Tocharian linguistic Connections

12.09.2021 Tocharian linguistic Connections1 The Tocharians were redhaired, fair-skinned and had plaid garments similar to those of the Celts and Latvians. They may have migrated from the Baltic region to the Tarim Basin (Xinjiiang, China) via two routes, across Asia between the Ural Mountains and the Kazakhstan desert to the Altai Mountains and Lake Baikal region, and into the Tarim Basin. This is an area where many linguistic groups mixed together.The other route would be along the Silk Road which leads from Syria over the Khyber Pass to China. The Tocharians appear to have arrived in China about 2,000 BCE, in as much as the graves of the Gumugou Culture which are Europoid date from 2,000-1,500 BCE. Graves of the Keremchi Culture at the foot of the Alatai Mountains resemble the Afanasevo Culture and also date around 2,000 BCE. Other cemetaries are listed that date ~1500 BCE. This being said, the Tocharian language is believed to be the second oldest (Hittite being the oldest) Indo-European language, with two, possibly three dialects, A, B, and C. The language is a conglomerate, like English, with interesting elements resembling English, Hittite, Akkadian, Armenian, Welsh, Latvian, Sanskrit, Avestan, Altaic and Chinese, etc.2 This document was compiled from “Eurasian Linguistic Connections,” by Mel Copeland. The Hittite, Akkadian, Armenian and Sanskrit connections to 1 Data in this document from Eurasian Linguistic Connections, by Mel Copeland [https://www.academia.edu/41657214/Eurasian_linguistic_foundations_Update_9_29_21_611_pages], and Etruscan_Phrases Indo-European Table 1 (Update 11.10.21), Part 1 of 11 Parts: [https://www.academia.edu/35148685/Etruscan_Phrases_Indo_European_Table_1_Update_11_10_21_], Image of Tocharians from Wikipedia.org, Pinterest, etc. The had plaid clothing and red hair, fair skin, and occupied the Tarim Basin, China. 2 See “Linguistic and Archaeological Insights on the Migration of the Proto-Tocharians,” by Andrew Wigman uploaded to academia.edu for a detailed history and discussion on the Tocharians. Tocharian are of particular interest, since their connection suggests the Tocharians took the southern route to China. Wiggans suggests that the Tocharians split into two or three groups, one of which fled from the Tarim Basin from the Chinese to Bactria. The Tocharians of the Tarim Basin and adjacent mountains is of interest from their burial practices, both in mounds and timber-lined graves. Some caskets of the dead were hollowed out of trees and because of the desert environment mummified. Like the British, the Tocharians were divided into separate ethnic groups, Welsh, Irish, English, etc., so the name Tocharian does not appear in Tocharian texts, but possibly in Chinese accounts about them. Wiggans points out that the Tocharians also resembled the Afansievo Culture which was in Siberia, north of the Tarim Basin. By about 600 A.D. the Tocharians had become Buddhists and painted murals in caves, most importantly the Kizil Caves, “’The Thousand Red Houses', also romanized Qizil Caves, spelling variant Qyzyl; Kizil means 'red') are a set of Buddhist rock-cut caves located near Kizil Township (克孜尔乡, Kèzī'ěr Xiāng) in Baicheng County, Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. The site is located on the northern bank of the Muzat River 65 kilometres (75 km by road) west of Kucha. This area was a commercial hub of the Silk Road. The caves have an important role in Central Asian art and in the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism, and are said to be the earliest major Buddhist cave complex in China.” [Wikipedia.org]. While Akkadian and Hittite correspondences may apply, there is a substantial correspondence among Latvian, English and Tocharian. Note however, that Hittite has a high correspondence with English, as seen in our “Eurasian Linguistic Connections.” As we compiled this document it became quite apparent that a separate document like this should be prepared showing the Traditional Chinese linguistic connections, as there are more than one would suspect. However, the prevailing theory of the Indo-European movements is that the early groups ended up in about the same area in Siberia and the Altai Mountains, between the Olb and the Irtysh Rivers, and mixed with others who were there, including the Chinese. Nearby in the Altai Mountains were copper and bronze mineral sources. While we can speculate that early Bronze Age peoples moved from easetern Europe to the Altai region, following their herds, we can conclude that they were also in search of copper (and tin, tin produced higher quality bronze) to make bronze implements and weapons. A stopoff, as It were, was in the Ural Mountains where the Sintashta Culture ended up, who were previously from Syria, who formed fortified cities in the shape of a wheel. Just south of the Urals on the edge of the Kazakhstan desert was Samara, which had communities that mined both copper and tin. This area, we may point out, was like a funnel, forcing migrations through the narrow gap between the Urals and the Kazakhstan desert. The mining in this area was so great that the area around Samara was deforested, since wood was needed in the process of melting copper (or sulphuric copper) and tin to make bronze. Linguistic Correspondence After, There, Then Akkadian, annittān, then, this then, Hittite, handa, then, consequently, Persian, âyande, adj., afterward, later, subsequently, Kyrgyz, анда, anda, then, Tocharian, antuṣ (adv.), therupon, afterward, Again, Likewise Tocharian, oki, like, as it were, somehow, Lycian, ãka, like, as, Agrarian Land, Earth, Land, Soil, World Hittite, tēkan, tegan, tgn, tekan, earth, tgantespa, goddess of the earth, Luvian, tiam(i), tgam, earth, Armenian, տեղանքով, teghank’ov, terrain, Tocharian, tkam, [B kem], earth, tkaṃ ākāś, the earth and atmosphere, Latvian, augsne, soil, ground, earth, land, terrain, Tocharian, tkaṃ ākāś, the earth and atmosphere, Alas!, Woe Tocharian, oy, alas!, Etruscan, ei,?, Alien, Enemy, Hostile, Sacrifice English, alien, [<Lat., alienus], Etruscan, alis, Tocharian, ālaśi (adj.) [B aletstse*], alien, not related, indifferent, ālu-ypeṣi (adj.), from another country, Alive, Life Greek, ΖΩ, zoi, life, Irish, saol, life, Tocharian, s'ol, s'aul, life, And, Also, Now Hittite, nu, and, but, now, Hurrian, -mu, and, but, now, English, now, [<OE nū], Tocharian, nu, [B no], then, namely, Antler, Horn, Hittite, kraur/kraun, horn, antlers, Akkadian, garnu, horn, qarnu, horn, cusp of the moon, pincers of a scorpion, etc., qarnānû, qarnû, adj., horned, Sanskrit, kūṇikā, the horn of any animal, Romanian, corn, horn, corn de cerb, antler, hartshorn, Latin, cornu-us, horn, Welsh, corn, horn, cyrn, antler, gorn, chorn, horn, corn, trumpet, chimney, antler, drinking-horn, French, corne, horn, English, horn [<OE], Tocharian, kror, [B. kroriya], horn, Etruscan, cornas (CVRNAS), Arise, Remain, Stand, Stay, Static, Endure Akkadian, kalû, to remain, to come to an end, to be finished, to stay, keep in custody, to keep, to stop, to do something without ceasing, without delay, immediately, etc., Tocharian, käly- [B käly-], to stand, Turkish, kalmak, to stay, Kazakh, қалу, qalw, to stay, Uzbek, qolmok, to stay, Kyrgyz, калуу, kaluu, to stay, Army, Battle, Soldier, Warrior, War Hittite, kururiyahh-> to make war, revolt, kururiiahh, to wage war on, kororiah, wage war, hostility, KARAŠ, army, troops, kururiyah-, hostile, hostility, enemy, enmity, Akkadian, gerû, to make war, to quarrel, to start a lawsuit, to be hostile, to open up hostilities, karašu, campaigning army, army expeditionary force, army encampment, camp, kaṣāru, to