Middle Powers in Global Governance

Middle Powers in Global Governance Emel Parlar Dal Editor Middle Powers in Global Governance The Rise of Turkey Editor Emel Parlar Dal Faculty of Political Sciences Marmara University Istanbul, Turkey ISBN 978-3-319-72364-8 ISBN 978-3-319-72365-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72365-5 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2018940137 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland I dedicate this book to my two kids, my son Berkin and my daughter Dilara…. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my research assistants, Ali Murat Kurşun and Hakan Mehmetçik, for their valuable help and technical assistance. vii CONTENTS 1 Profiling Middle Powers in Global Governance and the Turkish Case: An Introduction Emel Parlar Dal Part I 2 3 4 Making Sense of Turkey’s Middle Power at the Junction of the Global–Regional Through a Glass Darkly: The Past, Present, and Future of Turkish Foreign Policy Richard Falk From Mogadishu to Buenos Aires: The Global South in the Turkish Foreign Policy in the Late JDP Period (2011–2017) Federico Donelli and Ariel Gonzalez Levaggi Turkey’s Multistakeholder Diplomacy: From a Middle Power Angle Gürol Baba 1 33 35 53 75 ix x CONTENTS Part II Turkey’s Middle-Power Multilateralism 97 99 5 Turkey, Global Governance, and the UN Thomas G. Weiss 6 Turkey in the UN Funding System: A Comparative Analysis with the BRICS Countries (2010–2013) Emel Parlar Dal and Ali Murat Kurşun 115 Analyzing “T” in MIKTA: Turkey’s Changing Middle Power Role in the United Nations Gonca Oğuz Gök and Radiye Funda Karadeniz 133 Assessing Turkey’s New Global Governance Strategies: The G20 Example Emel Parlar Dal and Ali Murat Kurşun 163 7 8 Part III 9 10 11 12 Turkey’s Middle-Power Avenues and Means 185 A Heuristic History of Global Development Governance Since the 1960s and Turkey Mehmet Emin Arda 187 Narrating Turkey’s Story: Communicating Its Nation Brand Through Public Diplomacy Senem B. Çevik 213 A Comparative Analysis of China and Turkey’s Development Aid Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa Ferit Belder and Samiratou Dipama 231 Turkey and India in the Context of Foreign Aid to Africa Hakan Mehmetcik 255 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Mehmet Emin Arda Retired Head of the Commodities Branch at UNCTAD where he worked for 25 years, Mehmet Emin Arda was Professor of International Relations and Economics at Galatasaray University, Istanbul (2007–2013), and later, adjunct Professor at Koç University. He is on the Executive Board of the Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies (EDAM) in Istanbul and a member of the Global Relations Forum (GIF). He is a founding member of SenDeGel, a civil society organization engaged in development cooperation in Least Developed Countries. Occasionally, he undertakes consultancy work for the United Nations and the Turkish Government. He has a BA in Economics from Dartmouth College and a PhD in Economics from the University of California, Berkeley. His research focuses on the governance of globalization and sustainable development; Least Developed Countries; middle powers, South-South economic relations and development cooperation; international trade and international value chains; and commodities and natural resource management. Gürol Baba He is an associate professor at Ankara Social Science University. His research area lies in the area of middle powers, diplomacy, Turkish and Austrian foreign policy, and security in the Asia Pacific region. Ferit Belder He is a research assistant at Marmara University in International Relations department and a PhD candidate at Istanbul University. He received a bachelor’s degree in Political Science and International Relations from Marmara University in 2011. After his thesis entitled xi xii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS “Conscientious Objection as a Sphere of Political Action: The Case of Turkey and Israel”, he received a master’s degree in 2013 from Istanbul University’s Institute of Social Sciences. Senem B. Çevik She is a lecturer at University of California Irvine (UCI) Program in International Studies teaching public diplomacy and international communication. She is also a Tobis fellow at UCI’s Center on Ethics and Morality. She has taught public diplomacy at Ankara University and political psychology at Atılım University prior to joining UC Irvine. Çevik is involved with various citizen diplomacy initiatives. She is a faculty facilitator with the Olive Tree Initiative (OTI) program UCLA campus, a fellow with the International Dialogue Initiative (IDI), and also serves on the committee of the Turkey-Israel Civil Society Forum (TICSF). Çevik was a fellow at the Bennington College CAPA Institute in 2016. She is the coeditor with Philip Seib of Turkey’s Public Diplomacy (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) and has published various chapters in Turkey’s development and humanitarian aid both in English and Turkish. Samiratou Dipama She is a PhD student at Marmara University’s European Union Institute. Her research interests include Turkish-African relations, democracy promotion, and development aid policies. Federico Donelli He is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Department of Political Science of the University of Genoa (Genova, Italy). His research fields are international relations and foreign policy analysis with particular focus on the Turkish track-two diplomacy and Turkey’s opening to different regions such as the Balkans, Africa, and Latin America. Richard Falk He is Albert G. Milbank Professor of International Law Emeritus at Princeton University where he was a member of the faculty for 40 years (1961–2001). He is Chair of the International Board of Advisers of POMEAS. Between 2002 and 2013, he was associated with Global and International Studies at the Santa Barbara campus of the University of California, where he continues to direct a research project on “Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy” in his role as Fellow of the Orfalea Center. He was the Special Rapporteur on Occupied Palestine for the United Nations Human Rights Council between 2008 and 2014. He served as Chair of the Board, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, 2004–2012, and is now its Senior Vice President. In 2008–2009, he was appointed expert advisor to the President of the UN General Assembly. He has published more than 50 books. The most recent are (Re)Imaging Humane Global Governance (2014) and Power Shift: On the New Global Order (2016). NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xiii Gonca Oğuz Gök She is Assistant Professor of International Relations at Marmara University, Faculty of Political Science. Her research focuses on International Politics, United Nations, Global governance, and Turkish Foreign Policy. Most recently, she coedited a special issue “Locating Turkey as a ‘Rising Power’ in the Changing International Order” for Perceptions, Journal of International Affairs. Her most recent article is Sever, Ayşegül and Oğuz Gök, Gonca (2016) “UN Factor in ‘regional power role’ and the Turkish Case in the 2000s”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol 29, Issue 3. Radiye Funda Karadeniz She is Assistant Professor of International ̇ Relations at Gaziantep University, Islahiye, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. After graduating from the Marmara University Political Science and International Relations Department in 2003, she received her MA degree in International Politics from Warwick University in the UK as a scholar of Turkish Education Foundation (TEV) and Chevening Scholarship of British Council. She received her PhD from Marmara University, Social Sciences Institute, with the thesis titled “‘Outside Turks’ in Turkish Foreign Policy: A Comparative Theoretical Analysis” in 2011 which has been awarded honorable mention for PhD Dissertation Category of 2015 Young Social Scientist Awards by Turkish Social Sciences Association. In 2007, she was a Fulbright Scholar of Study of US Institutes. Her research area and published works focus on Turkish Foreign Policy, “Outside Turks”, and Turkish-American Relations. Ali Murat Kurşun He has completed his MA studies at Istanbul Bilgi University and continues his PhD researches at Kadir Has University. He is a research assistant at Marmara University’s Department of International Relations. Ariel Gonzalez Levaggi He is from Buenos Aires, Argentina. He is a PhD candidate in International Relations and Political Science at Koç University (Istanbul, Turkey). He is also the Academic Secretary of the Eurasia Department at the Institute of International Relations (National University of La Plata, Argentina). He is also the co-editor of the book “America Latina and the Caribbean – Turkey: an emergent association” (Bahçeşehir University Press, 2016). Hakan Mehmetcik He works as an assistant professor at the Department of International Relations, Marmara University. He has a PhD in Political Science and International Relations from Yildiz Technical University. His research interests lie in the area of global governance and regionalism and broader international political economy. xiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Emel Parlar Dal She is an associate professor at Marmara University’s Department