The Impact of Environmental Sanitation on Community Health
Erpita Yanti2020
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This study aims to describe and discuss the impact of environmental sanitation on public health. The research method used is descriptive. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. The results showed that: 1) the environmental sanitation conditions of the community were not good because they did not meet health requirements, 2) there was a relationship between the condition of the sewerage, landfills, latrines, and the condition of the house that was not yet healthy so that it had an impact on illnesses such as fever bleeding, tuberculosis, diarrhea and others.
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Science and Environmental Journals for Postgraduate
http://senjop.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/senjop
Vol. 2 No. 2 (pp. 64-70) June 2020
p_ISSN 2655-5085
e_ISSN 2655-5239
THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION ON
COMMUNITY HEALTH
* Linda Marni, Aulia Asman, Armaita, Erpita Yanti, and Yessy Aprihatin
Postgraduate Environmental Science - Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
*Corresponding Author, Received: March 12, 2020, Revised: April 10, 2020, Accepted: June 01, 2020
ABSTRACT
This study aims to describe and discuss the impact of environmental sanitation on public
health. The research method used is descriptive. The sampling technique uses purposive
sampling. The results showed that: 1) the environmental sanitation conditions of the
community were not good because they did not meet health requirements, 2) there was a
relationship between the condition of the sewerage, landfills, latrines, and the condition
of the house that was not yet healthy so that it had an impact on illnesses such as fever
bleeding, tuberculosis, diarrhea and others.
Keywords: Environmental Impact, Sanitation, Public Health
INTRODUCTION
Based on Law Number 32 Year 2009, the environment is a unity of space with all
objects, power, conditions, and living things including humans and their behavior that
affect the life and welfare of humans and other living creatures. In life many
environmental problems encountered and very disturbing life can even cause death. The
magnitude of the influence of the environment that needs to be improved health status
that needs to be done for environmental health efforts which is an attempt to prevent the
occurrence of diseases related to the environment in the community (Barlian, 1992;
Barlian, 1994; Barlian, 2010). If the environment is not healthy, then the surrounding
creatures will get sick, but on the contrary if the environment is healthy then the
ecosystem is healthy too (Barlian; 2017; Barlian, 2000; Chandra et al., 2020; Hermon et
al., 2020).
Poor human behavior results in changes in the ecosystem and causes serious
environmental problems such as sanitation problems. Sanitation consists of supplying
good domestic water, sufficient quality and quantity, regulating the use of family latrines,
garbage disposal, waste water disposal, establishing clean and healthy houses, and caring
64
Science and Environmental Journals for Postgraduate
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Vol. 2 No. 2 (pp. 64-70) June 2020
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e_ISSN 2655-5239
for the surrounding environment by eradicating animals that cause disease to humans such
as flies, mosquitoes, fleas and other animals. Environmental sanitation is an attempt to
achieve a healthy environment through controlling physical environmental factors,
especially those that have a detrimental impact on the physical development of health and
human survival (Hiasinta, 2001; Hermon, 2020; Indika et al., 2020; Juita et al., 2020;
Juita et al., 2020; Marni et al., 2020). Health problems are complex problems, which are
related to other problems outside of health itself (Utami, 2018).
IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
According to WHO environmental health is a science and skill that focuses its
attention on efforts to control all the factors that exist in the human physical environment
that are expected to cause or will cause things that can harm his physical development,
health or survival Aprihatin et al., 2020; Arlym et al., 2020; Armaita et al., 2020; Asman
et al., 2020). Environmental health is essentially an optimum environmental condition or
condition so that it positively influences the realization of optimum healt status as well.
According to HAKLI (Association of Indonesia Enviromental Health Experts)
environmental healt is an enviromental condition that is able to sustain a dynamic
ecological balance between humans and their enviroment to support the achievement of
a healthy and happy quality of human life.
So, environmental health science revolves around human efforts to manage the
environment in such a way that the degree of human health can be improved (Oktorie et
al., 2020; Oktorie and Bert, 2020; Oktorie et al., 2019; Prarikeslan et al., 2020). In other
words it can be concluded that environmental health is a science that is a branch of public
health science that focuses more attention on planning, organizing, directing, supervising,
organizing and evaluating all the factors that exist in the human physical environment
that are thought to have a relationship or related to development physical, health or human
survival, such that the degree of health can be further improved.
According to Law No. 36 of 2009 Article 1 concerning health is a healthy state,
both physically, mentally, spiritually and socially that enables everyone to live
productively socially and economically. Many factors affect health, both individual health
and public health. There are factors that affect health, namely: heredity, environment,
65
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behavior and health service. These four factors besides directly affecting health, also
influence each other. Health status will be optimal if all four factors together have optimal
conditions as well. One factor that is in a state that is disturbed (not optimal) then the
health status will be shifted to the direction below optimal.
Sanitation is one component of environmental health, which is intentional
behavior to cultivate clean living to prevent humans from being in direct contact with dirt
and other harmful waste materials, with the hope of being able to maintain and improve
human health. Environmental health in Indonesia is still concerning. Not yet optimal
sanitation in Indonesia is characterized by the high incidence of infectious diseases and
starting diseases in the community (Suryani et al., 2020; Wilis et al., 2020; Yanti et al.,
2020; Yuniarti et al., 2020). At a time when other countries have shifted disease patterns
into degenerative diseases, Indonesia is still troubled by cases of dengue fever, diarrhea,
leprosy, and hepatitis A which seem to be endless.