set up a battle array, assemble, collect, compose a text, etc., ašarittu, crack troops, kiṣirtu, contingent of soldiers, ridge wall, tablet, Sanskrit, kṣattṛ, charioteer, kṣatam, hurt, wound, Finnish-Uralic, soturi, warrior, Tocharian, kṣatri* [B kṣatriye], warrior, nobleman, Lycian, zxxa-: 3rd pl. pret. zxxãte, inf. zxxãna, to fight zxxaza: Gpl. zxxazãi, DLpl. Zxxaza + of a warrior zxxazi(je)-: DLpl. zxxazije, warrior, Georgian, ჯარისკაცი, jarisk’atsi, soldier, BalticSudovian, karja, battle; kar'aut, to battle, karas, war, Latvian, karš, war, kareivīgs, warlike, Basque, gerra egitea, to wage war, gerra, war, Italian, guerra, war, warfare, French, guerrier, warlike, guerre, war; guerroyer, to wage war, Sanskrit, sārathiḥ, kṣattṛ, charioteer, Akkadian, ālik sēri, a type of soldier, ašarittu, crack troops, Tocharian, kṣatri* [B kṣatriye], warrior, nobleman, Latvian, cīņa, fight, battle, wrestling, kauja, battle, fighting, combat, Tocharian, kuñaś, fight, conflict, Arrest, Cease, Stop, Halt, Hittite, rae, stop, to rein in, to overpower, arāi-, to halt, revolt, to revolt, to rise, Tocharian, āra- [B āras], cease, stop, to make an end to, Belarusian, арыштаваць, aryštavać, to arrest, Polish, aresztować, to arrest, Latvian, arestēt, to arrest, Romanian, a aresta, to arrest, Albanian, arrestoj, to arrest, Welsh, arestio, to arrest, Italian, arrestare, to arrest, French, arrêter, to arrest, stop, switch off, English, arrest, [<OFr arester], As, Where, When Akkadian, innanu, conj., when, after, Hurrian, inna-, when, Armenian, հենց որ, hents’ vor, conj., whenever, Welsh, ers hynny, although, Tocharian, äntā-ne (conj.) [B ente], when, English, as, {<OE ealswā], Tocharian, āśśi < ā-aśśi, where then Ashes, Burn, Scorch, Cremate Urartian, am-, to burn, am-(ašt-), am-, to burn, to kindle, Tocharian, omlyi (n.fem.) [B emalya], burning, fervor, Ask, Demand, Pray, Beg, Lament Persian, xâstán, ‫ خواسـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‬to ask wish, desire, demand, require, etc., Basque, eskatu, to ask for, eskatzeko, to demand, English, ask [<OE ascian], Tocharian, ākāl, [B akālk], to desire, wish, Mongolian, асуух, asuukh, to ask, inquire, query, Sanskrit, prayāc, to ask for, beg, solicit, request, to ask for, beg , solicit, request, prach, pracchati (te), to ask, question, inquire, entreat, invoke, Baltic-Sudovian, preivaket, to call, summon, Greek, παρακαλώ, parakalo, ask, please, beg, Latin, precor-ari, to beg, entreat, pray, priere, supplication, prayer book, ritual, French, prier, to beg, English, pray, [<Lat. precari, to entreat], Etruscan, prec, prek, prece, precer, PRII, Tocharian, prak, pärk, prek, to beg, pray, Hittite, rkuae, to plead, pray, Armenian, yerg, song, carol, canto, Basque, erregutzea, to beg, Tocharian, Yark, [B. Yarke], worship, Turkish, rica etmek, (rica, demand), petition, ask, beg, Sanskrit, prach, prcchati (-te), to ask, question, inquire, rach.h, to form, Belarus, raicca, consult, ask, Romanian, RĂCNI, to speak loudly, to roar, Armenian, հարցրեք, harts’rek, inquire, Italian, raccontare, ricontare, to tell, French, raconter, to relate, narrate, tell, recount, English, recount [<OFr. reconter], Etruscan, rac, RAKaR, Tocharian, rake, reki, to speak, Assemble, Come, Come Together, Unite English, group, [<It. gruppo, of Gmc. origin], Tocharian, krop-/kropa- [B kraupā-], to gather, kroplune, gathering, Sanskrit, (gam), to come, Greek, έρχομαι, erchomai, come, to come to, Scots-Gaelic, còmhla, to come together, unite, English, to come [<OE. cuman], to be descended?, Tajik, ҷамъ кардан, çam'' kardan, to assemble, Tocharian, käm- (vb.) [B käm-], to come, Axe, Divide, Part, Separate, Hoe, Mattock, Weed Latin, puto-are-avi-atum, to think, suppose, think over, to reckon, count money, to settle, to prune a tree, Tocharian, putk, to divide, to distinguish, Akkadian, aḫzu, eḫzu, a thin hoe, ḫaṣṣinnu, axe, Tocharian, w ätk-, to separate, Greek, αξίνα, axina, mattock, pickaxe, hoe, Basque, aitzur, hoe, aizkora, axe, Latin, ascia-ae, axe, mason's trowel, Italian, ascia, axe, adze, French, hache, axe, English, axe, [<OE, æx], hatchet, {<OFr. hache, axe, of Gmc. origin], Bad, Evil, Unholy Avestan, akha, bad, evil, Albanian, i akuzuar, defendant, Irish, eucoir, crime, Tocharian, akuśal* [B akuśal], adj. evil, inauspicious, English, accuse, [<Lat. accusare] a person; culprit, Luvian, paratasata, bad quality, Sanskrit, praharati, to strike, pratyarthin, defendant, mahaparadha, great crime, Romanian, pârât, defendant, Tocharian, umparäñ*, adj., evil, bad, Gujarati, િતવાદી, Prativādī, defendant, Bait, Food, Meal Persian, ğazâ, ‫ غذا‬food, Belarus, ,jeza, food, meal, Polish, jedzenie, food, Albanian, hajë, eat, Latin, escaae, food, Italian, esca, bait, Etruscan, esa, Tocharian, ek, fodder, Bathe, Beach, Rub, Wash Hittite, uarpiie/a, warp, uarp, warpzi, to wash, bathe, warputsi, bathing article, Croatian, oprati, to wash, Tocharian, Yar, to bathe, Sanskrit, layati, to wash in lye, wash or cleanse, Romanian, LĂUT, washing, bathing; LĂUA, LĂIA, to bathe, Greek, λούω, loúo, bathe, wash, Armenian, լվանալ, lvanal, to wash, լողանալ, loghanal, to bathe, Albanian, laj, wash, sponge, llyej, dye, Latin, lavo, lavare, lavere, lavi, lautum or lotu or lavatum, to wash, Scots-Gaelic, ionnlaid, to bathe, Italian, lavare, to wash, bathe, French, laver, to wash, Tocharian, lik-[A/B], to wash, Etruscan, laues (LAFES), lavo, lauo (LAFV), laos, laus (LAVS), lavan, lauan (LAVAN), Lavo (LAYO), lavo or lago?, Bind, Connect, Fix, Fasten, Yoke, Loosen, One Hittite, iukan, a yoke, yug/yuga, yoke, pair, Sanskrit, yuj.h, to yoke, yukte, being yoked, Romanian, pentru jug, to yoke, JUG, yoke, INJUG, to yoke, Latin, iugo-are, to bind, Welsh, ieuo, i iau, to yoke, English, yoke, [<OE. geoc], Etruscan, iuc, ioc (IVC), iuce, ioce (IVCE), iuces, ioces (IVCES), iuci, ioci (IVCI), iucie, iocie (IVCIE), knight?, iuco, ioco (IVCV), iuka, ioka (IVKA), Tocharian, yuk, horse, yakwe, knight, Gujarati, યokeક, Yaokeka, yoke, Tajik, юғи, juƣi, yoke, Mongolian, уях, uyakh, to bind, Traditional Chinese, 緊固, Jǐn gù, to fasten, attach, Birth, Bear, Create, Do, Cause, Make, Plead, Pretend, Sanskrit, prajat, adj., born, jāyate, to be born, jātaḥ, born, Avestan, zâtanãm [zâta], born, Persian, zâde, ‫ زاده‬adj., born, Basque, jaiotza, birth, jaio, born, hazi, seed, Welsh, hadau, seed, Tocharian, jāti [B jāti] birth, Armenian, ծնունդը, tsnundy, birth, Tocharian, oñant (n.) [B auñento, beginning, Blind, Black, Dark, Hide, Night, Sanskrit, chada, pp. channa, to cover, veil, hide, conceal, keep secret, Belarusian, схаваць, schavać, to hide, Belarus, chavac, to hide, Albanian, fsheh, të fshehtë, to hide, Welsh, cuddio, to hide, conceal, cloak, mask, Tocharian, ksā-, blind, Latin, Orcus-i, Pluto, the lower world, the infernal region, dearth, Tocharian, orkämnu (adj.), gloomy, dark, orkäm, darkness, gloom, Etruscan, orcos, Body, Flesh, Meat Serbo-Croatian, trup meso, flesh, Albanian, trup, body, flesh, frame, Akkadian, mīšu?, a cut of meat, mīšertu, meat portion provided at Ŝamaš festival, Persian, mâhiče , ‫ ﭼـ ــﻪیم ـ ــاه‬flesh, muscle, Belarus, miasa, flesh, Serbo-Croatian, trup meso, flesh, Croatian, meso, flesh, Polish, mięso, meat, BalticSudovian, mensa, flesh, meat, Latvian, mīkstums, flesh, Armenian, ﬕս, mis, meat, Albanian, mish, meat, mërshë, flesh, Tocharian, mísa, meat, flesh, Etruscan, mers, merso (MERSV), mersos (MERSVS)?, (probably to immerse), Mongolian, мах, makh, meat, махан бие, makhan biye, flesh (biye, body), Body, Face, Man, Person, Personify Hittite, tuekka-, body, personally, Armenian, կոճ, koch, torso, Tocharian, auk, ak, wide, broad body, Persian, kas, ‫ ﮐـ ـ ــﺲ‬anybody, person, individual, bitch, Tocharian, kektseñe, a body, Body, Torso, Hittite, tuekka-, body, personally, Armenian, կոճ, koch, torso, Tocharian, auk, ak, wide, broad body, Boil, Steam, Water, Wet, Hittite, wida, weten-, wet, water (root of water), wadr/widen, wida, wātar, wētt-, #watar (gen. sg.), wetenaš, water, (A), wedanda (instr. sg.,), water, widār, water, irrigation, Luvian, wida, wet, Tocharian, wär-, water, Sanskrit, udakam, water, English, water, [<OE, wæter], Sanskrit, apah, water, Avestan, âpa [ap] water, Persian, âb, ‫ آب‬water, Baltic-Sudovian, apis, river, Latvian, upe, river, Romanian, apa, water, Tocharian, āp* [B āp], water, river, Greek, για να πιω, gia na pio, to drink, Basque, ibai, river, Latin, aqua-ae, water, Italian, acqua, water, Etruscan, ap, apa, ape, apen, api, Palaic, #aku-, to drink, hapna, hapa/i, river, Luvian, hapi, a river, hapina/i, little river, stream, Hittite, egw,ēgw- , hu, drink, ekw-, akw-, ekuzi, eku/aku, eku/gu, gu,#ekw, akw, to drink, hapas, hapa, river, Bone, Meat, Mouth, Eat Romanian, OS, bone, OSOS, bony, Greek, οστό, ostó, bone, Latin, os, ossis, bone, ossuis, adj. bony, Italian, osso, French, os, bone, Etruscan, os (VS) bone, or mouth, osa (OSA), Mount Osa?, OSAIE (VSAIE), (possibly a name), OSUIS (VSFIS), bony, Tocharian, āy (n.masc.) [B āy], bone(s), Romanian, gură, mouth, Albanian, gojë, mouth, Welsh, ceg mouth, Tocharian, koy* [B koyn], mouth, Traditional Chinese, 口, Kǒu, mouth, opening, Boundary, Finish, Limit, End, Choice Persian, âxer, ‫ آخر‬end, final, terminous, ultimate, Croatian, kraj, end, Uzbek, oxiri, end, Tajik, охир, oxir, end, Tocharian, āk [B āke], end, ākessu (adj.) [B akessu] final, Bowl, Cup, Vessel, Kettle, Vase Hittite, tahukappi, a vessel, DUGkappi-, pot, Akkadian, kappu, bowl, usually of metal, Sanskrit, kumbhaḥ, vase, Belarusian, кубак, kubak, cup, Croatian, kupa, cup, Polish, kubek, cup, mug, tumbler, Romanian, cupă, cup, bowl, goblet, beaker, Finnish-Uralic, kuppi, cup, pan, beaker, Greek, κύπελο, kypello, cup; κούπα koupa, cup, mug, beaker, tankard, tsoukali, pot, Albanian, kupë, cup, goblet, torine, tumbler, Basque, kopa, cup, Irish, cupán, cup, Scots-Gaelic, cupa, cup, Welsh, cwpan-au, cup, mug, goblet, chalice, Tocharian, kump*, pot, English, cup [LLat. cuppa, drinking vessel], Uzbek, kubok, cup, Bramble, Catastrophe, Destroy, Ruin, Akkadian, karmu, ruined?, karmu, ruin, heap, karmūtu, ruins, to fall into ruins, Persian, xarob, ‫خ ـراب‬ ruined, khâr,‫ خار‬bramble, kharâbi, ruin, kharâb kardan, ‫ﮐ ـ ـ ـ ــردن خ ـراب‬, to destroy, raze, ruin, etc., Armenian, կործանում, kortsanum, to ruin, Tocharian, kärṣtā [B kärstā-], to destroy, cut off, Kazakh, құрту, qurtw, ruin, to ruin Uzbek, xarob, ruin, xarob qilmoq, to ruin, devestate, Tajik, хароб, xaroʙ, ruin, Kyrgyz, кыйроо, kıyroo, ruin, кыйратуу, kıyratuu, to ruin, Bright, Lamp, Luminous, Shine, Light Hittite, luk-, brightness, to set ablaze, to light, to get light, to light up, dawn, lukk, to get light, #lukkái, to light, to shine, luke/is, light, to become light, lukkanu, luknu, to mskr light, laluke, to be luminous, laluke/isnu, to give light, laluke/is, to become luminous, illuminate, lalukke, to become luminous, lalukewant, adj., luminous, lalukima, light source, lalukkiuwant-, light, splendid, Sanskrit, las, lasati, to gleam, glance, sound forth, appear, rise, shine, glitter, Akkadian, elliš, brilliantly, in pure fashion, Romanian, să strălucească, to shine, Finnish-Uralic, loistaa, to shine, Albanian, lustër, sheen, glaze, Latin, luceo, lucere, luxi, to be bright, shine, glitter, clear, evident, Welsh, i fod yn llachar, to be bright, llachar, adj., bright, brilliant, flashing, luminious, Italian, lucidare, to polish, French, luire, to shine, English, lucid, Etruscan, lus (LFS), (region of the Piacenza Liver), los (LVS), los (LOS), losa (LVSA), losan (LVSAN), Tocharian, luks, to illuminate, Lyokat. [A], it dawns, light, Bronze, Copper, Tin, Iron Sanskrit, kuśī, wrought iron, ka.nsya, made of copper or iron, Persian, kasidan, to make iron, Croatian, kositar, tin, Baltic-Sudovian, kasaje, brass, Greek, σίδερο, sidero, iron, κασσίτερος, kassíteros, tin, Arabic, qasdayr, ‫ ﻗﺼ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﺪﻳر‬tin, Tocharian, kśāñ, [B kuśāne*] copper coins, Gujarati, Kānsya, કાં ય, bronze, Akkadian, ahuš’u, poetic expression of copper, Sanskrit, ayasah, wrought iron, Persian, âhah, ‫ اهــن‬iron, Tocharian, añcwāṣi, (adj.), ancu, [B incuwo], iron, Brother Sanskrit, bhratar, bhraatr^i bhraatah, brother, Persian, barâdar, ‫ ب ـ ـ ـ ـ ـرادر‬brother, Belarusian, брат, brat, brother, Belarus, brat, brother, Serbo-Croatian, brat, brother, Baltic-Sudovian, brate, brother; bratrikai, brothers, Latvian, brālis, brother, Armenian, եղբայր, yeghbayr, brother, Irish, bràthair, pl. bràithrean, bràthaireil, brother, Scots-Gaelic, bràthair, brother, Welsh, brawd (brodyr), brother, Breton, breur, breudeur, brother, Illyrian, bra', brother, Tocharian, pracar, brother, Hittite, pranekna?, half-brother, step-brother, (Hittite, nekna, nene/i, negna-, brother, neknadr/neknan, brotherhood, neknahh, brotherly, to regard someone as a brother, neknah, brother, to make someone a brother), English, brother [<OE, brothor], Etruscan, BRATER (8RATER), BRATeR (8RATeR), BRATRO (BRATRV), BRATROM (8RATRVM), BRATROS (8RATRVS), BRATEI, (8RATEI), Gujarati, ભાઈ, Bhā'ī, brother, Tajik, бародар, ʙarodar, brother, Bull, Cow, Ox Hittite, GU₄, kuau, cow, kuauli, like a cow, (GU4), substitute ox, expiatory sacrifice of a bull or ox, Sanskrit, gava, bull, cow, Avestan, gao [-], cattle, Persian, gâv, ‫ ـ ـ ـ ــاو‬cow, gav nr, ‫ ﻧ ـ ــﺮ ـ ـ ـ ــاو‬bull, Latvian, govs, cow, Armenian, կով, kov, cow, Gujarati, ગાય, Gāya, cow, English, cow [<OE cu), Tajik, гов, gov, cow, Tocharian, ko, [B Ke], keu, [B ko] cow, kowi (adj.) [B kewiye], of a cow, Georgian, ხარი, khari, bull, ox, Belarusian, карова, karova, cow, Croatian, krava, cow, Polish, krowa, cow, Tocharian, kayurṣ [B kauurṣe], bull, Call, Name, Summon, Call by Name Sanskrit, naama, naaman.h, nāmadheyam, name, Avestan, nãma [nãman], name, Persian, nâm, ‫امن‬, name, nâm, ‫امن‬, name, nâmidan, to call, designate, cite, name Romanian, NUME, name, a numi, to name, Finnish-Uralic, nimi, name, nimetä, to name, Greek, όνομα, ónoma, name , ονομάζω, onomázo, to name, Latin, nomem-inis, name, Italian, nome, name, per nominare, to name, French, nom, prénom name , nommer, to name, Tocharian, ñom, ñem, name, Tajik, ном, nom, name, English, name [<OE nama], Etruscan, nomem (NUMEM), namo (NAMV)?, Latin, accio-iare -ivi -itum; to call, summon, Tocharian, kāka- [B kākā-], to call, Etruscan, ACA,, ACE, ACeR, ACES, ACI, Care, Senate, Curia, Sanskrit, anyacinta, thought or care of some one else, Tocharian, āneñci (adv.), carefully, distinctly, Carry Away, Ravish, Seize, Take, Akkadian, ekēmu, to take away by force, absorb, Irish, chun éigniú, to rape, Scots-Gaelic, gu èigneachadh, to rape, Tocharian, entsa- [B eṅk-], take for oneself, grasp, Cereal, Corn, Grass, Grain, Herb, Seed, Flour, Sanskrit, dhānyam, corn, millet, Persian, dâne, ‫ دانـ ـ ـ ــﻪ‬grain, seed, spore, Turkish, tane, grain, Kazakh, дән, dän, corn, Uzbek, don, grain, corn, cereal, seed, Tajik, ғалладона, ƣalladona, cereal, Kyrgyz, дан, dan, grain, cereal, Tocharian, táno, grain, Sanskrit, asti, grain of seed, Finnish-Uralic, ateria, meal, Tocharian, āti (n.fem.) [B obl.sg. atiyai], grass, Kazakh, астық, astıq, grain, Chief, King, Lord, Leader, Head, Queen, Prince Hittite, GAL, chief, great, Belarusian, галава, halava, head, Belarus, halava, head, Croatian, glava, head, Latvian, galvu, head, Tocharian, kälā-, to lead, to