads; pected. privately owned. 2) Side roads: perpendicular to the major - Zone III: LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN Residential: the periphery. In the locality, one might expect nearly three zones, each has a range of different In a given locality, the circulation pattern willbe as follows: 1) Major roads where public transportation routes and commercial activities are located. These roads will connect the locality with the city spine and the neighboring locali- land values and intensity of use: - Zone I: The commercial area with intensive ties; lows the above zone and has less density. development along major streets. This area commands the highest land values and the highest density. - Zone II: The residential area which fol- for these facilities before the development takes place. INTENSITY With the preceding circulation pattern, the intensity value is higher near the major roads in the locality. The value decreases towards Since the city is respon- sible for the provision of facilities, utilities, and services, it should acquire land 3) Access ways to private properties. LAND UTILIZATION In most of the cases in Riyadh, the land is Residential growth follows the provision of utilities. The land tenure scheme proposes, in the case of new development, the acquizition by emin- Community facilities: ent domain of land needed for community facilities. It also proposes that the city acquire land located within the locality spine. This makes it cheaper and easier for the city to provide facilities for the Provision of community facilities depends upon the growth of population. Commercial: Commercial growth follows popu- lation density and intensity of use and is expected to develop in linear patterns along the major roads in the settlement. Commercial activities in the form of corner shops is expected to develop at road intersections in a random pattern within the neighborhood. inhabitants of the locality. In addition, it gives the city enough control over the development of the locality spine, and enough revenue to run the facilities, utilities and services. (75) URBANIZATION MODEL DEVELOPMENT PROCESS .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 1 ~ ~ I .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... X ,fl .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... tm i~-5 I--3 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... St ...................... Em-. ..................... ...................... ..................... .......... .......... .... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ~-I= 1=1: ---------- I .......... .......... .......... I' - mm ............................... ................................. ............................. . . . .. .. .. . ............................... .............................. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ...... .. . ..... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ... .......... ........... .. .. .. ... . .......... ......... .......... .... ..... ....... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ......... ......... ... .......... .......... .......... ....... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ......... .......... ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... . ...... ......... ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... .......... .......... ..... .......... ....... ..... ...... . ........... ......... ........ ... .. .. .. .. .... ......... ...... ... ... . ... ............. ......... .......... .......... ... .......... xxxx - -u-- .n--U -. I--I-.. -n ..... .. .. . . . . . . . . :7777 .......... ................ .......... ......... ........... .......... ........... .. iTTTTTT .......... . . . . . . . . .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ........... .......... ......... .......... .......... ......... ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ................... ......... ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ... ............. .......... ......... .......... r .......... .......... ..................... .................... ..................... .................... ..................... .................... *E~E~E~Um . ........ ... ...... ................. ............. ........ ...................... ....4.4 ............... ....... .... 4........ 6. ...................... PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT FIRST STAGE --tt- _tt ................. ................. ................. ................. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ..... ........... .......... ..... ...... ..... ..... X .......... ............ ..... ........... ......... .......... ... .......... ....... .......... ......... ....... ......... .... .. ....... ........ ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... ....... ... .......... .......... .......... . ..... .. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ........... .... ........ .... .... ~442 . . . . . ..... . .... ... .. ..... ......... ... ..... .... .............. ..... .... ... ......... ..... .......... .... .... ...... . ........ ... .. .. .. ...... .............. ..... ..... .......... .... ... ..... ........... ................. ............................ ............................. ................ FLNAL STAGE THIRD STAGE SECOND STAGE .......... .... .......... ..... ..... .. .. .. .. .. ................................ ..................... ............ ................................. ................................ .................... ................................. .......... ......... .......... .... .......... ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ........... ...... .......... .......... ......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... ......... .......... ........... .......... ........ .......... .......... .......... ......... .......... ......... .. .... .......... .......... ......... .......... .......... ......... .......... .... .......... ......... ........... ........... X. ............. .......... .......... ......... ......... ........ .......... ........... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ......... ......... ........ .......... ........... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ......... ......... ........ .......... ........... ......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ..... ... ...... X : ..... ...... ........... ......... ........ ......... ..... ........... ........ ........ ... ......... ............. .......... .......... ......... ......... ......... .......... ......... ........... ......... .......... ......... .......... .......... ......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ......... .......... X _ ...... ........ .......... .......... ......... ......... ........... ............ ...... .......... ......... ... ......... .......... ......... ........... ......... .......... ......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ....... ......... ...... ......... ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ......... ......... ........... ......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ........... .. ....... ......... .......... .......... .... ....... ..... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ....... ....... ....... ....... ..... .... .... ..... .... ..... X. .... ..... .... . ..... .... .... ............................... ...................... ............ ........ I ............... I .............. % ........ ............. ............................... ................................ ..................... ...................... ............................... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... ........... COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT SECONDSTAGE FIRST STAGE The term development is related to the provision of utilities, facilities and services for a growing settlement. FINAL STAGE THIRD STAGE for a majority of the population when the 2) STAGED COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT: provision of all facilities is impossible; this is important for a developing country; provision of utilities The these facilities is below the rate of growth. The advantages and disadvantages could be - Economic use of most facilities and; and facilities instantly preceding or simultaneous with the construction of dwellings and growth in the Two alternative approaches are illustrated - Secure investment since no risk is involved. number of inhabitants. and through the cooperation of all respon- here: Disadvantages: Advantagesi sible agencies during construction. 1) PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT: The provision according to a pre-determined of utilities set of priorities and needs following the - Inconveniences where some services are - Convenience of use and; - Relative ease of implementation. construction of dwellings and growth in the number of inhabitants. Advantages: - Equitable provision of essential facilities lacking; - Difficulty in determining priorities and timing for provision of facilities and; - Possibilities of higher ultimate costs. Disadvantages: - Investment risks; - Under use during period of population growth; - Inequitable provision of facilities when capacity of construction and provision of optimized through detailed studies of designs 1:40,000 URBAN LAND UTILIZATION /t) LAYOUT PATTERN -I- II ~ --- til -F I- -j U ACCESS TO EXPRESSWY --4 ACCESS ROAD 7 GRID ALTERNATIVE -I- I 1-WE I I-I - I- - I- - I- MODIFIED GRID ALTERNATIVE -H I- ______________ : I= -- -I I- ___________ - - -I- I I- I- I- ~~1~~~ BASIC LAYOUT 1 -4-- I- -I -I -I 4 SEGREGATED GRID ALTERNATIVE PEDESTRIAN SIDE ROAD MAJOR ROAD MAJOR ROAD (LOCALITY SPINE) Main elements of the circulation network are the hierarchy of streets and the basic grid. HIERARCHY OF STREETS Requirements for each transportation mode vary greatly according to the functions of the mode. This makes it essential to determ determine the functions of circulation paths in each context. Hierarchy of streets in each locality is the following: 1. major roads, connecting localities to other areas; 2. side streets, connect different areas to major roads; and 3. access ways, connect properties to side streets. network. In this study a range of four to ten minutes of walking around the block is considered as the limit to its diminsions in urban areas. This means a range between 80m x 80m to 200m x 200m. The circulation scheme shows the development of circulation concept: 1. the hierarchy of streets; 2. the basic grid; 3. the modified grid; and 4. the segregated, pedestrian/vehicular, grid. The following layout alternatives comprise three existing patterns in Riyadh and nine other patterns of set forth limits of block dimensions between 80m x 80m and 200m x 200m. BASIC GRID The block is the cell of the layout. Dimensions of the block are limited by site conditions, convenience of use, and cost of a 1:40b, 000 0.5 2K URBANIZATION MANF0HA BLOCK= 25mxl50m 1 - -BLOCK= MALAZZ 80mx80m MODEL -f BLOCK= 4 80x200m I -t - -qA.j -1 33rnXBO0m BLOCK= 50mx120m KHURAIS 12rLmoL LOCK= 133mx133m LOCK= 133mx200m 17----- BLOCK= 125mx200m EXISTING 47BLOCK 200mx8Om ALTERNATIVE LOCK= 200mxl33m ALTERNATIVE 4 BLOCK= 200mx200m ALTERNATIVE 0 BASIC GRID ALTERNATIVES 0.5 1:10,000 2Kff (78) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION MANFOHA MALAZZ A hA ........................ ... . .... .. ..... . ................... ~] ] |C | |ZZ | I |1 ] E . E ]- - ]LIL ............. ........... ...... ................ ............ ...... ..................... . .............. ....... ............ . ....... . ... ............. ........... .... ..... .......................... .. ........................... ............ ............................ .............. ..................... .. ........... ......... . . .. .............. ................... ............... .. .... ........ ......................... ........ .. .............. ... ... . ........... . .............. ------ ]IL .. EZiZE S __ co rt ......... ............. .. .......... .. ...... ... ... . E . ............................. ~i~ .. . .. . ... .......... E............. ... ............ .. ...... ... ... .. . .... . .................. ...... ....... . ..... ZILI ]E~iiIIIIE HE AREZ ]EIIIZZ]LIIILLIIIE JEZILIZE *EEr *: 50.5.. .. " *45eI::1 0. EN:E* :EBE 51: E .1N11 ............. ............ R PRIAT hps lots PULI te ets, oenspaces L SEPULIjopn pae, chol) 1~elins ~ ........................ ........ ......... LI EZZZJ l[Z A 2 EZZ ARES ]iZL iLI[L ]i Z~iZL[ ]LIZ iIiI-E ..................... . ................ .. ...................... ... .......... ]2 ] E - -I [ 5.......... .... --------------SEMI-IVA (streese Hectares Percentages AREAS Hectares 11.57 35 PUBLIC 9.54 27 4.95 15 SEMI-PUBLIC 5.40 15 16.48 50 PRIVATE 21.06 58 spaces) SEMI-PRIVATE 00 NETWORK EFFICIENCY (circu1ation, i -..... TOTAL R = network len th (circulation) = 283m/Ha areas served lots Percentages 36.00 100 R = 212m/Ha ASSUMED EXISTING Umeo 0 0 500 I I I s 1000m RESIDENTIAL INTENSITY EFFECT OF LOCALITY SPINE (A-A) RESIDENTIAL INTENSITY EFFECT OF LOCALITY SPINE (A-A) 0 1:10000 100 500. (79) URBANIZATTON MODEL IA A - A-1 KHURAIS .. . . .... ...... ... . .. .. . ........... ........ . ......... .. ........... ........... ... ... ... .... .. ... ... ......... .......... ........... .......... .... .... .... .. . ........ ........... .......... ............ ......... .. . ............. xx.. ..... . ... ........... . ..... ....... . ... .. .. .... ... ...... ...... X. .. ... .. . .. ........... X., ... .... .. .... .. ..... ... ..... 15E 11r 1XX . .. . .... ...... ... ........... .......... -- 0 .. ........ et . ..... ........ .. . . ......... ..... . ......... ... . .... ... .. ... ... ......... . .. . .. .. . . . . . . .. . Hetares ........... 17.3 SEMI-PRIVAT PIVT AND res Percentages 21.94 55 SEMI-PUBLIC 8.66 22 PRIVATE 9.40 23 40.00 100 PUBLIC .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . ... . Percentages 30 15 31.60 PTOTAL 55 SEMI-PRIVATE NETWORK EFFICIENCY TOTAL NETWORK EFFICIENCY R = 224m/Ha R = 265m/Ha ASSUMED 0 0 RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL INTENSITY EFFECT OF LOCALITY SPINE (A-A) INTENSITY EFFECT OF LOCALITY SPINE (A-A) 1:10000 100 500m (80) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION A-2 A ....... ..... .... ...-..... ...I... .... .... .. .... .... .. .... .... .... .. _.... .. ................................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .-.... .... .. .. .. ... .... ...... .. ... ... ... .. .. ... ... .. ... ... .. . ... -. ........................ .. . ... . .. . . . ................................... ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . .. . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .................................. .......................................... . .. .. . ... .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . _ ......................................... .................................... ......................................... ........................................ ...... .............................. .......... .. . .................................1.. ...E... mLW mL~i ]Wi mul ml~Y ] I .E ........ mfu mu Ll E...... E........ E.E...... E........ DIE LIZl ..... E..... PUBLIC SEMI-PUBLIC PRIVATE AND SEMI-PRIVATE TOTAL .. . . . . .. I . ..... I.IN E E......... ]LaUiLoWE ma, . . . .... ...E...... .l....... E E N...... . .. ... ... .. mlr ;. . .. .. .. . E.... .. . .. . .. . . . I ]Z AREAS Hectares 10.21 25 PUBLIC 6.12 15 SEMI-PUBLIC 24.47 60 PRIVATE AND SEMI-PRIVATE 40.8 8.7 100 TOTAL NETWORK EFFICIENCY R R = 165m/Ha 178m/ila Percentages 5.7 NETWORK EFFICIENCY = ...... . . . . . .. .. .. Hectares Percentages AREAS P........... .E........ .. . .. . . E ]LuEEIW[ ]LULohE[ ...E..... .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .:::.. .. ... ............... ................... ... .... ...... E..l...... ]Lu~~D~hLo .. ... :.......... ]LuLhd[I i.... ......... E..... ... ....... IA 23.6 38.0 23 15 62 100 ' PROPOSED " " SOO *U I U I u RESIDENTIAL INTENSITY EFFECT OF LOCALITY SPINE Mme " RESIDENTIAL INTENSITY (A-A) EFFECT OF LOCALITY SPINE (A-A) 1: 10000 luu 500m (81) URBANIZATION MODEL B-2 B-1 -- - -- - - - - - - - - .... ....... .... .......... .......... .......... ... .......... ........................... .......... .......... X,......... ........... ...... ......... ... ... ... .... ...... ...... .... .. .. . .... .. .. .. ... ... . . .. .. . . .. ........... .. ..... . ... ... ... .. ... ..... ..... ..... . .... ... .. .. .... .. ... .. .. ... .... .. .. .. . .. ... . .... .... ... .. .... .. .. . ......... ........... ..... .... . .. .... .. . ....... ... . .. . ... . .. .. . . . . . .. . ... .. .. ... . . ........ .I .. I .I ..I. II ..II II .II ........ ... I III I I I I ... I . .. .. ... .. . . .. ...... .. ' S . .. .. . .... .. .. . .. .. . .. .... .. ... ... .. . ... .. . .. .......... ..... 71 I Ltu ... .... L .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .... .... .X. ........... ........... ........... ID-][]]'f- 111771 LIY]L171] ]LI ILJL ....... ... .. .......... . .. ............ ........... ........... ......... .......... Hectares Percentages AREAS PUBLIC 8.58 27 PUBLIC SEMI-PUBLIC 4.74 15 SEMI-PUBLIC 18.28 58 PRIVATE AND SEMI-PRIVATE 31.60 100 AREAS PRIVATE AND SEMI-PRIVATE TOTAL . ...... ... Hectares 8.74 6.12 25.94 TOTAL NETWORK EFFICIENCY NETWORK EFFICIENCY R = R = 184m/Ha 40.80 178m/Ha PROPOSED PROPOSED mmmm. I 500 0 5 5 1000m 5 I5 500 U RESIDENTIAL INTENSITY RESIDENTIAL INTENSITY EFFECT OF LOCALITY SPINE (A-A) EFFECT OF LOCALITY SPINE (A-A) I looom * 1:10000 100 ..... (82) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION C-1 B-3 TA ................... .............. ......... ... .. . .. .. . -.. .. .. .. .. ... .. .................. ..... . ..... . . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. .. ... ......... ... ............ ..I.......................... . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... ... ... ... .. ... .. .... ... ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... . . . . . .. . I.. ... .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................ . ................. ....... ............. .......... ... ... .. .... ... ... .. .. .. .. .. . ..... .... .. ..................... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. . .. . ..... ... .... . . ...................... ................ .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... . ... .......... IX .. .. .. .. .............. ... . .. . . ............. ... .. .... ... . ................ .......... ............ ............. .... ..... .. ..... .. 0'0§$g ......... .mgg ...... ..... .......... .......... ........ .... ....... ......... ...... '.. ............... .. .. .. ....... ... .. .% ........... ......... .. ... .......... ..... ...... ........ .......... .............. ....... Hectares Percentages Hectares Percentages 8.58 27 PUBLIC 8.07 26 SEMI-PUBLIC 4.74 15 SEMI-PUBLIC 4.74 58 PRIVATE PRIVATE AND SEMI-PRIVATE 18.28 TOTAL AREAS AND SEMI-PRIVATE 100 31.60 ..... . m4. PUBLIC AREAS -.0 N5 ....... .......... TOTAL NETWORK EFFICIENCY 15 18.79 59 31.60 100 NETWORK EFFICIENCY R = 120m/Ha R = 137m/Ha PROPOSED PROPOSED -- Jmm mmms* U 0 I U U 500 * -E 5 1 - I *I 500 RESIDENTIAL INTENSITY EFFECT OF LOCALITY SPINE I I RESIDENTIAL INTENSITY (A-A) EFFECT OF LOCALITY SPINE (A-A) 1:10000 100 I m 5 URBANIZATION MODEL C-2 C-3 L A 4A ] L E/. 111] 7- 1711 174z I Hectares Percentages PUBLIC 6.59 17 SEMI-PUBLIC 5.70 15 25.71 68 38.00 100 AREAS PRIVATE AND SEMI-PRIVATE TOTAL Hectares Percentages PUBLIC 8.02 20 SEMI-PUBLIC 6.12 15 26.66 65 40.80 100 AREAS 45 0 6 ==. .. . . ... . PRIVATE AND SEMI-PRIVATE .... .............. . .... TOTAL NETWORK EFFICIENCY NETWORK EFFICIENCY R = 100m/Ha R = ll8m/Ha u1 PROP OSED BONN- I 1oom I I I 0 I I 0 RESIDENTIAL INTENSITY RESIDENTIAL INTENSITY EFFECT OF LOCALITY SPINE (A-A) EFFECT OF LOCALITY SPINE (A-A) 9 500 1:10000 100 1000 50 (84) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION J L I MANFOHA _ A L F AREAS - Hectares PUBLIC (Streets, Open Spaces) SEMI-PUBLIC (Open Spaces, Schools) PRIVATE (Dwellings, Shops, Lots) SEMI-PRIVATE (Cluster Courts) Total NETWORK EFFICIENCY (R-Value) ~ 7_1F Hectares Percentages F Percentages Hectares 33 0.18 12 0.23 0.39 67 0.4 0.05 63 8 0.76 0.10 0.58 100 0.63 100 R = 346m/Ha _ I J L _EIEL Hectare s (R-Value) r = mTT - Hectares Percentages 32 0.27 26 0.53 68 0.69 0.09 65 9 0.78 100 1.05 100 R = 202m/Ha R = 237m/Ha L. Hectares 0.36 J ~1 F~ Percentages 14 1.31 0.19 72 11 1.88 0.29 74 12 1.81 100 2.53 100 R = 149m/Ha .J L IL luLl-Hectares Percentages 17 0.31 Percentages 0.25 IL ILI 1F L AREAS NETWORK EFFICIENCY -I BL -I- PUBLIC (Streets, Open spaces) SEMI-PUBLIC (Open spaces, schools) PRIVATE (Dwellings, shops, lots) SEMI-PRIVATE (Cluster courts) Total 100 R = 178m/Ha J L F L 73 9 1.52 100 R = 199m/Ha .J L L 1.11 0.14 70 9 1.09 252m/Ha Hectares Percentages 0.27 18 Percentages 21 71F MALAZZ JL _1F I 0.19 R = 3 JL -I _j1f I- JL JL IL R = 128m/Ha IL L ~Ir~]TrTT J L I F F ~1 -L AREAS Hectares PUBLIC (Streets, open spaces) SEMI-PUBLIC (Open spaces, schools) PRIVATE (Dwellings, shops, lots) SEMI-PRIVATE (Cluster courts) Total NETWORK EFFICIENCY (R-Value) Percentages 0.61 0.14 0.50 49 11 40 1.25 100 R = 350m/Ha Hectares Percentages .35 22 1.06 0.17 67 1.58 100 R = 177m/Ha Hectares Percentages 0.40 15 1.98 0.34 73 12 2.72 100 Hectares Percentages 0.46 12 2.84 0.50 3.80 R = 124m/Ha SUBDIVISION 75 13 100 R = 103m/Ha 0 BLOCK LAND I F~ 1:5000 so 26m ---------- (S5) URBANIZATION MODEL BLOCK SUMMARY CHARTS 0% 50% 25% 75% 100% MANFOHA M A ANFOHA A MALAZZ KHURAIS A-i . A-2 x.......-- 33% Public (streets and walkways) Semi-Public (playgrounds) Semi-Private (cluster courts) 67% Private (dwellings or lots) 29% -8% 63% Pub. Semi-Pub. Semi-Priv. Priv. S 21% -9% 70% Pub. Semi-Pub. Semi-Priv. Priv- 18% -9% 73% Pub. Semi-Pub. Semi-Priv. Priv. .... A-3 B-i B- 2 , ) F ZL B -3. MALAZZ B . ' ... . . ........ .. ................ .... ....... ........ ....... ....... .. ............... ............... . ......... ....... ....... ........ ........ ............... ...................... ........ .............. ....... .............. ... ....... ........ .......... .. . ........... ........ .......... . ........ ....... ........ . ....... .... ........... .... ........ . ...... ........... ........ .......... ............ .......... ................. ........... ............ .......... ............... ................ .......... .......... .............. ............. ................. ................. .............. ..................... ......... .......... ................ .... .......... ................ ......... .......... ......... ........... . .......... .......... ........... ........ ~ ......... 2 .. .... .... ........... ........ ......... V.................. ............... 3 s~c..:s.::::::::s~~.... : . ........ BLOCK Public (streets and walkways) Semi-Public (playgrounds) Semi-Private (cluster courts) Private (dwellings or lots) 0 LAND UTILIZATION PERCENTAGES 100 200 300 I I MANFOHA MALAZZ KHURAIS KHURAIS A-i A-2 C A-3E 1 .......... 48 ~ R U C-1 C-2 22% Public (streets and walkways) Semi-Public (playgrounds) Semi-Private (cluster courts) Private (dwellings and lots) . ... Pub. Semi-Pub. Semi-Priv Priv. p . - - 67 S p KEY i777 BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION 0 PUBLIC SEMI-PRIVATE SEMI-PUBLIC PRIVATE 1:5000 50 12% -13% 75% Pub. Semi-Pub. Semi-Priv. Priv. 250m C-3 BLOCK NETWORK EFFICIENCY 500m/Ha -4- (86) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION APPENDIX NATIONAL CONTEXT Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Population: 6,200,000 estimated for 1975 Area: 2,127,000 square Kilometers Approx. Language: Arabic and English spoken widely SR, Saudi Rial = 100 Halala = Currency: US $ 0.28 in 1974 Religion: Islam Islamic Constitution in a modern Government: government HISTORY: Saudi Arabia was named as a unified kingdom after the Al-Saud family in 1932. The name also means prosperity and happiness. The Arabian Peninsula has been inhabited by Semitic-speaking people for more than 3000 years. The earliest known, large-scale po- Their power also included Al-Hasa in 1550, but the control was nominal. The Saudi Dynasty started as a religious revival movement by Emir Mohammed Ibn Saud in support of Shaik Mohammed Ibn Abd Al-Wahab (1703-1792). By 1806, Saudi forces had captured from Dariya in Najd most of the Ara- litical units were the South Arabian kingdom bian Peninsula, including Hejaz and Yemen, then parts of Iraq and Syria. Hejaz was captured in 1812 by the Ottoman-Egyptian entered a period of bloodshed and intrigue Major Cities Pop. Estimates Mecca, spiritual capital (1975) 300,000 of the Minaeans (about 1200 B.C.) and the Sabaean (before 700 B.C.). They were followed by the Himyarites (about 200 B.C.), who were preceded also by the Nabataeans in the Riyadh, administrative cap. 570,000 north (about 350 B.C.). Jedda, main port 460,000 Medina, spiritual city 136,000 In the early 7th Century A.D., Mecca became Taif, summer capital Dammam, eastern port 150,000 80,000 the religious center of Islam, which comprised in the 8th Century the area from Though in exile in Kuwait, Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud (Ibn Saud) started the creation of modern Hufouf-Mubarraz Buraidah 147,000 Spain in Europe to East China in Central Saudi Arabia by capturing Riyadh in 1902, Najed and Al-Hasa in 1913, and Medina and Jeddah in 1925. In September 1932, the King- 83,000 Asia. After the Mohammedan era the capital It is only in the mid- dle of the 10th century AD when the Meccan Saudi Arabia is located in south- Sherifate was established. western Asia, occupying four fifths of the Arabian Peninsula.between 34-56* East and 15 * 28' North of the equator. The Arabian Peninsula after that. moved to the north. LOCATION: army, and the capital Dariya in Nejd was destroyed in 1818. The Ottoman Turks were recognized as rulers of Hejaz after conquering Egypt in 1517. dom of Saudi Arabia was created. In March 1945, Saudi Arabia accepted the principles of the United Nations and, also in that year, the Arab League. NATIONAL CONTEXT SERVICES IMPORTS TAX ~~~OI ROYALTIES 92% TRANSPORTATION NETWORK URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION GOVERNMENT REVENIUES Year: 1971-'72 Source: Statistical Year Book (1971-'72), Riydh MAJOR URBAN CENTERS (1974-'75) Source: M+R International TOTAL URBAN 30% M OTHERS JIZAN SALLERIES 23% PROJECTS 47% 100% 60 80 HAIL 20 40 HUFOUF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES Year: 1971-'72 Source: Statistical Year Book (1971-'72), Riyadh --. d I .RURAL I JEDDAH I MILLION DWELLING UNITS 2.0 '65 1960 '75 '70 '80 500;000 '90 '85 I I RITAGH 100,000 INTERMIDIATE ANNUAL MIGRATION TO SOME CITIES POPULATION GROWTH Source: M+R International Quality of Information: Estimates Source: National Development Plan (1974-'75) HOUSING NEEDS 300,000 I SECONDARY ..--- ""UNIVERSITY 50 DEFICIT 55 60 65 EVOLUTION OF FORMAL EDUCATION 70 Enrollment of Students Source: Statistical Year Book (1971-'72) 1.0 ADJUSTED 50 HOUSING STOCK 40 30 0.5 20 GHOUSI9NGOSTOCK .0 .1 10 1 0. 1970 '75 '80 '85 '90 FORECAST OF HOUSING NEEDS SOURCE: NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN (1974-'75), AND M+R TNTERNATTONAL 25% 20 15 10 5 M 0 F 5 10 15 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION horizontal: percentages females: F males: M Source: vertical: ages 20 25% I- (88) iswom WON URBAN LAND UTILIZATION OTHERS OTHERS AGRICULTURE CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION MINING AND OIL REAL ESTATE, ETC. REAL ESTATE, ETC. INDUSTRY COMMUNITY, SOCIAL, AND PERSONAL SERVICES COMMUNITY, SOCIAL, PUBLIC SERVICES MANUFACTURING MANUFACTURING COMMERCE AND OTHERS US $ BILLION 2 3 50 1 30 40 100 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BY SECTOR (1969-'70) Source: Department of Statistics, Riyadh 50% .MINING AND OIL PRIVATE ESTABLISHMENTS (1971) Source: Statistical Year Book (1971-'72), Riyadh 5 US $ BILLION WHOLESALE,RETAILS, RESTAURANTS, AND HOTELS U THOUSAND 1( 20 DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ..... WHOLESALE, RETAILS, RESTAURANTS, AND HOTELS THOUSANDU AND PERSONAL SERVICES 80 60 40 20 DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT PRIVATE LABOUR (1971) Source: Statistical Year Book (1971-'72) 7 GDP 00 .-... J 1* POULTRY 4I 40 I 30 '.'COMMERCE * AND CONSTRUCTION WEEDS VEGITABLES II. WHEAT 20 OTHER GRAINS 10.......... .. - . ...............---.---....... INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE PUBLIC SERVICES MEAT . 1963-'64 '65-'66 '67-'68 THE ECONOMIC SHIFT GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT Source: Department of Statistics, Riyadh 5 US $ BILLION ..... 1963-'64 '69-'70 ...----" '65-'66 '67-'68 INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE .. OR PUBLIC SERVICES 60 '69-'70 THE GROWTH OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES US $ 20 US $ MILLION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT; by sector Source: Department of Statistics, Riyadh 1.0 40 Year: 1969-'70, Estimates Source: National Development Plan (1969-'70) BILLION US $ BILLION >1 TOTAL 0.5 0 .. ***--*. MACHINERY STUFFS EUROPE .FOOD ARAB COUNTRIES AMERICAOR OTHER COUNTRIES -------.......... -CHEMICALS 1950 '55 '60 '65 . ........ ................ '70 THE ECONOMIC GROWTH GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT Source: Department of Statistics and Doxiadis, Riyadh TEXTILES OR 1960 INTERNATIONAL TRADE IMPORT TRENDS; by products Source: Statistical Year Book ....- " '65 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (1971-'72) IMPORT TRENDS; by regions Source: Statistical Year Book (1971-'72) .NORTH JAPAN NORTH AMERICA 1960 '65 INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXPORT TRENDS; by regions Source: Statistical Year Book (1971-'72) NATIONAL CONTEXT GEOGRAPHY: - Physical Features: The dominant feature The average minimum winter temperature is about 6'C and goes below freezing point. The of Saudi Arabia is the great plateau which slopes slightly to the east. It starts winter relative humidity is between 30 and 85 percent. The average number of rainy days from the Sarawat Mountain Ranges in the west and is interruptep by the Tuwaiq low mountains which form a crescent shape facing northwest. Most of the topography is cover- is about 35 with an average rainfall of 250mm. Five days of sand storms per year is average. ed with free sand forming the great deserts. Arabian Peninsula were traditionally based on subsistance arid-zone agriculture, desert pastoralism, fishing, hunting, and limited - Geographic regions: The country is divided into five administrative regions supported by geographic and population concentrations. These regions have no defined boundaries. They also do not include the The regions are: the Eastern, Central, Western, Northern, and