Indonesia's sanitation conditions are lagging far enough from neighboring
countries. With Vietnam alone Indonesia is almost overtaken, especially compared to
Malaysia or Singapore which has a high commitment to environmental health in the
country. Sanitation will determine the success of the environmental health development
paradigm for the next five years which places more emphasis on prevention from the
aspect of treatment. With a good prevention effort, the incidence of diseases related to
environmental prevent. In addition, the budget needled for prevention is also relatively
more affordable than conduction treatment effort. Types of sanitation : 1) Steam
sanitation, using steam flowing 76.70C for 15 minutes or 93.30C for 5 minutes. Steam
sanitation can be done to sanitize materials and equipment for example by using, 2). Hot
water sanitation, sanitation is done by soaking tools or materials such as knives, plates,
small sized containers, using temperatures above 800C (not by pouring hot water / rinsing
because it is not effective). Effects caused by denaturation of microbial cell protein
molecules. 3) Hot air sanitation, sanitation uses a hot temperature of 82.20C for 20
minutes. This sanitation is usually used for sterilizing tools (dry sterilization) by using an
oven. 4) Radiation sanitation, this sanitation is by utilizing UV rays or rays with a
wavelength of 2500 A, which must be in contact with microbes for at least 2 minutes, 5)
Chemical sanitation, using chemicals to kill microbes. Generally classified into aldehyde
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or reducing group. These are chemicals that contain the COH group, alcohol group, that
is the chemical compound containing group X, phenol group, ammonium salt group,
oxidizing group and biguanide group. The effectiveness of chemical sanitation is
influenced by: contact time (minimum 2 minutes) optimum temperature of 21-800C if it
is higher then it will evaporate (iodine) and be corrosive (chlorine), and if it is lower then
it is not effective. Optimum pH 6-7, not effective on basic Ph. Tool cleanliness and agent
contamination.
The scope of public health according to WHO there are 17 environmental health
scopes, namely: 1) drinking water supply, 2) waste water management and pollution
control, 3) solid waste disposal, 4) vector control, 5) prevention or control of soil pollution
by excreta human, 6) food hygiene, including milk, 7) air pollution control, 8) radiation
control, 9) occupational health, 10) noise control, 11) housing and settlement, 12) aspects
of airiness and transportation, 13) regional planning and urban, 14) accident prevention,
15) general recreation and tourism, 16) sanitation measures related to epidemics /
epidemics, natural disasters and population movements, 17) preventive measures needed
to ensure the environment. In Indonesia, the scope of environmental health is explained
in article 22 paragraph (3) of Law No. 23 of 1992, the scope of kesling is 8, namely: 1)
water and air sanitation, 2) securing solid waste, 3) securing liquid waste, 4) securing
waste gas, 5) security of radiation, 6) security of noise, 7) security of disease vectors, 8)
health and other safeguards.
The problem of environmental health is a complex problem which requires an
integration of various related sectors to overcome them. In Indonesia, problems in
environmental health include: 1) Clean water, water used for daily needs whose quality
meets health requirements and can be drunk if cooked. Drinking water is water whose
quality meets health requirements and can be drunk directly. Clean water has a lot to do
with waste management, waste management that is produced daily by the community and
the disposal of wastewater that is directly flowed into the river channel. Will cause
siltation of channels / rivers, blockage of river channels due to garbage. During the rainy
season floods always occur and cause disease. Some of the diseases caused by poor
sanitation and waste disposal and waste water that are not good include: diarrhea, dengue
fever, dysentery, hepatitis A, cholera, typhus, worms and malaria. 2) settlement health, a
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large amount of human resources if it is inadequate to be the executor of development,
then this will be a problem because the population is only the object of development
instead of the implementer. So the state must work more to bear the lives of its inhabitants
so that they can at least experience a decent life. But the fact is that there are still many
Indonesian people who live in very poor conditions. Population density that occurred in
Indonesia resulted in limited land for residence seedy. Of course this condition makes it
difficult for residents to obtain a decent living facility, 3) waste, economic growth in
Indonesia has increased the standard of living of its population. The increase in income
in this country is shown by the growth of production and consumption activities. Garbage
will cause air pollution, littering into open areas will result in soil pollution which will
also affect the ground waterways, 4) insects and disturbing animals, insects as reservoirs
or germs which are then referred to as vectors for example: rat fleas for pla/pestilence,
anopheles sp mosquito for dengue fever, culex mosquito for elephantiasis disease.
CONCLUSION
Solutions to deal with environmental sanitation and health problems: 1) healthy
water facilities, drinking water does not cause disease, the water should be endeavored to
meet health requirements, at least try to approach these requirements, 2) settlements,
healthy homes meet physiological needs, namely lighting, air and space sufficient motion
to avoid disturbing noise. Meet the requirements for preventing transmission of disease
between house occupants by providing clean water.
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