Capitalization-Rules

Mind & Language, 2015

Almost entirely ignored in the linguistic theorising on names and descriptions is a hybrid form of expression which, like definite descriptions, begin with ‘the’ but which, like proper names, are capitalised and seem to lack descriptive content. These are expressions such as the following, ‘the Holy Roman Empire’, ‘the Mississippi River’, or ‘the Space Needle’. Such capitalised descriptions are ubiquitous in natural language, but to which linguistic categories do they belong? Are they simply proper names? Or are they definite descriptions with unique orthography? Or are they something else entirely? This paper assesses two obvious assimilation strategies: (i) assimilation to proper names and (ii) assimilation to definite descriptions. It is argued that both of these strategies face major difficulties. The primary goal is to lay the groundwork for a linguistic analysis of capitalised descriptions. Yet, the hope is that clearing the ground on capitalised descriptions may reveal useful insights for the on-going research into the semantics and syntax of their lower-case or ‘the’-less relatives.

Financial planning and decision play a major role in the field of financial management whichconsistsofthemajorareaoffinancialmanagementsuchas,capitalization,financial structure, capital structure, leverage and financialforecasting.The term capital refers to the total investment of the company in terms of money, and assets.Itisalsocalledastotalwealthofthecompany.Whenthecompanyisgoingtoinvest large amount of finance into the business, it is called as capital. Capital is the initial and integralpartofnewandexistingbusinessconcern. This paper provides an overview on the types of capitalization.

2021

The functional and typological features of titles are investigated. It is found out, that due to the use of titles in modern texts, the following main functions of the titles are distinguished: informative, nominative, advertising, expressive, evaluative, integrative, compositional. Titles can be classified depending on the numeber of elements of the text they express. On this basis unidirectional and complex titles are highlighted. It is exposed, that from the point of informing titles are divided into the following categories: that fully inform about one or another element of the text, clear to reading publications (fully informing titles); titles-signs of semantic element, that only signal about it (dotted titles); titles, that inform about the meaning, that verbally is not expounded in text, but entered to the implication and titles, that become clear only after reading of the text and perceived retrospectively.

Strani jezici, 2020

This paper examines the challenge of starting a sentence with a proper noun or an abbreviation that is written with an initial lowercase letter (e.g. iPhone, danah boyd, pH). Traditionally, placing such words at the beginning of a sentence would be avoided, but this limits one's syntax and style. Hence, the aim of this paper is to explore the rules and practices of writing certain proper nouns and abbreviations with a lowercase letter and starting a sentence with such words in Croatian and English. Therefore, we reviewed the rules and guidelines in orthography handbooks and style guides, analyzed the corpora to examine the use of the initial lowercase letter, and surveyed a group of 60 bilingual college students to gain an insight into what they find acceptable regarding the matter. The results show that a sentence can indeed begin with a lowercase letter and that the acceptability of this phenomenon depends on several factors.

2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 2013

In many speech recognition systems, capitalization is not an inherent component of the language model: training corpora are down cased, and counts are accumulated for sequences of lower-cased words. This level of modeling is sufficient for automating voice commands or otherwise enabling users to communicate with a machine, but when the recognized speech is intended to be read by a person, such as in email dictation or even some web search applications, the lack of capitalization of the user's input can add an extra cognitive load on the reader. For these cases, speech recognition systems often post-process the recognized text to restore capitalization. We propose folding capitalization directly in the recognition language model. Instead of post-processing, we take the approach that language should be represented in all its richness, with capitalization, diacritics, and other special symbols. With that perspective, we describe a strategy to handle poorly capitalized or uncapitalized training corpora for language modeling. The resulting recognition system retains the accuracy/latency/memory tradeoff of our uncapitalized production recognizer, while providing properly cased outputs.

2016

espanolEste articulo analiza un corpus de estudiantes de ingles del grado de Educacion de la Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Espana. Recoge las intervenciones de mas de 129 alumnos de la asignatura Tecnologias de la Informacion Aplicadas al Aprendizaje de la Lengua Inglesa y esta siendo analizado por un grupo de investigadores de UNIR para ofrecer una taxonomia de errores dentro del marco de los estudios de grado. El analisis de resultados refleja el uso las mayusculas en los datos recabados. Las intervenciones se han analizado con un programa especifico de gestion de corpus. EnglishThis article analyses a specific corpus from students of English for the Degree of Early years Education at UNIR University, Spain. It collects the input of more than one hundred students in the subject “ICT tools applied to the learning of English language”. The corpus is being analyzed by a group of researchers from the English Department at UNIR, so as to offer a taxonomy of errors and m...

2019

2005

The missing-letter effect refers to the phenomenon that letters are more difficult to detect in common function words (such as the) than in content words. Assuming that the missing-letter effect is diagnostic of the extraction of text structure, we exploited a special feature of German – the convention to capitalize the initial letter of nouns. Given the great flexibility of word order in German, it was proposed that this convention might help readers specify the structure of the sentence. Therefore orthographic variations that violate the capitalization rules should disrupt structure extraction and should result in a reduced missing-letter effect. The results indicated that: 1) capitalization of function words eliminated the missing-letter effect, but not at the beginning of a sentence; 2) A missing-letter effect occurred when the capitalization of the first letter was correct, but was followed by typecase alternation, and also when the size of the initial letters was relatively large for function words, but relatively small for content words. The results were discussed with respect to the possible contributions of visual familiarity, structural role, and processing time to the missing-letter effect, taking into account that a capitalized initial letter conveys significant information about the word class for German readers. Thus, the present results indicate that readers take advantage not only of function words but of any other information (here the capitalization of nouns) that helps to extract the structure of a sentence.

Public Health Nursing, 2010