bring, Hittite, alwu, magic, Georgian, უფალო, up’alo, lord, Latin, aule, lord, prince, Etruscan, avle, avles, aule, (AFLE), auli, (AFLI), Tocharian, wäl, walo, prince, Lydian, alus', priest, Phrygian, alu, priest, Chief, Lord, Prince, Master Kazakh, мырза, mırza, lord, Kyrgyz, мырза, mırza, lord, Tocharian, kākmart [B kamarto*], kākmärtik [B kamart(t)ike] master, sovereign, Georgian, უფალო, up’alo, lord, Latin, aule, lord, prince, Tocharian, wäl, walo, prince, Lydian, alus', klave, priest, Phrygian, alu, priest, Etruscan, avle, avles, aule, (AFLE), auli, (AFLI), lord, Clean, Propitiate, Sacred, Sacrifice, Pure, Expiate, Soap, Temple Akkadian, iṣāru, temple complex, eštaru, aštaru, ištartu, goddess of love, fertility and war, Tocharian, āṣtär, (adj.) [B astare], pure clean, clear, Albanian, për të pastruar, to clean, purify, pastroj, to cleanse, Tocharian, āṣtär (adj.), pure, clean, clear, Club, Shaft, Stick, Stem Armenian, բխում, bkhum, stem, Tocharian, kom [B kaume], sprout, Cremate, Ashes, Burn, Scorch Urartian, am-, to burn, am-(ašt-), am-, to burn, to kindle, Tocharian, omlyi (n.fem.) [B emalya], burning, fervor, Crowd, Group, Four Georgian, ჯგუფი, jgup’i, group, Belarusian, група, hrupa, group, Polish, grupa, group, Latvian, grupa, group, Romanian, grup, group, Albanian, grup, group, Irish, grúpa, group, Italian, gruppo, group, French, groupe, group, English, group [< Ital. gruppo; of Gmc. orig.], Turkish, grup, group, Tocharian, krop [B krewpe, kraupe], crowd, heap, herd, flock, okrop (adv.), in a crowd, Sanskrit, catur, four, Avestan, cathru, cathware, four, Belarusian, чатыры, čatyry, four, Croatian, četiri, four, Polish, cztery, four, Latvian, četri, four, Albanian, katër, four, Latin, quattuor, four, quartus-a-um, adj., fourth, Irish, ceathrar, four, , Scots-Gaelic, ceithir, four, Italian, quattro, four, French, quatre, four, Etruscan, catra, katres, katro (KATRV), katrom (KATRVM), Tocharian, çtwar, four, cāturdiś (adv.), towards the four regions, Crowd, Citizen, People, Race, Man Lycian, atla-/atra-: A atrã/atru, D atli/etli, DLpl. atla, G adj. A atlahi/etlehi, D atlahi, DLpl. atlahe, person, Mylian, atla-/atra-: D atli, G adj., atlasi, person, Tocharian, ātäl, man, male, Cry, Weep, Mourn, Wail, Hail, Lament Persian, nolah, ‫ ناﻟ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﻪ‬lamentation, wail, Uzbek, nola qilmoq, to lament, Tajik, нолидан, nolidan, to wail, Tocharian, nu-, [A/B], to cry out, Cultivate, Plow Latin, aro, -are, -avi -atum, to plow, cultivate, Scots-Gaelic, àr, plowing, tilling, cultivating, Italian, arare, to plow, Tocharian, āre*, plow, Etruscan, ar, ara, arai, aras, ari, aro (ARV), aros (ARVS), Cultivate, Column, Neck, Akkadian, unqu, neck meat, Finnish-Uralic, niska, neck, Tocharian, kñuk, neck, English, neck? [<OE knecca], Cup, Vessel, Bowl, Kettle, Vase Hittite, tahukappi, a vessel, DUGkappi-, pot, Akkadian, kappu, bowl, usually of metal, Sanskrit, kumbhaḥ, vase, Belarusian, кубак, kubak, cup, Croatian, kupa, cup, Polish, kubek, cup, mug, tumbler, Romanian, cupă, cup, bowl, goblet, beaker, Finnish-Uralic, kuppi, cup, pan, beaker, Greek, κύπελο, kypello, cup; κούπα koupa, cup, mug, beaker, tankard, tsoukali, pot, Albanian, kupë, cup, goblet, torine, tumbler, Basque, kopa, cup, Irish, cupán, cup, Scots-Gaelic, cupa, cup, Welsh, cwpan-au, cup, mug, goblet, chalice, Tocharian, kump*, pot, English, cup [LLat. cuppa, drinking vessel], Uzbek, kubok, cup, Sanskrit, ghaṭi-, bowl, pot, Georgian, კონტეინერი, k’ont’eineri, container, Belarusian,, кантэйнер, kantejnier, container, Croatian, kontejner, container, Latvian, konteiners, container, Finnish-Uralic, kontti, container, Armenian, կոնտեյներ, konteyner, container, Italian, contenitrice, container, English, container, <Lat. continere, to contain], Tocharian, unti [B kunti, kuntiśke], bowl, pot, Care, Curia, Senate Sanskrit, anyacinta, thought or care of some one else, Tocharian, āneñci (adv.), carefully, distinctly, Chariot, Cart, Wagon, Coach Sanskrit, sārathi-, charioteer, Tocharian, kṣatri* [B kṣatriye], warrior, Albanian, koçi, chariot, Italian, cocchio, chariot, coach, French, coche coach, English, coach [<Hung. kocsi], Hungarian, kocsi, cart, Gujarati, કોચ, Kōca, coach, Tocharian, kukä, [B kokale] chariot, wagon, Akkadian, assāru, charioteer?, Tocharian, āśant, charioteer, leader, Cloud, Sky, Heaven, God Irish, spéir, sky, Scots-Gaelic, speur, sky, Tocharian, eprer [A/B], heaven, eppreṣi* heavenly, celestial, Cry, Wail, Mourn, Hail, Weep, Lament Persian, nolah, ‫ ناﻟ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﻪ‬lamentation, wail, Uzbek, nola qilmoq, to lament, Tajik, нолидан, nolidan, to wail, Tocharian, nu-, [A/B], to cry out, Cut, Cut off Akkadian, maqātu, to strike down, attack, swoop down, etc., Sanskrit, ucchedaniya, to be cut off, Persian, cidan, zadan, ‫ ﮐ ـ ـ ـ ــردن ﮐوت ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــاه‬to cut, qat' kardán, ‫ﮐ ـ ـ ـ ــردن ﻗﻄـ ـ ـ ــﻊ‬, to cut, cut off, Belarusian, каб cυτ ад, kab cyt ad, to cut off, English, to cut [<ME cutten], Tajik, qut kirin, to cut off, Tocharian, kost, cut, edge, Cut, Kill, Murder, Sword, Knife, Slaughter Romanian, cuţit, knife, chisel, Latin, culter-ri, knife, razor, cultelles-i, small knife, English, cutlass, a short, heavy sword with curved blade [<Lat. cultellus, dim. of culter, knife], cutlery, cutting instruments and tools [<OFr. coutel, knife], Mongolian, хутга, khutga, knife, Akkadian, qatālu, to kill, slaughter, cause to slaughter, Persian, qat' kardán, ‫ﮐ ـ ـ ـ ــردن ﻗﻄـ ـ ـ ــﻊ‬, to cut, cut off, axe, shear, etc., English, cut [<ME cutten], Gujarati, કતલ કરવી, Katala karavī, to slaughter, Hittite, ŠUKUR, spear, Akkadian, šuršurru, knife or part of a knife, Tocharian, kṣur, knife, cutting, kṣurṣi, of a knife, cutting, Sanskrit, śarah, arrow, Armenian, սուրը, sury, sword, English, sword [<OE, sweord], Gujarati, છરી, Charī, knife, Turkish, kılıç, sword, blade, saber, Kazakh, қылыш, qılış, sword, Uzbek, qilich, sword, sabre, Kyrgyz, кылыч, kılıç, sword, Akkadian, kilullû, massacre, English, kill [<ME killen], Tocharian, kāw- [B kau], to kill, kolune, killing, Dance, Turn, Whirl, Jump Hittite, tar(k)u, tarku, to dance, tarueskla, dancer, Sanskrit, tark, to turn, Romanian, a intoarce, to turn, Latin, torquo-, torquere, torsi, tortum, to twist, wind, curl, wrench, to distort, to hurl violently, whirl, to rack, torture, torment, plague, try, test, Tocharian, [B, tark,], to twist around, Daughter Hittite, dutrita/i, daughter?, female functionary, Sanskrit, duhitṛ, duhitaa, daughter, Avestan, dukhdha [duxdhar], daughter, Persian, doxtär, ‫دخـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‬, daughter, Belarusian, дачка, dačka, daughter, Belarus, dacka, (pl.), docki, daughter, Polish, corka, daughter, Baltic-Sudovian, dukte, daughter, Lithuanian, dukter, daughter, Finnish-Uralic, tytär, daughter, Greek, θυγατέρα, thygatera; daughter, Mycnaean Greek, tukate, daughter, Armenian, դուստրը, dustry, daughter, Tocharian, ckácar, [B tkácer], daughter, Lycian, cbatru, kbatra, kbatri, daughter, Luvian, tuwatra/i, daughter, Dawn, Goddess of the Dawn, Morning, East Uzbek, sharqda, east, Tajik, şarq, east, Tocharian, ksär, adv., in the morning, Dawn, Light, Sun, Day Hittite, upp, sunrise, of the sun to come up, Sanskrit, upari, upward, Persian, oftob, ‫ آفت ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــاب‬sunlight, the sun, , âftâb, ‫ فت ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــابآ‬sun, sunlight, Uzbek, oftob, sun, Tajik, офтоб, oftoʙ, sun, Latin, Ops, goddess of plenty, English, up, [<OE up, upward, uppe, on high], German, auf, up, Tocharian, opärkā (adv.), in the morning, at sunrise, Gujarti, પરો., Parō, dawn, sunrise, Welsh, huan, the