vast desert areas. ECONOMY: The economic activities in the Pilgrimage to Mecca was of high value to the economy of Hejaz Region. Trade between India and Africa from the south and Byzantine Empire from the north was a fluctuating source of income for Hejaz mining. and Yemen. Southern. - Climate: Saudi Arabia has three distinctive climatic regions. One is the desert climate. It is hot and dry in summer, cold and moderately humid in winter. As in Riyadh, summer average maximum temperature is above 40*C and goes up to 45*C. The air cools rapidly at night. Summer relative humidity decreases to 5 percent. In winter, the average minimum temperature is as low as 7 C and can fall below freezing. Winter relative humidity is between 50 and 20 percent. Records show an average rainy days at 20, an average of 25 days of sand storms, and frost is frequent. The second region is the coastal climate, characterized by hot and humid summers and moderate and moderately humid winters. Airless, humid summer nights are common. As in Jeddah, average maximum temperature in the summer is about 37C, but it is coupled with a relative humidity of between 30 and 85 percent; it is 100 percent on occasions. The average minimum winter temperature is 15* C. Winter relative humidity is between 75 and 35 percent. The average number of rainy days per annum is 8, and the average rainfall is 100mm. The average number of days of sand storms is The average number of foggy days is 9. Third, the mountain climate is characterized 12. by cold to moderate temperatures with moderate humidity in summer, and relatively cold tempera tures and moderately humid winters. This climate is common in the mountain settlements on the Sarrawat Mountain Ranges in the west. As in Khamees-Moshait, average maximum summer temperatures is about 25*C. The relative humidity in summer is between 15 and 50 percent. The role of oil replaced the traditional economic resources in increasing proportions since its discovery in 1938. It provided approximately 92 percent of the government's revenue in 1971-72. The government's projects have concentrated on development of necessary infrastructure. Highest priority has been given to the transportation network, health, education, and water resources for agriculture, industry, and domestic uses. (90) URBAN LAND UTILIZATION GLOSSARY COMMUNITY: the people living in a particular place or region and ususally linked by common interests; the region itself, any population cluster. DEVELOPMENT: gradual advance or growth through progressive changes; a developed tract of land. DWELLING: The general, global designation of a building/shelter in which people live. A dwelling contains one or more 'dwelling units'. DWELLING CONSTRUCTION TYPES: Primary dwelling construction types and materials are grouped in the following categories: Shack Roof: structure - rods, branches. infill - thatch, mats, flattened tin cans, plastic or canvas sheets, cardboard, scrap wood, and/or mud. Walls: structure - rods, branches, poles. infill - thatch, mats, flattened tin cans, plastic or canvas sheets, cardboard, scrap wood, and/or mud. Floor: structure/infill - compacted earth. Adobe Roof: structure - wood rafters. infill - thatch with mud. Walls: structure - sundry brick mud. infill - mud. Floor: structure/infill - compacted earth or cement. Wood structure - wood rafters. infill - thatch, flattened tin cans or corrugated iron sheets. Walls: structure - wood frame. infill - rough hewn wood planks. Floor: structure/infill - compacted earth, wood joists, flooring. Masonry/ Wood Roof: Masonry/ Concrete Concrete Roof: structure - wood rafters. infill - corrugated iron or asbestos sheets, or terracotta tiles. Walls: structure/infill - murran, stone, brick, block or tile masonry without columns. Floor: structure/infill - poured concrete slab on/off grade, wood joists, flooring. hired by the user or occupant; payments can be monetary or an exchange of services. Small Contractor Built: where the dwelling unit is totally built by a small organization hired by the user, occupant, or developer; 'small' contractor is defined by the scale of operations,financially and materially; the scale being limited to the construction of single dwelling units or single complexes. Large Contractor Built: where the dwelling unit is totally built by a large organization hired by a developer; 'large' contractor is defined by the scale of operations, financially and materially; the scale reflects a more comprehensive and larger size of operations encompassing the building of large quantities of similar units, or a singularly large complex. Roof: structure/infill - poured or precast reinforced concrete with tar and gravel, or terracotta tiles. Walls: structure - poured or precast walts or frame. infill - metal, wood, masonry, plastic. Floor: structure/infill - poured or precast concrete slab. DWELLING BUILDER: Four groups are considered: Self-Help Built: where the dwelling unit is directly built by the user or occupant. Artisan Built: where the dwelling unit is totally or partially built by a skilled craftsman tial densities. the area located between the rural areas and urban inner ring (5 or more km radius); relatively low residential densities. DWELLING PHYSICAL STATE: A qualitative evaluation of the physical condition of the dwelling types: room, apartment, house; (the shanty unit is not evaluated). Bad: generally poor state of structural stability, weather protection and maintenance. Fair: generally acceptable state of structural stability, weather protection and maintenance with some deviation. Good: generally acceptable state of structural stability, weather protection and maintenance without deviation. DWELLING DENSITY: The number of dwellings, dwelling units, people or families per unit hectare. Gross density is the density of an overall area (ex. including lots, streets). NET density is the density of selected, discrete portions of an area (ex. including only lots). DWELLINGUNIT: A self-contained unit in a dwelling for an individual, a family, or a group. DWELLING DEVELOPER: Three sectors are considered in the supply of dwellings: Popular sector: The marginal sector with limited or no access to