SOLUTION- VACCINES

IOP conference series, 2022

The economic prosperity plus technological growth of each & every county depend heavily on energy security, and the energy availability portrays the quality of life in that country. Solar energy is an alternative energy source for cooling systems where power is costly, unreliable, and unsustainable-the main options for electrically-powered refrigeration systems available for several years; are our gas and kerosene-driven refrigerators. The solar refrigeration system was a promising advancement in the early 1980s, creating an alternative to absorption technology to cater to the cold chain requirements in off-grid areas. The main objective of this research is to determine the feasibility of solar-powered refrigeration systems for rural dispensaries, sub-counties health centers, and health posts in Kenya; this is in line with the current COVID-19 pandemic, which demands that the vaccine be supplied to the local populace. This article provides essential recommendations on the solar-powered refrigeration system and highlights some critical parameters for the successful implementation of solar-powered refrigeration units into vaccination programs in the future, including; The supply chain of the vaccines in the country, the current state of the health system at sub-county hospitals, areas of improvements, and the recommendations

Solar energy based temperature controlled chamber is presented in this paper. This technique is primarily concentrated in the medical arena.Using the Peltier module the temperature controlled chamber is utilized for the dual purposes i.e. cooling and warming.As the temperature controlled chamber is compact and easy to carry the vaccines to rural regions, it is mainly designed.This organization concentrates on solar energy in order to avert the environmental contamination. The existing system outlines the implementation of cooling and heating in an exclusive unit.The conflict between the existing and projected system is, both chilling and heating takes place in the individual unit.

Energy Engineering

The rapid spread of COVID-19 pandemic has forced several countries in the world to store vaccines in cold storage towards ensuring their protection from being damaged and to maintain their stability. However, most remote clinics, especially those in the equator and islands, are faced with the challenges of hot climates and the inability to afford electricity resources needed to power the cold storage facility. Meanwhile, the hot equatorial region has abundant solar energy to power the vaccine cold storage but previous studies showed that several field workers do not have the ability to maintain the vaccine storage temperature as indicated by the manufacturer's recommendations. Therefore, this literature review study examines the prospects and challenges of implementing solar-powered cold storage to provide cooling space for remote clinics. This is expected to contribute significantly to cold chain vaccine management technology. The findings showed that four technology integration schemes including Cold Storage Ice Maker, Cold Storage Ice Maker-PCM, Refrigerator-Ice Maker and, Absorbing Cooling-PV-Ice Maker have the potential to be applied in clinics situated in certain tropical regions.

Solar energy based temperature controlled chamber is presented in this paper. This technique is primarily concentrated in the medical arena.Using the Peltier module the temperature controlled chamber is utilized for the dual purposes i.e. cooling and warming.As the temperature controlled chamber is compact and easy to carry the vaccines to rural regions, it is mainly designed.This organization concentrates on solar energy in order to avert the environmental contamination. The existing system outlines the implementation of cooling and heating in an exclusive unit.The conflict between the existing and projected system is, both chilling and heating takes place in the individual unit.

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2020

The research presented in this paper proposes a new design of a vaccine cooling and storage unit that can keep vaccines in the cold chain (2°C to 8°C). This design was done to facilitate effective completion of the African vaccination week. The cooling and storage unit was designed to be compact, portable, well isolated and to make use of a PV solar energy system as a source of electricity. The cooling unit makes use of a Liquid to Air thermoelectric cooling module connected to some tubing and a liquid pump to cool the inside of the cooling unit. The design process also included designing a control system that controls the temperature inside the cooling holder and a monitoring system to monitor the battery voltage and capacity. The system also has a user interface that displays the temperatures inside and outside of the cooling holder, as well as the battery voltage and capacity. The cooling system successfully developed was able to keep vaccines in the cold chain for up to three da...