sun, Tocharian, koṃ [B kauṃ] day, sun, koṃ-ñkät, [B kauṃ-ñäkte], the sun, Turkish, Güneş, sun, Kazakh, күн, kün, sun, day, Uzbek, quyosh, sun, Kyrgyz, күн, kün, sun, day, Hittite, lukat, dawn, next morning, lukta, at dawn, next morning, lukkatti, adv., at dawn, tomorrow, tomorrow morning, lalukima, light source, lalukkiuwant-, light, splendid, lukkai, to light, shine, luke/is, light, to become light, lukk, to get light, luk-, to get light, to set ablaze, to brighten, laluke/is, light up, to luminous, laluke/isnu, to give light, to illuminate, #lukkái, to light, to shine, luk, to light up, dawn, lukkanu, luknu, to make light, Tocharian, lyokat, it dawns, light, luks, to illuminate, Sanskrit, divālokaḥ, daylight, Polish, lekki, lit, light, Latin, lux, lukis, daylight, light, Latvian, lukturis, lamp, Romanian, LUCI, to light, Finnish-Uralic, valo, light, Armenian, լույսը, luysy, light, Welsh, lleu, llug, bright, Italian, uce, light, lucidare, to polish, shine, French, lustre, brilliance, lucide, clearheaded, English, light [<OE leoht], luster [<Lat. lustrare, to brighten], Etruscan, los (LVS), [an area of the Piacenza Liver that was used for divination], los (LOS), losa (LVSA), losan (LVSAN), Lycian, luga, to burn down, Deceit, Lie Polish, kłamać, to lie, powiedzieć kłamstwo, to tell a lie, Tocharian, klāwa- keṃ [B, aṅkaiṃ], false, wrong, in vain, Decline, Diminish, Fall, Totter Sanskrit, kṣayaḥ, to fall, ruin, decay, Tocharian, [B klāyā-], to fall down, klālune, falling, Demolish, Dislodge, Destroy, Eject, Erase, Armenian, քանդել, k’andel, to demolish, Lycian, qã(n)-: 3rd pl. qãti/qãñti,>, to destroy, Tocharian, kärṣtā- [B kärstā-], to destroy, cut off, kat [B keta], destruction, Desire, Wish Akkadian, ḫašāḫu, desire, to need, to deprive, to be wanting, French, souhaiter, to wish, English, want, [<ON, vanta, to be lacking], Tocharian, [B. Yenta], want, Sanskrit, icchati, to wish, icchā, desire, wish, Greek, να ευχηθώ, na efchithó, to wish, Tocharian, ākāl [B akālk], wish, desire, Gujarati, ઇ છા, Icchā, wish, ઇરછવું, Irachavuṁ, to want, desire, wish, Destroy, Ruin, Catastrophe, Bramble Georgian, კატასტროფა, k’at’ast’ropa, catastrophe, Belarusian, катастрофа, katastrofa, catastrophe, Croatian, katastrofa, catastrophe, Polish, katastrofa, catastrophe, Latvian, katastrofa, catastrophe, Romanian, catastrofă, catastrophe, Finnish-Uralic, katastrofi, catastrophe, Greek, να καταστρέψω, na katastrépso, to ruin, να καταστρέφω, katastréfo, to destroy, Albanian, katastrofë, catastrophe, Basque, katastrofe, catastrophe, Italian, catastrofe, catastrophe, French, catastrophe, catastrophe, English, catastrophe, sudden calamity, disaster, [<Gk. katastrophē], Tocharian, kat [B keta], destruction, Akkadian, karmu, ruined?, karmu, ruin, heap, karmūtu, ruins, to fall into ruins, Persian, xarob, ‫خ ـراب‬ ruined, khâr,‫ خار‬bramble, kharâbi, ruin, kharâb kardan, ‫ﮐ ـ ـ ـ ــردن خ ـراب‬, to destroy, raze, ruin, etc., Armenian, կործանում, kortsanum, to ruin, Tocharian, kärṣtā [B kärstā-], to destroy, cut off, Kazakh, құрту, qurtw, ruin, to ruin Uzbek, xarob, ruin, xarob qilmoq, to ruin, devestate, Tajik, хароб, xaroʙ, ruin, Kyrgyz, кыйроо, kıyroo, ruin, кыйратуу, kıyratuu, to ruin, Dictate, Direct, Command, Order, Mandate, Lead Hittite, watarnah-, to command, to inculcate, to entrust, to order, to lead, to ask, to inform, uatarnahh, wadrnah, to order, instruct, Tocharian, wätk, to order, Die, Disappear, Perish Hurrian, #ullil , to die, Basque, kuolla, to die, English, Kill, [<ME. killen], Tocharian, wäl, to die, Hittite, ak/akk, akkisk-, ek- BA-ÚS, to die, collapse, akkant-, dead, hattāi-, to put to death, cut off, kark, to dissapear, hark-, to die, to collapse, perish, hark-, harkiya->, to disappear, abscond, perish, harnikzi/harninkanzi, harni(n)k, to make disappear, harkanna-, disappearance, death, harkannas, he of the disappearance, responsible for the disappearance, Lydian, akta, dead, Lycian, hãta-: A hãtã, deceased, Tocharian, kärṣtā- [B kärstā-] to destroy, cut off, Diminish, Decline, Fall, Totter Sanskrit, kṣayaḥ, to fall, ruin, decay, Tocharian, [B klāyā-], to fall down, klālune, falling, Dirt, Earth, Clay, Mire, Mud, Muck Belarusian, дрыгва, dryhva, mire, Albanian, punë dreqi, mud, Tocharian, [B krāke] dirt, filth, Dispute, Certain, Settle Akkadian, kīša, adv., certainly, evidently, Gujarati, ચો સ, Cōkkasa, certain, Tocharian, ākessu (adj.) [B akessu, final, (See Boundary) Persian, âxer, ‫ آخر‬end, final, terminous, ultimate, Croatian, kraj, end, Uzbek, oxiri, end, Tajik, охир, oxir, end, Tocharian, āk [B āke], end, ākessu (adj.) [B akessu] final, Distribute, Pay Out Albanian, kategorizoj, to categorize, distribute, English, category, categorize, [Gk. kategoria], Tocharian, kätā- (vb.) [B kätā-], to disperse, spread. Dog, Puppy, Young Animal, Basque, txakur, dog, Tocharian, ku, krāke [B ku], dog, English, cur, mongrel dog, a base person [<ME curre], Dream, Sleep Belarusian, spać, to sleep, Croatian, spavati, to sleep, Polish, spać, to sleep, Tocharian, spam [B spane], sleep, Dwelling, Room, Home, House, Palace, Hut, Akkadian, kuṣṣu, in bīt kuṣṣi, winter house, Persian, kušk, ‫ ﮐوﺷ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﮏ‬mansion, palace, castle, Georgian, ქოხი, k’okhi, hut, Serbo-Croatian, ku'ca, dwelling, Croatian, kuća, house, Albanian, koçek, crib, Tocharian, ost, oṣke (n.fem.) [B oskiye], house, dwelling, Traditional Chinese, 住宅, Zhùzhái, dwelling, Akkadian, guršu, in bīt guršu, room in a private house, Sanskrit, agāra, house, apartment, Tocharian, kurekār, [B kwrakār], house or pavilion with a vaulted roof, Gujarati, ઘર, Ghara, house, home, Turkish, yer, room, place, location, Mongolian, гэр, ger, home, Earth, Land, Agrarian Land, Soil, World Hittite, tēkan, tegan, tgn, tekan, earth, tgantespa, goddess of the earth, Luvian, tiam(i), tgam, earth, Armenian, տեղանքով, teghank’ov, terrain, Tocharian, tkam, [B kem], earth, tkaṃ ākāś, the earth and atmosphere, Latvian, augsne, soil, ground, earth, land, terrain, Tocharian, tkaṃ ākāś, the earth and atmosphere, Eat, Pasture, Feed, Chew Hittite, ēd->, ed/ad, to eat, #at, to eat, arha ed-, to eat everything up, Urartian, at-, to eat, Palaic, #ata, to eat, Nesian, et-, to eat, Tocharian, āti [B obl.sg. atiyai], grass, Sanskrit, ad, to eat, atti, to eat, Avestan, ad [-],, Latvian, ēst, to eat, Latin, do, edere or ese, edi, esum, to eat, esurio-ire, to be hungry, Irish, Ith, to eat, Scots-Gaelic, ri ithe, to eat, English, eat,[<OE etan], Etruscan, esi, eso (ESV)?, Mongolian, идэх, idekh, to eat, English, chew, to grind something with the teeth [<OE, cēowan], Tocharian, súwa, to eat, Kazakh, жеу, jew, to eat, Uzbek, yemoq, to eat, Kyrgyz, же, je, to eat, Traditional Chinese, 咀嚼, Jǔjué, to chew, Epic, Poem Sanskrit, kāvyam, poem, Gujarti, કિવતા, Kavitā, poem, Tocharian, kāvvi, kāvya [B kāvvi], poem, Era, Lady, Mistress, Woman, Georgian, ქალი, kali, woman, female, Tocharian, kuli, [B klyiye], woman, Ewe, Lamb, Ram, Sheep Hittite, hawi, sheep, hawiasi, sheeplike, Akkadian, ewe, sheep, Sanskrit, avi, favourable, kind, sheep, ewe, ajāvi, sheep, cattle, Tajik, ев, ev, ewe, Uzbek, evro, ewe, Kazakh, evrey, ewe, Georgian, ევე, eve, ewe, Belarusian, авечка, aviečka, sheep, Croatian, ovca, ewe, sheep, ovna, ram, Polish, owieczka, lamb, owca, ewe, sheep, Latvian, auns, ram, hog, mutton, Finnish-Uralic, uuhi, ewe, Latin, ovillus-a-um, ovium, sheep, ovis, feminina, ewe, Etruscan, oveli (VFELI), of sheep, Irish, uan, lamb, Scots-Gaelic, uan, lamb, Welsh, cig oen, wyna, lamb, oena, to lamb, Italian, ovini, sheep, English, ewe, female sheep [<OE eowu], to wean, [OE, wenian], Tocharian, awi, ewe, sheep, Lycian, xabwa, xawãa, sheep, Luvian, hawi, a