the formal financial, administrative, legal, technical, institutions involved in the provision of dwellings. The housing process (promotion, financing, construction, operation) is carried out by the Popular sector generally for 'self use' and sometimes for profit. Public sector: The government or non-profit organizations involved in the provision of dwellings. The housing process (promotion, financing, construction, operation) is carried out by the Public sector for service (non-profit or subsidized housing). Private sector: The individuals, groups or societies who have access to the formal financial, administrative, legal, technical institutions in the provision of dwellings. The housing process (promotion, financing, construction, operation) is carried out by the Private sector generally for profit. DWELLING UNIT COST: The initial amount of money paid for the dwelling unit or the present monetary equivalent for replacing the dwelling unit. Roof: structure/infill - poured reinforced concrete with tar and gravel, or terracotta tiles. Walls: structure/infill - murram, stone, brick, block or tile masonry without columns, or with columns for multi-story dwellings. Floor: structure/infill - poured concrete slab on/off grade. Periphery: DWELLING FLOORS: The following number are considered: One: single story; generally associated with detached, semi-detached and row/group dwelling types. Two: double story; generally associated with detached, semi-detached and row/group dwelling types. Three or More: generally associated with walk-up and high-rise dwelling types. DWELLING GROUP: The context of the dwelling in its immediate surroundings. DWELLINGLOCATION: Three sectors of the urban area considered; City center: the area located within a walking distance (2.5 km radius) of the commercial center of a city; relatively high residential densities. Inner ring: the area located between the urban periphery and the city center (2.5 to 5 km radius); relatively lower residen- 2 DWELLINGUNIT AREA: The dwelling unit area (m ) is the built-up, covered area of a dwelling unit. DWELLING UNIT TYPE: Four types of dwelling units are considered: Room: A SINGLE SPACE usually bounded by partitions and specifically used for living; for example, a living room, a dining room, a bedroom, but not a bath/toilet, kitchen, laundry, or storage room. SEVERAL ROOM UNITS are contained in a building/shelter and share the use of the parcel of land on which they are built (open spaces) as well as common facilities (circulation, toilets, kitchens). Apartment: A MULTIPLE SPACE (room/set of rooms with bath, kitchen, etc.). SEVERAL APARTMENT UNITS are contained in a building and share the use of the parcel of land on which they are built (open spaces) as well as some common facilities (circulation). House: A MULTIPLE SPACE (room/set of rooms with or without bath, kitchen, etc.). ONE HOUSE UNIT is contained in a building/ shelter and has the private use of the parcel of land on which it is built (open spaces) as well as the facilities available. Shanty: A SINGLE OR MULTIPLE SPACE (small, crudely built). ONE SHANTY UNIT is contained in a shelter and shares with other shanties the use of the parcel of land on which they are built (open spaces). DWELLING TYPE: The physical arrangement of the dwelling unit: Detached: individual dwelling unit, separated from others. Semi-Detached: two dwelling units sharing a common wall (duplex). Row/Grouped: dwelling units grouped together linearly or in clusters. Walk-Up: dwelling units grouped in two to five stories with stairs for vertical circulation. High-Rise: dwelling units grouped in five or more stories with stairs and lifts for vertical circulation. The utilization indicates DWELLING UTILIZATION: the type of use with respect to the number of inhabitants/families. an individual or a family inhabiting a Single: dwelling. Multiple: a group of individuals or families inhabiting a dwelling. FINANCING: The process of raising or providing funds. provided by own funds. Self Financed: Private/Public Financed: provided by loan. provided by grant or aid. Public Subsidized: DWELLING DEVELOPMENT MODE: Two modes are considered: Incremental: The construction of the dwelling and the development of the local infrastructure to modern standards by stages, often starting with provisional structures and underdeveloped land. This essentially traditional procedure is generally practiced by squatters with de facto security of tenure and an adequate building site. The formal development procedure in Instant: which all structures and services are completed before occupation. LAND TENURE: The act, right, manner or term of holding land property. Types are categorized by how land is held and for what period of time. Legal definitions are established to determine the division of property among various owners, or the relationship between owner or occupier, or between creditor and owner; and between private owners and the public, and includes the assessment of taxes on private land rights and the regulation of land use through government control. There are TWO BASIC FORMS of land tenure: Land Ownership: where the exclusive right of control and possession of a parcel of land is held in freehold. Land Tenancy: where the temporary holding of mode or holding a parcel of land is of another. LAND UTILIZATION: A qualification of the land around a dwelling in relation to user, physical controls, and responsibility. Public: User: anyone/unlimited (streets, Physical controls: minimum walkways, Responsibility: public sector open spaces Semi-Public: User: limited group of people (open spaces, Physical controls: partial or playgrounds, complete schools) Responsibility: public sector and user Private: (dwellings, lots) User: owner or tenant or squatter Physical controls: complete Responsibility: user SemiPrivate: (cluster courts) User: group of owners and/or tenants Physical controls: partial or complete Responsibility: users LAND UTILIZATION: PHYSICAL CONTROLS: The physical/legal means or methods of directing, regulating and coordinating the use and maintenance of land by the owners/users. BIBLIOGRAPHY LAND UTILIZATION: RESPONSIBILITY: The quality/ state of being