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research and Development

As per WHO report most of the vaccines likes Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hib, Influenza, Meningococcal, Pneuernocqccal, Rotavirus are required to be preserved at refrigeration temperature such as (2 0 C to 8°C). When the vaccines are preserved above or below the required temperature, the potency of a vaccine is lost resulting in loss of money, as vaccines are costly. In remote areas where electricity is not available, preservation of vaccines becomes a very serious concern. In order to provide the means to preserve the vaccines in remote areas, a portable refrigeration system working on photovoltaic effect has been designed and developed. The refrigeration system developed is of the dimension 24.50″×21.25″×14″ and has the capacity of 30 liters capable of maintaining the evaporator temperature of 0 0 C to 8°C for 9hrs to 10 hrs once the battery is charged. The time taken by the battery to be charged is of the order 6 hrs to 8 hrs. The coefficient of performance (COP) of a developed refrigeration system is 3.19 and the payback period as per techno-economic analysis is found to be 8 years 5 month 6 days.

Abstract: This project aims to develop a simple model of autonomous control of the interlinking converter in hybrid ac-dc microgrid (MG). In the last several years, efforts toward the standardization of these MGs have been made. Various renewable and non-conventional microsources made by DG, an alternative option for modern electrical grids. The microgrid concept reduce multiple reverse conversions in an AC or DC grid and also make a possibilities of connections to variable AC and DC renewable sources and loads to power system. The interconnection of DGs to the grid through power electronic converters has provided safe operation and protection of equipment. The objective is to make the hybrid microgrid in autonomous operation by ensure proper active power sharing proportionally among its DG’s. Power sharing considered depend only on the source ratings within the hybrid microgrid, where the existing schemes are mostly for an ac or a dc microgrid, but not both in co-existence. A suitable control scheme developed for controlling the interlinking converter to share active power proportionally among its distributed sources (DG’s) and will be verified by MATLAB simulation. Keywords: Droop control, Frequency variation, Hybrid microgrid, Interlinking converter, Renewable energy source, Voltage deviation.

Apocalypticism and imperial criticism: (re)reading the Dürr-i meknū n (The Hidden Pearl, 1472-73) in the context of Ottoman-Akkoyunlu imperial confrontation, 2023

The Dürr-i meknūn (The Hidden Pearl) is one of the most fascinating and enigmatic works of fifteenthcentury Ottoman literature. It consists of a digest of Islamic cosmology and cosmography engaging with a wide array of subjects, beginning with the Creation and concluding with the Last Judgement. The Dürr-i meknūn has long been attributed to the mystic and scholar Ahmed Bīcān and has accordingly been dated to between 1453 and 1466. However, building on the most recent research, which shows that Ahmed Bīcān could not possibly have penned the Dürr and that the text is in fact anonymous, this article provides a critical reading and new dating of the text by focusing on the apocalyptic prophecies found in Chapter 16. Using a novel methodology that integrates contextual and historical reading, with computations of Arabic gematria, my analysis demonstrates that the Dürr was composed in 1472-73, in anticipation of the Ottoman-Akkoyunlu confrontation at the Battle of Başkent, when fears were running high that the end of Ottoman rule was at hand.

Attraverso lo studio genetico di alcuni materiali dell'Archivio di Gianfranco Contini-dagli appunti del 1944 sul significato teorico dello studio delle correzioni d'autore, alle inedite varianti del manoscritto della "critica degli scartafacci"-e nel contesto della Parigi dell'Esposizione internazionale del 1937, verrà presentato un nuovo quadro storicointerpretativo del metodo della critica delle varianti nelle sue relazioni con la letteratura francese e con la critica crociana. L'attualità di questo metodo verrà illustrata attraverso alcuni casi di studio tratti da recenti edizioni critiche (Manzoni, Leopardi, Gadda), con un focus sulle innovazioni teoriche e pratiche apportate dalla filologia digitale.

Anak merupakan salah satu titipan Tuhan yang diberikan kepada hambahambanya. Seperti halnya dengan harta, tidak semua pasangan suami-istri oleh Tuhan dititipkan karunia berupa anak. Beberapa dari mereka ada yang cepat diberikan keturunan, namun ada juga yang sampai bertahun-tahun sejak perkawinan dilangsungkan belum juga mendapatkan keturunan sesuai yang diharapkan. Keberadaan anak menjadi factor penting dalam sebuah keluarga, banyak orang yang mengatakan," Tidak lengkap rasanya jika tidak ada kehadiran seorang anak, karena salah satu tujuan melangsungkan perkawinan ialah memperoleh keturunan.",atau juga ada yang mengatakan bahwa,"Anak