sheep, Expiate, Temple, Soap, Propitiate, Sacred, Sacrifice, Pure, Clean, Akkadian, iṣāru, temple complex, Tocharian, āṣtär, (adj.) [B astare], pure clean, clear, Eye Hittite, sagua, sakaui-is, eye, #šakuwa, sakuwa, eyes, sakuwa-sma, before your eyes?, a shape?, sagual, eye-cover, Akkadian, igu, eye, Sanskrit, akṣi (eyes of Indra), Croatian, oko, eye, Polish, oko, eye, Latvian, acs, eye, Romanian, ochi, eye, Armenian, աչք, ach’k’, eye, Latin, oculus-i -im, eye, Italian, occhio, eye, Tocharian, ak [B ek], eye, Etruscan, ocholeim (VCHVLEIM), Gujarati, આંખ, Āṅkha, eye, Father Belarusian, бацька, baćka, father, Belarus, baçka, father, Tocharian, pácar, father. Fear, Panic, War, Polemic, Hades Georgian, პოლემიკა, p’olemik’a, polemic, Belarusian, палеміка, paliemika, polelmic, Croatian, polemika, polemic, Polish, polemiczny, polemic, Latvian, polemisks, polemic, Romanian, polemică, polemic, Finnish-Uralic, poleeminen, polemic, Greek, πόλεμος, pólemos, war, Armenian, պոլեﬕկ, polemik, Albanian, polemikë, disputation, controversy, Basque, polemika, polemic, Italian, polemica, polemic, French, polémique, controversy, Tocharian, empele (adj.) [B empele], dreadful, formidable, English, polemic, [<Gk. polemos], controversy, dispute, Etruscan, POLOMeK (PVLVMeK), Fire, Seal, Hearth, Pyre Hittite, paḫḫur, #pahwár, pahhuwar, pahhur, pahhuenant- fire, pawari(a), fire, to light a fire, pahurula, fire tinder, pahur/pahuen, fire, campfire, embers, fever, pahunla/i, pahuinli, container for fire, embers, etc., pahurul(a), implement for tending fire, Luvian, pahur, fire, Tocharian, por, puwar, fire, Hurrian, tari, fire, Avestan, âtar [-], fire, Albanian, zjarr, fire, English, fire [<OE fyr], Georgian, პირა, p’ira, pyre, Latvian, pire, pyre, Greek, πυράx, pyrá, pyre, Armenian, պիրեն, piren, pyre, Albanian, pira, pyre, Latin, pyra-ae, pyre, Italian, pira, pyre, funeral pile, English, pyre [<Gk. Pura, pyre], Etruscan, pir, pire, piri, Gujarati, પાયર, Pāyara, pyre, Kazakh, пир, pir, pyre, Uzbek, pire, pyre, Tajik, пира, pira, pyre, Kyrgyz, жаназа пири, janaza piri, funeral pyre, Mongolian, пир, pir, pyre, Five Hittite, pants, panca, five, Sanskrit, pa.ncha, pajncha, five, Avestan, pañca [pañcan], five, Persian, panja, ‫ ﭘﻨ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﺞ‬five, Belarusian, пяць, piać, five, Belarus, piac, five, Croatian, pet, five, Serbo-Croatian, pet, five, Polish, pięć, five, Baltic-Sudovian, penkei, penkis, five, Latvian, pieci, five, Greek, πέντε, pénte, five, Welsh, pump (pum), five, Breton, pemp, five, Tocharian, pañä, five, Etruscan, pet, panta?, Gujarati, પાંચ, Pān̄ ca, five, Flint, Pebble Sanskrit, araṇiḥ, flint, zara, mottled, spotted, a stone used at games, Persian, xâre ‫ ﮐـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــوره‬rock, stone flint, Latvian, krīts, flint, Armenian, շերտ, shert, flint, Albanian, gur stralli, stone, flint, gurickë, pebble, Scots-Gaelic, ceàrnag, pebble, Welsh, carreg (cerrig), Tocharian, kärwañ* ( [B kärweñe], stone, rock, pebble, stone, Gujarati, કાંકરી, Kāṅkarī, pebble, Mongolian, хайрга, khairga, pebble, Flour, Cereal, Corn, Grass, Grain, Seed, Herb Sanskrit, dhānyam, corn, millet, Persian, dâne, ‫ دانـ ـ ـ ــﻪ‬grain, seed, spore, Turkish, tane, grain, Kazakh, дән, dän, corn, Uzbek, don, grain, corn, cereal, seed, Tajik, ғалладона, ƣalladona, cereal, Kyrgyz, дан, dan, grain, cereal, Tocharian, táno, grain, Sanskrit, asti, grain of seed, Finnish-Uralic, ateria, meal, Tocharian, āti (n.fem.) [B obl.sg. atiyai], grass, Kazakh, астық, astıq, grain, Foot, Leg, Thigh Hittite, pad/pd/pda, foot, leg, padiali, foot, leg of furniture, paduma, foot of a bed?, pdlha, foot, soul of a foot, patas, #pata, pata-, foot, pdala, leg wrapping, Lycian, pede/i, AblI pededi, foot, Luvian, pata/i,pada/i, foot, Tocharian, pe, pai, foot, Sanskrit, pādaḥ, foot, Avestan, pad, foot, Persian, pâ, ‫ ـ ـ ـ ــا‬leg, foot, panje, ‫ ﭘﻨﺠ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﻪ‬paw, Latvian, pēda, foot, Greek, πόδι, pódi, leg, foot, Latin, pes, pedis, foot, Italian, piede, foot, French, pied, foot, English, paw [OFr. powe, of Gmc. orig.], Forest, Tree, Wood, Oak Hittite, gauri-, a kind of forest, Akkadian, argānu, conifer tree, girrillu, a word for tree, Armenian, արգելոց, argelots’, grove, Basque, egur, wood, Irish, garrán, grove, Tocharian, okar, plant, Fort, Town, Village, City, Castle, Tower Akkadian, kādu, fortified outpost, fee payable by owners of date groves for guard service, Sanskrit, khattah, tower, koṭaḥ, fort, Albanian, kala, castle, Tocharian, kuccatāk [B kucatāk], fort, Finnish-Uralic, kaupunki, city, town, Armenian, գյուղը, gyughy, village, քաղաքը, k’aghak’y, city, town, Tocharian, kuccatāk [B kucatāk], tower, high house, Fountain, Water, Irrigate, Source, Wellhead Hittite, watar, #watar, wātar, (Gen. sing.) wetenas, water, warsa, dew, Sanskrit, var, water, Armenian, ոռոգել, vorrogel, to irrigate, flood, Basque, ura, to water, ureztatze, irrigation, ureztatzeko, to irrigate, ura, water, Welsh, i ddŵr, to water, dŵr, water, English, water [<OE, waeter], Tocharian, war, water, Hittite, hapas, hapa, river, Luvian, hapi, a river, hapina/i, little river, stream, Sanskrit, apas, wet, Avestan, âpa [ap], water, Persian, âb, ‫ اب‬water, Baltic-Sudovian, apis, river, Latvian, aplaistīt, to water, upe, river, Romanian, apă, to water, apă, water, Greek, για να πιω, gia na pio, to drink, Basque, ibai, river, Tajik, об, ob, water, Tocharian, āp, water, river, stream, Lycian, xba(i), 3rd pl. pret. xbaitẽ, to irrigate, Ilyrian, ap, water, Palaic, hapna, hapa/i, river, Etruscan, ap, apa, ape, apen, api?, Turkish, kuyu, well, shaft, pit, bore, Kazakh, қайнар көзі, qaynar közi, source, Tajik, чоҳ, coh, wellhead, Tocharian, kāw*, fountain, spring, Persian, cheshme, ‫ﭼﺸ ـ ـ ــﻤﻪ‬, fount, source, spring, fountain, well, Turkish, Çeşme, fountain, well, Tajik, чашма, caşma, spring, well, Four Sanskrit, chatvaarah, four, Avestan, cathru, cathware, four, Belarusian, чатыры, čatyry, four, Belarus, catyry, four, Serbo-Croatian, cetiri, four, Polish, cztery, four, Latvian, četri, four, Albanian, katër, four, Latin, quattuor, four, Irish, ceathrar, four, Scots-Gaelic, ceithir, four, Italian, quattro, four, French, quatre, four, Tocharian, төрт çtwar, four, Etruscan, catra, four? (c = q), katro, katres, katrom (katrvm), Give, Pay, Piety Welsh, ay, give, Tocharian, āy- , [B ay-], to give, Goat Sanskrit, chāgaḥ, he goat, Akkadian, gizzu, male goat, Georgian, ის თხა, is t’kha, he goat, Belarusian, ён казёл, jon kaziol, he-goat, казу, kazu, she-goat, Croatian, on je kozu, he-goat, kaza she-goat, Polish, on kozi, he-goat, kozi, she-goat, Baltic-Sudovian, azukas, he-goat, aze, she-goat, Latvian, viņš kaza, hegoat, viņa kazas, she-goat, Greek, τον κατσίκι, ton katsiki, he goat, αυτή κατσίκα, aftí katsíka, she-goat, Armenian, նա այծ, na ayts, he-goat, she-goat, Tocharian, āṣi* (adj.) [B aṣiye] she-goat, ās [B ās], goat, God, Thunder God, Thunder, Sound, Tone, Sanskrit, kalah, tone, kalate-, to sound, Tocharian, käln- [B käln-], to sound, resound, God, Sky, Heaven, Cloud Irish, spéir, sky, Scots-Gaelic, speur, sky, Tocharian, eprer [A/B], heaven, eppreṣi* heavenly, celestial, Great, Manly, Worthy, Powerful Hittite, meki, greatly, much, in large numbers, Greek, μέγας, megas, megalos, great, Latin, magnus-aum, compar. maior, maius; superl., maximus, great, Italian, magnamino, great, French, magnifique, adj., great, English, magnificent, majestic, Etruscan, maximas (ma⊗imas), great, Illyrian, mag-, great, Tocharian, maki, much, Hail, Cry, Weep, Mourn, Wail, Lament Persian, nolah, ‫ ناﻟ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﻪ‬lamentation, wail, Uzbek, nola