morally/legally responsible for the use and maintenance of land by the owners/users. PERCENT RENT/MDRTGAGE: The fraction of income allocated for dwelling rental or dwelling mortgage payments; expressed as a percentage of total family income. SUBSISTENCE INCOME: Average amount of money required for the purchase of food and fuel for an average family of 5 people to survive ($874/year in Riyadh, 1973). TENURE: Two situations of tenure of the dwelling units and/or the lot/land are considered: having formal status derived from law. Legal: not regulated or sanctioned by law. Extralegal: Four types of tenure are considered: Rental: where the users pay,a fee (daily, weekly, monthly) for the use of the dwelling unit and/or the lot/land. where the users pay a fee for long-term Lease: use (generally for a year) for a dwelling unit and/or the lot/land from the owner (an individual, a public agency, or a No cases of lease private organization). are shown in Typology. Ownership: where the users hold in freehold the dwelling unit and/or the lot/land which the unit occupies. where the users are provided Employer-Provided: a dwelling unit by an employer in exchange for services; i.e., domestic live-in (Only one case is shown in the servant. case studies.) URBANAREA: All developed land lying within the urban fringe (politically undefined development lying between the city and the country) including a central city and any of its satellite comsuni.ties; it is not a political/governmental unit (Bartholomew, 1955). URBANIZATION: the quality of state of being or to cause or take on urban becoming urbanized: characteristics. USER INCOME GROUPS: Based upon the subsistence (minimum wage) income per year, five income groups (The subsistence income per are distinguished. year in Riyadh is approximately $874). Very low (below subsistance level) less than $874/year: The income group with no household income available for housing, services, or transportation. Low (1 x subsistence level) $874/year: The income group that can afford limited subsidized housing. Moderate Low (4 x subsistence level) $3,496/ year: The income group that has access to public/ private commercial housing (rental). Middle (15 x subsistence level) $13,110/year: The income group that has access to private commercial housing (ownership). High (above 15 x subsistence level) above $13,110 The income group that represents the most economically mobile sector of the population. U5suFRUCT: The right to profit from a parcel of land or control of a parcel of land without becoming the owner or formal lessee; legal possession by decree without charge. INFRASTRUCTURE: The underlying foundation or basic framework for utilities and services: streets, sewage, water, network, storm drainage, electrical network, gas network, telephone network, public transportation, police and fire protection, refuse collection, health, schools, playgrounds, parks, open spaces. LAND - MARKET VALUE: Refers to: 1) the present monetary equivalent to replace the land; 2) the present tax based value of the land; or 3) the present commercial market value of the land. EQUIVALENTS BI BLIOGR1"n'APH Y METRIC SYSTEM EQUIVALENTS Linear Measures 1 centimeter = 0.3937 inches 1 meter = 100 centimeters= 39.37 inches or 3.28 feet 1 kilometer = 1,000 meters = 3,280.83 feet or 0.62137 miles 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 1 foot = 0.3048 meters 1 mile = 1.60935 kilometers A METHODFOR THE EVALUATION OF URBAN LAYOUTS, Caminos, H., Indutrial Forum, Montrial, December 1971. Square Measures 1 square meter (91) AREA HAND BOOK FOR SAUDI ARABIA, Walpol, Bastos, Eisele, Herrick, John, Wieland, The Amarican University, Washington, D.C., 1971. DWELLINGS AND LAND, Caminos, H., Goethert, R., Chana, T. S., Urban Settelment Design Program, M.I.T, Cambridge, 1973. = 1,550 square inches or 10.7639 square feet 1 hectare = 10,001 sq meters = 2.4711 acers 1 square foot = 0.0929 square meters 1 acre = 0.4087 hectares FREEDOM TO BUILD, Turner, J.F.C., Fichter, R., MacMillan Company, New York, 1972. DOLLAR EQUIVALENTS All income, cost, and rent/mortgage data have been expressed in terms of the U.S. equivalent; 1 U.S. dollar = 3.5 Saudi Riyals. INTRERIM URBANIZATION PROJECT DANDORA, Urban Settelment Design in Developing Countries, M.I.T., Cambridge, 1973. GUIDE FOR SURVEY-EVALUATION OF URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS, Baldwin, J., M.I.T. Thesis, Cambridge, 1974. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN, Central Planning Organization, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1970 and 1975. RESIDENTIAL LAND UTILIZATION, Gattoni, G., Patel, P.C., M.I.T. Thesis, Cambridge, 1973. QUALITY OF INFORMATION The quality of information given in the drawings have been qualified in the following manner: when based upon rough estimations of Tentative: limited sources. Approximate: when deducted from different and/or not completly reliable sources. when taken from reliable or actual Accurate: sources. RIYADH EXISTING CONDITIONS, Doxiadis, The Ministry of Interior for Municipalities, Saudi Arabia, 1968. QUALITY OF SERVICES, FACILIYIES AND UTILITIES when the existence of services, facilities Non: are unavailable to a locality. and utilities Limited; when the existence of services, facilities and utilities are available to a locality in a limited manner due to proximity. Adequate: when the existence of services, facilities and utilities are available in/to a locality locality. STATISTICAL YEARBOOK, Ministry of Finance and National Economy, Saudi Arabia, 1972. RIYADH MASTRE PLAN, Doxiadis, The Ministry of Interior for Municipalities, Saudi Arabia, 1972. RURAL MIGRATION AND URBAN GROWTHIN RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA, Malik, S., A., The University of Michigan Thesis, Ann Arbor, 1973. THE URBAN PATTERN, Gallion, A.B., Eisner, S., Van Nostrand Company, New York, 1963. URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS, Caminos, C., Turner, J.F.C., Steffian, J., M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, 1969. URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS: MIXICO CITY, Basant, J., Cortes, J.L., Davila, R., Espinosa, E., M.I.T. Thesis, Cambridge, 1974.