of International Relations. After graduating from Galatasaray University, she received her MA and PhD degrees at Paris 1 PanthéonSorbonne and Paris 3 Nouvelle Sorbonne Universities in France. During 2010–2011, she received the Swiss government’s scholarship and conducted research as a visiting fellow at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva. In 2013, she conducted research as an academic visitor at St. Anthony’s College Middle East Center of Oxford University. She authored articles on Turkish foreign policy, rising powers/ middle powers, Turkey’s global governance policies and the BRICS, Turkey and G20, Turkey-MIKTA relations, Turkey and Syrian civil war, Turkey and the Middle East, and VNSAs and Syria. Her most recent articles are published in SSCI journals like Turkish Studies, CRIA, International Journal, and Third World Quarterly. Her most recent book Violent Nonstate Actors and the Syrian Civil War: The ISIS and YPG Cases has been published by Springer in December 2017. Emel Parlar Dal is also the editor-in-chief of Rising Powers Quarterly, an online/open-access international journal and op-ed platform reachable at http://risingpowersproject.com/rising-powers-quarterly/all-volumes/. Thomas G. Weiss He holds an MA and a PhD from Princeton University and a BA from Harvard University. Between 1998, when he first came to the Graduate Center, and 2014, he served as Director of the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies. 2016 Andrew Carnegie Fellow and the International Studies Association’s 2016 Distinguished IO Scholar, Weiss is a leading expert on the United Nations and on humanitarian intervention. He has written extensively about international organizations, conflict management, humanitarian action, the Responsibility to Protect doctrine, North-South relations, and US foreign policy. He is the sole author of 10 books, is co-author or editor of more than 40 other books, and has published more than 250 articles and book chapters. His latest authored books are What’s Wrong with the United Nations and How to Fix It (2016); Humanitarian Intervention (2016); Governing the World? Addressing “Problems without Passports” (2014), and Humanitarian Business (2013). He now directs two research projects, Wartime History and the Future United Nations, and the Future United Nations Development System. Weiss has held leadership positions and professional posts in academic research institutes and in prominent nongovernmental organizations and think tanks, among them Brown University’s Watson Institute for International Studies, the Academic Council on the UN System, the International Peace Academy, the United Nations Conference on Trade NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xv and Development, and the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. Weiss served as President of the International Studies Association (ISA) (2009–2010), editor of Global Governance (2000–2005), and director of the UN Intellectual History Project (1999–2010). A member of the Council on Foreign Relations, International Institute for Strategic Studies, and ISA, he is the editor of the book series “Global Institutions” (Routledge) and serves on eight editorial boards. LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 11.1 China’s foreign aid in the years between 1950 and 2012. (Source: State Council 2011, 2014) Fig. 11.2 Regional distribution of ODA in Africa. (Source: OECD) Fig. 11.3 Total amount of Turkish ODA to Africa in the last five years. (Source: OECD Statistics 2017) 242 245 246 xvii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Table 6.1 Middle power definitions The share of Turkey and the BRICS in the assessed budget of the UN, 2007–2016 Table 6.2 Comparative assessment of the financial contribution of Turkey and the BRICS to the UN, 2010–2013 Table 6.3 The distribution of Turkey’s voluntary financing of the UN agencies, programmes, and funds, 2010–2013 Table 6.4 The share of bilateral and multilateral funding and the share of the UN channels in Turkey and BRICS’ development assistance Table 7.1 MIKTA countries’ material capabilities Table 7.2 MIKTA’s emerging middle power role Table 7.3 MIKTA countries’ ideational role components Table 8.1 Turkey’s expectations from the G20 Table 8.2 Comparative assessment of compliance averages of G20 middle powers Table 8.3 Turkey’s issue-specific compliance performance per summit during 2014–2016 Table 11.1 Ten largest recipients of China’s Official Finance to Africa (ODA and OOF) in billion $, 2000–11 Table 12.1 Regional distribution of official development assistance of Turkey (2014, million dollars) 6 120 122 124 127 142 148 149 176 177 179 243 266 xix