qilmoq, to lament, Tajik, нолидан, nolidan, to wail, Tocharian, nu-, [A/B], to cry out, Hair Akkadian, kizirtu , hair, lock of hair, curl, Tocharian, kesār, hair, filament, Hand Hittite, kisser, kessar, kesr, kiser, kisr, #keššar, kessera-, kissara, kessar- hand, Tocharian, A.tsar, B. sar, hand, Greek, χέρι, chéri, hand, Armenian, ձեռքը, W-tserk, E-tser, hand, dzerrk’y, Albanian, dorë, hand, Head, Chief, Lord, Leader, King, Queen, Prince Hittite, GAL, chief, great, Belarusian, галава, halava, head, Belarus, halava, head, Croatian, glava, head, Latvian, galvu, head, Tocharian, kälā-, to lead, to bring, Hittite, alwu, magic, Georgian, უფალო, up’alo, lord, Latin, aule, lord, prince, Etruscan, avle, avles, aule, (AFLE), auli, (AFLI), Tocharian, wäl, walo, prince, Lydian, alus', priest, Phrygian, alu, priest, Heap, Hoop, Mass, Tomb, Mound, Pile Hittite, warpa/ilae, to surround, enclose, warpa, enclosure, Tocharian, warp, to surround, warp, enclosure, B] warp, surround, Persian, kope, ‫ ﮐ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﻪ‬heap, pile, hoard, Belarusian, куча, kuča, heap, Polish, kupa, heap, Tocharian, kämpo, circle, Heap, Circle, Hoop, Surround, Mass, Ring Akkadian, parū gu, pile of grain, Sanskrit, prakara, heap, multitude, Albanian, përqarkoj, to surround, Tocharian, kurak*, enclosure?, krop [B krewpe, kraupe], heap, flock, crowd, Gujarati, ઘેરવુ,ં Ghēravuṁ, encircle, to surround, Kazakh, қоршау, qorşaw, to surround, encircle, besiege, Uzbek, qurshamoq, to surround, blockade, envelop, Kyrgyz, курчоо, kurçoo, to surround, Mongolian, хүрээлэх, khüreelekh, to surround, Here, Hither, Now Hittite, kā, ka/kan(i), kāni, here, kā, here, there, Akkadian, akanna, akannu, akanni, here, Sanskrit, accha, adv. close by, here, Georgian, აქ, ახლა, ak, akhla, here now, Romanian, aici, hither, Latin, hic [and heic]; hice and interrog. hicine, here, Italian, qui, ecco, here, qua, hither, French, ici, here, hither, Etruscan, ic, ik, here, hoc (HVC), hither, Tocharian, aci, pp., [B ecce], adv., hither, Hide, Peel, Skin, Wool, Irish, craiceann, skin, Scots-Gaelic, craiceann, skin, Tocharian, *kac, skin, hide, Hide, Conceal, Cover, Without, Veil Hittite, ule->, to hide, conceal, ulae, ules, to hide, sneak away, Croation, veo, to veil, Romanian, vă veil, to veil, voal, veil, screen, tissue, văl, veil, web, cloud, pall, cover, mantle, Greek, βέλο, vélo, veil, Albanian, то vello, to veil, vellon, throws the veil, vel, veil, Basque, belo, to veil, Latin, velo-are, to cover up, clothe, veil, Italian, velare, to veil, voiler, to veil, Tocharian, elā (adv.), under cover, kept in secret, English, veil [< Lat. velum], conceal, disguise, Etruscan, FELaR, felara (FELARA), FELaRA, FELaRE, FELaRI, to hide, to cover?, Holy, Pious Basque, sakratu, adj., holy, Latin, sacer-cra, holy, sacred, Italian, sacro, sacred, holy, sacrificio, sacrifice, French, sacré, adj., sacrifice, English, sacrifice, [<Lat. sacro-are], Etruscan, sakra, sakre, sakreo, sakreu (SAKREV), sakreu, sacrev (SAKRE8), Tocharian, sākre, [B sākär],blessed, Honor, Praise Kyrgyz, ардак, ardak, honor, Tocharian, [B artal], praising, Hoop, Mass, Tomb, Mound, Pile, Heap Persian, kope, ‫ ﮐ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﻪ‬heap, pile, hoard, Belarusian, куча, kuča, heap, Polish, kupa, heap, Tocharian, kämpo, circle, Horse, Mare Hittite, eku, horse, Latin, equa-ae, mare, equus-i (equos and ecus, old form), horse, Scots-Gaelic, each, horse, Tocharian, yakwe, horse, Polish, jechac, ride, ride, ride along, drive along, Etruscan, eca, ece, eke?, eko, (EKV), ioce, (IVCE), ioces, (IVCES), ioci, (IVCI), iocu, iocu (IVCV), iocie, ivcie (IVCIE), In, Inside Basque,- an, in at, Scots-Gaelic, ann, in, Tocharian, ane, adv., inside, into, Indeed, Truly, New Sanskrit, satayam, truly, Avestan, asha [-] Asha, truth, righteousness, world order, eternal law, fitness, Polish, w rzeczy samej, (in things same), indeed, English, same [<ON samr],Tocharian, ats (part.), atsek (part.), atsaṃ, adv., indeed, Know, Understand Greek, ξέρεις, gia na xéreis, to know, Tocharian kärsā- [B kärsā-] to know, understand, let know, tell, announce, kärs/śar, to know, kärsām, knowing, kärsālune, knowledge, understanding , Albanian, njoh, know, Welsh, i nodi, to identify, English, to know, [<OE, cnawan] understand, Tocharian, knānmune, knowledge, knā- (vb.) [B knā-], to know, knānal, adj., knowing, Gujarati, know, ણવા, Jāṇavā, to Lady, Mistress, Woman, Era Georgian, ქალი, kali, woman, female, Tocharian, kuli, [B klyiye], woman, Man, Citizen, Crowd, People, Race Akkadian, lišānu, nationality, technical language, special language or dialect, tongue of a flame, blade of a weapon, etc., Persian, ensan, ‫ ا سـ ـ ـ ــان‬human, Tocharian, oñi (adj.uni.) [B eṅkwaññe], human, Uzbek, inson, man, Man, Mankind, Person, Peasant Hittite, mayandatar, manhood, Sanskrit, maanava, maanavah, man, manuṣyatā,-tvam, mānuṣyam, mankind: q.v.: manuṣyāḥ, Baltic-Sudovian, zmane, man, Romanian, om, man, omenire, mankind, humanity, Italian, uomo, man, French, homme, man, humanité, mankind, humanity, English, man [<OE man], Gujarati, માણસ, Māṇasa, man, માનવ ત, Mānavajāta, mankind, Etruscan, omne (VMNE), Tocharian, s'om, s'aumo, man, Lycian, atla-/atra-: A atrã/atru, D atli/etli, DLpl. atla, G adj. A atlahi/etlehi, D atlahi, DLpl. atlahe, person, Mylian, atla-/atra-: D atli, G adj. atlasi, person, Tocharian, ātäl, man, male, Manly, Great, Worthy, Powerful Hittite, meki, greatly, much, in large numbers, Greek, μέγας, megas, megalos, great, Latin, magnus-aum, compar. maior, maius; superl., maximus, great, Italian, magnamino, great, French, magnifique, adj., great, English, magnificent, majestic, Etruscan, maximas (ma⊗imas), great, Illyrian, mag-, great, Tocharian, maki, much, Memory, Think, Ratify, Mind Tocharian, ime, [B ime]) memory, Belarusian, розум, rozum, mind, Croatian, um, mind, memorija, memory, Polish, umysł, mind, Albanian, memorien, memory, Latin, memoria-ae, memory, remembrance, Italian, memoria, memory French, mémoire, memory, mind, remembrance, English, memory [<Lat. memoria, memory], Gujarati, મેમરી, Mēmarī, memory, Milk, Serom, Whey English, milk [<OE, milc], to rain, to strike?, Tocharian, malke, milk. Mining Pit/Shaft, Pool, Pit Akkadian, ḫarītu, ditch, ḫirītu, ditch, moat, canal, Sanskrit, gartaḥ, hole, garta, hollow, cave, ditch, grave, a water-hole pit, Tocharian, kärtkāl [B kärkkālle], pool, pond, spring, Month, Moon Hittite, armas, moon,vmehur, a month, rma, arma, moon-god, armuualae, moon shine, rmadr, croissant bread, month span, armas, #arma, moon, rma, arma, moon-god, arma, armta, belonging to the moon-god, armuualae, rmulae, moonshine, rmulasha(i), waxing moon, Sanskrit, purṇa-māsī, full moon, pūrṇa, full, Avestan, mâh [-] moon, Persian, mâh, ‫ م ـ ــاه‬moon, month, Belarusian, месяц, miesiac, moon, month, Croatian, mjesec, moon, month, Serbo-Croatian, mesec, moon, Polish, ksiezyc, moon; miesiac, month, Polish, mēness, moon, mēnesis, month, Greek, μήνας, mínas, month, Armenian, աﬕս, amis, month, Albanian, muaj, month, Latin, mensis (month), Irish, mí, month, Scots-Gaelic, mìos, month, Welsh, misoedd, month, Italian, mese, month, French, mois, month, Tocharian, mañ, month, Lycian, arma, moon, arm̃ ma-: N Arm̃ ma, moon, moon-god, English, moon [<OE, mona], a month [<OE monath], Tajik, moh, моҳ, moon, month, Night Hittite, neku, to get dark, nekuts mehur, night, at night, Sanskrit, nakti, niz, nak (nom) night, Belarusian, ноч, noč, night, Croatian, noć, night, Polish, noc, night, Latvian, nakts, night, Romanian, noapte, night, Greek, Νύχτα, Nýchta, night, Albanian, natë, night, Latin, nox-noctis, night, Welsh, noson, night, Italian, notte, night, Tocharian, oṣeñi, night, by