Moving in the Time: An Ontology for Identifying Legal Resources
João Oliveira Lima2008, Lecture Notes in Computer Science
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The paper presents an application of the FRBR OO document model for defining an information ontology of legal resources that takes into account the dimension of time. FRBR-based paradigms are used within several existing projects in computer support of activities in the legal domain, but they are mostly oriented to bibliographic organization of documents without a real modeling of the peculiar characteristics of the legal domain. Also, all of them refer to the current version of the FRBR model, called FRBR ER. Yet, in these years the FRBR model is undergoing a major revision and a new version using an object-oriented approach is being developed. Thus we first have updated the model of legal resources to rely on the new object-oriented model, called FRBR OO. More importantly, consistency problems were corrected and the time dimension was introduced, which came very useful when considering the legal domain and dealing with legal resources. Therefore, while it is not in the scope of this paper to define an abstract model of the norms (e.g. obligations, permissions, etc.) or the representation of the norms (e.g. rules model), we rather focus our attention on the abstract description of the normative acts lifecycle and how it is possible to fill the gap between the rule modeling and the structure of the legal resources.
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Moving in the Time: An Ontology for Identifying
Legal Resources
João Alberto de Oliveira Lima1, Monica Palmirani2, and Fabio Vitali3
1
Senate of Brazil
70165-900 Via N2, Anexo C, Brasília, Brazil
[email protected]
2
CIRSFID - University of Bologna
via Galliera 3, 40100 Bologna, Italy
[email protected]
3
Department of Computer Science - University of Bologna
Mura Anteo Zamboni 7, 40100 Bologna, Italy
[email protected]
Abstract. The paper presents an application of the FRBROO document model
for defining an information ontology of legal resources that takes into account
the dimension of time. FRBR-based paradigms are used within several existing
projects in computer support of activities in the legal domain, but they are
mostly oriented to bibliographic organization of documents without a real modeling of the peculiar characteristics of the legal domain. Also, all of them refer
to the current version of the FRBR model, called FRBRER. Yet, in these years
the FRBR model is undergoing a major revision and a new version using an object-oriented approach is being developed. Thus we first have updated the
model of legal resources to rely on the new object-oriented model, called
FRBROO. More importantly, consistency problems were corrected and the time
dimension was introduced, which came very useful when considering the legal
domain and dealing with legal resources. Therefore, while it is not in the scope
of this paper to define an abstract model of the norms (e.g. obligations, permissions, etc.) or the representation of the norms (e.g. rules model), we rather focus
our attention on the abstract description of the normative acts lifecycle and how
it is possible to fill the gap between the rule modeling and the structure of the
legal resources.
Keywords: URI, FRBR, Ontology, temporal model.
1 Introduction
The application of the FRBRER model in the organization of the various levels of
abstraction of legal resources [11] has influenced many initiatives which deal with the
organization of legal and legislative information such as the Akoma Ntoso [24],
LexML Brasil, CEN Metalex [17] and Norme in Rete [1] projects. This paper revisits
this theme and discusses the application of the new FRBROO model to legal resources.
P. Casanovas et al. (Eds.): Computable Models of the Law, LNAI 4884, pp. 71–85, 2008.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008
72
J.A.O. Lima, M. Palmirani, and F. Vitali
This discussion has as its main focus the new definitions of the FRBR Group 1
entities and the analysis of the inclusion of time dimension in the new FRBR vision.
Several legal ontologies exist concerning the legal resources but mostly aimed at
modeling the normative content [2] or the issues connected to the legal language [23].
On the other hand many different communities produced in the last ten years strong
and robust international standards for describing the entities of the information resources (FRBR), sometimes oriented to manage the IPR issues (PREMIS) or the culture heritage resources (CIDOC CRM). Yet, we are currently missing an ontology to
represent the legal resources identification, especially considering the dimension of
time. There is in the state of the art a gap between the rule representation (e.g. knowledge rule base), the ontology on legal concepts and the identification of the legal
resources. ESTRELLA project uses MetaLex/CEN standard for describing the XML
structure of the Legal Resources, LKIF-core for defining the legal concepts in OWL,
LKIF-rules for modeling the legal knowledge. Nevertheless there is not yet defined a
common ontology, based on the information structure, for linking all these layers in
considering also the dynamicity over the time. This paper starts to the URI naming
convention of ESTRELLA project [17], and extends it for providing a preliminary
step to a full modeling of legal knowledge framework.
Section 2 of this paper, after a brief introduction to the FRBRER model, presents the
definitions of Group 1 entities and lists some problems of the old model. Section 3
shows how the entities of the FRBRER model were mapped to new classes in the new
FRBROO model and how the consistency problems were solved. Section 4, which is
the main contribution of this paper, applies these new definitions to the legal domain
and analyses the advantages and disadvantages. In section 5 we eventually produce
our conclusions.
2 FRBRER
Initially described as entity-relationship model to the organization of bibliographical
records, [10], the FRBR1 is being revised by three working groups. One of these
groups is working on the harmonization of the FRBR concepts with the CIDOC
CRM2 ontology [9], generating a new version which uses the object oriented approach3. This integration process between the main reference models of library and
museum communities initiated in 2003 and not yet finalized has been a “good opportunity to correct some semantic inconsistencies or inaccuracies in the formulation of
1
According to Doerr & Le Boeuf [5] the acronym FRBR (Functional Requirements for
Bibliographical Records) “has now turned to a noun in its own right, used without particular
intention to refer to ‘functionalities’, nor to ‘requirements’ but rather to the semantics of bibliographic records”.
2
According to Doerr & Le Boeuf [5] the acronym CIDOC CRM (Comité international de
documentation Conceptual Reference Model) “is not particularly meaningful (CIDOC is affiliated to ICOM, the International Council of Museums). Just like FRBR, the acronym,
rather meaningless by itself, has now turned to a noun in its own right.”
3
Like Doerr & Le Boeuf [5], this article used the acronyms FRBRER to refer to the original
model which uses the technique entity relationship and the acronym FRBROO to the new
model which uses the object orientation.
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