Epicurus on swerving atoms : a modern scientific appraisal
Mark Kirby-Hirst2011
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In an effort to distance himself from the Democritan conception of the atomic particle, Epicurus posited three essential characteristics to explain the movement of atoms in the void - mass, velocity and something that has puzzled ancient and modern thinkers, called the klinamen . This occurrence was an hypothesized shift in the linear trajectory of an atom at an entirely unexpected and random point in time, and explains how compounds came to be formed in the Epicurean universe, where atoms fall unhindered in parallel to one another. I argue that the klinamen is not an entirely random occurrence but is instead a phenomenon predicated upon the laws of modern physics, the Newtonian laws of motion and gravitation in particular. I further posit that the klinamen is an entirely necessary aspect of the development of the universe from its initial origins of ‘atoms and void’ (Epicur. Phys. 1.13,14; Ep. Hdt. 39).
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Epicurean "physics" (from the Greek word phusis, or "nature") encompasses the study of the natural world in general. Thus, it ranges more widely than contemporary physics. It includes theorizing about the basic building blocks of the world, as well as cosmology, biology, and psychology. According to Epicurus, understanding the workings of the world is not good intrinsically, but only instrumentally, for the sake of securing peace of mind. Nonetheless, physics is invaluable, since it is impossible to have peace of mind while suffering from fear of the gods and fear of death, and natural science (phusiologia) is needed to dispel these fears . It does so by showing us that the gods have nothing to do with the workings of the world and that death is simply annihilation, and hence neither good nor bad, rather than a hazardous transition to some afterlife. As the Epicurean poet Lucretius puts it, the terrifying darkness that envelops our mind will be dispelled not by the rays of the sun, but only by a systematic account of the principles of nature (Lucr. 1.146-8).
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THE EPICUREAN PHILOSOPHY FOR NATURE IN THE LIGHT OF MODERN PERCEPTION
Introductory summary quote This article was first published in the magazine «Ο Κήπος του Επίκουρου» ("The Garden of Epicurus") in September 2014. Some of the main points are: The presentation of the view of Epicurus (as expressed in the Επιστολή προς Ηρόδοτον, (Letter to Herodotus (Diogenes Laertios 47)), concerning the images and the transmitters of images and light, the κουφότατες ατόμους which now a days are called photons. This view is equivalent to the modern physical interpretation for light and its speed, which is the cornerstone of the Special Theory of Relativity. Also of importance, is the negotiation of the differences between the Epicurean and the Democritean natural philosophy. There are two main differences: on one hand, the question of randomness or causality and on the other, the question of the number of different types of particles (ατόμων). Epicurus, unlike Democritus, admits that there is a finite number of types of particles. The author of the article beyond quoting the justification given by Epicurus himself in the subject, gives his own justification supported by Bolzano-Weirstrass theorem and the equivalent Heine-Borel’s lemma. A third point of interest that could be mentioned, is the phenomenon of “Brown’s Movement” described by Lucretius, exactly as described in modern physics textbooks. Another point of interest is Epicurus view that bodies within vacuum, fall with the same speed, a view expressed 19 centuries before Galileo. The article consists of excerpts of a broader study of the author in Epicurus physical theory.
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