night, at night, English, night [<OE niht]?, Etruscan, nocis (NVCIS), No, Not Urartian, mi, not, Hurrian, ma-, -va-, '-u(w)-, -wa-, -ma, -mma, not, Sanskrit, má, don't, Avestan, môi, not, never, mâ, not, Belarusian, няма, niama, no, Greek, μη, mi, má, mé, no, not, non, Albanian, mos, adv., not, Irish, uimh, no, Tocharian, má, no, Kazakh, емес, emes, not, Uzbek, emas, not. Order, Mandate, Lead, Dictate, Direct, Command Hittite, watarnah-, to command, to inculcate, to entrust, to order, to lead, to ask, to inform, uatarnahh, wadrnah, to order, instruct, Tocharian, wätk, to order, Path, Road, Way, Street Hittite, idr, way, Latin, iter- ineris, way, journey, march, route, road, passage, Tocharian, ytār, [B ytārye], road. People, Race, Nation, Man Akkadian, lišānu, nationality, technical language, special language or dialect, tongue of a flame, blade of a weapon, etc., Persian, ensan, ‫ ا سـ ـ ـ ــان‬human, Tocharian, oñi (adj.uni.) [B eṅkwaññe], human, Uzbek, inson, man, Red, Rose Persian, sorx, ‫خ‬ ruddy, rose colored, red, blush, surati, ‫ یص ـ ـ ــورت‬pink, Latvian, sarkans, red, sārts, pink, Tocharian, kāṣārṣi, reddish, having the colour of a monk’s robe, Remain, Stand, Stay Akkadian, kalû, to stay, keep in custody, in confinement, to be kept away, to keep available, to be closed, to remain, Tocharian, käly-[B käly-], stand, Turkish, kalmak, to remain, stay, Kazakh, қалу, qalw, to remain, stay, Uzbek, qolmoq, to remain, stay, Kyrgyz, калуу, kaluu, to remain, stay, River, Stream Hittite, hapa, hapas, apa, river, river, hapati, hapna, hapad(ai), river land?, Palaic, hapna, hapa/i, river, Luvian, hapi, a river, hapina/i, little river, stream, Tocharian, āp* [B āp], water, river, stream, Lycian, xba(i), 3rd pl. pret. xbaitẽ, to irrigate, Sanskrit, apas, wet, Avestan, âpa [ap], water, Persian, âb, ‫اب‬ water, Baltic-Sudovian, apis, river, Romanian, apă, to water, apă, water, Basque, ibai, river, Etruscan, ap, apa, ape, apen, api, Say, Speak, Talk, Word Belarus, raicca, to speak, talk, Croatian, reći, to say, riječ, word, Romanian, RĂCNI, to speak loudly, to roar, Irish, le rá, to say, Scots-Gaelic, a ràdh, to say, Welsh, adroddwch, narrarate, adrodd, to recite, relate, report, narrate, recount, Italian, raccontare, to tell, French, raconter, to tell, Etruscan, rac, rak, RAKaR, Tocharian, rake, reki, to speak, talk, Scatter, Sow Persian, kâštan, ‫ اﺷ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‬to sow, kasht kar, ‫ ـ ـ ـ ــار ﮐﺸ ـ ـ ـ ــﺖ‬sower, Tocharian, kätā- [B kätā-], to spread, disperse, Tajik, кошта, koşta, to sow, English, cast, [<ON, kasta] seed, Seven Hittite, satau, sapta, satua, number seven, siptama, siptamiya, seven, sptamintsu (saptmintsu), sevenfold, satawartana, for seven rounds, siptmia, seven-drink(s), siptmae, to seven? Hurrian, šind(i), seven, Urartian, šindi,, seven, Akkadian, šintunnu, adj., seventh, šintarpu, adj., seven-year-old (Hurrian word), Sanskrit, saptatha, saptama, the seventh, saptan, seven, Avestan, hapta, seven, Persian, haft, ‫ هﻔ ـ ـ ـ ــﺖ‬seven, Baltic-Sudovian, septinei, septinis, Latvian, septiņi, seven, Romanian, Șapte, seven, Greek, επτά, eptá, seven, Albanian, shtate, seven, Basque, zazpi, seven, Latin, septem, seven, French, sept, seven, Tocharian, s.pät, seven, Etruscan, septa, seven, Sing Sanskrit, ga, gayati (-te) & gati, praise, proclaim, call with a song, sing or call to, Greek, τραγουδώ, tragoudo, to sing, Tocharian, ge, singing, song, Sit Hittite, as- , #as, ēs-, ēsa, es/as, to sit, es, to sit down, asas/ase/is, asa, to seat, ase/isanu, ases-, sit, to give a seat, to settle, Nesian, es, to sit, Lycian, asati, astti to sit, Lydian, aha-A to sit, Tocharian, āsāṃ [B asāṃ] seat, Akkadian, ašābu, to sit down, wait, stay somewhere, reside, to live, ašbu, sitting, tenant, inhabitant, present, Avestan, âste [âh, åñh] to sit, Sanskrit, as, aste, to sit, seat one's self on, settle down, keep quiet, rest, lie, dwell, stay, remain, Finnish-Uralic, istua, to sit, French, s'asseoir, to sit, Basque, eseri, to sit, Mongolian, суух, suukh, to sit, Traditional Chinese, 坐, Zuò, to sit, Six, Sixth Hittite, six-, six, Urartian, šeše, six, Hurrian, šeže, six, Akkadian, šeššet, six, šeššiš, šeššīšu, šeššīšu, sixfold, šeššu, šeššu, šiššat, one-sixth, šūši, sixty, šušīšu, sixty times, *šūšu’u, one sixtieth, Sanskrit, sas, six, Avestan, siks, xshvash [-], six, Persian, shesh, ‫ ِﺷﺶ‬six, sasom, ‫ ﺷﺸ ـ ـ ــﻢ‬sixth, Belarusian, шэсць, šesć, six, Croatian, šest, six, Polish, sześć, six, szósty, sixth, Baltic-Sudovian, ushai, ushas, six, Latvian, seši, six, vushai, vushas, six, sestā, sixth, Romanian, şase, six, şaselea, sixth, Finnish-Uralic, kussi, six, Latin, sex, sexus, six, sextus-a-um, sixth, 2nd Decl. Abl. Sing. -o; by, from the sixth; sextum, for the sixth time, Welsh, chwech, six, French, six, six, English, six [<OE siex], sixth, Gujarati, છ, Cha, six, Tajik, шаш, şaş, six, шашум, şaşum, sixth, Tocharian, s.äk, six, Son Sanskrit, sunus, sūnuḥ, Belarusian, сын, syn, son, Belarus, syn, son, Croatian, sin, son, Serbo-Croatian, sin, son, Polish, syn, son, Baltic-Sudovian, sunus, son, Lithuanian, sunus, son, Basque, seme, son, Tocharian, soyä, son, English, son [<OE sunnu], Spin, Thread, Weave Hittite, wep, to weave, wepa, woven fabric, Avestan, ufyemi [vap] to weave, Polish, wątek, thread, Greek, να υφαίνουν, na yfaínoun to weave, Mycenaean, wepes esomena, which will be woven, Welsh, wehyddu, to weave, English, weave [<OE wefan], Tocharian, wap [A&B], to weave, That, Who, What, Which Albanian, kush, who, which, Tocharian, kuse, kus (pron. inter.) [B kuse], who?, what?, Croatian, koji, which, which, Polish, co, what, what, Finnish-Uralic, kuka, who, Scots-Gaelic, cò, who, Tocharian, kuc-ne (conj.), that, since, pron., rel. who, which, Then, After, There Akkadian, annittān, then, this then, Hittite, handa, then, consequently, Persian, âyande, adj., afterward, later, subsequently, Kyrgyz, анда, anda, then, Tocharian, antuṣ (adv.), thereupon, afterward, Then, Where English, as, {<OE ealswā], Tocharian, āśśi < ā-aśśi, where then. These, That, This, Romanian, acea, that, Albanian, që, this, that, French, ce, m., cet, cette f., demonst. adj., this, these, Tajik, ки, ki, that, Gujarati, કે , Kē, that, which, whether, Traditional Chinese, 此, Cǐ, this, these, Hittite, kī->, Neut. of kā-, kās, this, he, she, ka, ko, ki, this, Palaic, ka, this, Tocharian, kuc-ne, conj. that, since, Three, Thrice Hittite, trisu, tri, three, trpple, three times, tripple, triankis, thrice, trian, at the third time, Lycian, tre, trije, teri, three, trppeme?, three-fold, trisñne/i, three-year-old, trisu, thrice, Sanskrit, triya, adj., the third; adv., thirdly, for the third time, Phrygian, thri, three, Luvian, trisu, three times, Sanskrit, tri, trayam, three, Avestan, thrâyô [thri], tishrô [thri], three, thrish, thrice, Belarusian, тры, try, three, Belarus, try, three, Polish, trzy, three, Baltic-Sudovian, tris, three, Latvian, trīs, three, Greek, τρία, tria, three, Albanian,tri, three, Latin, tria, tris, f., three, trin-ae-a, three at a time, Irish, trí cinn, three, ScotsGaelic, trì, three, Welsh, tri, three, Gothic, thrins, three, English, three [<OE, thri], third [<OE, thridda], Etruscan, tri, tria, trin, trinum, trinom (TRINVM), Tocharian, tri, three, Mylian, trisu, thrice, Lycian, trppeme (?), three-fold, Phrygian, thri, three, Gujarati, રણ, Traṇa, three, Avestan, thrâyô, three, Serbo-Croatian, troje, trojica, three, French, trois, three, Tocharian, traiy, three Lycian, trije, three, Tooth Sanskrit, dantah, tooth, Persian, dandân, ‫ دنـ ــﺪان‬tooth, Baltic-Sudovian, dantis, tooth, Romanian, dinte, tooth, Greek, δόντι, dónti, tooth, Albanian, dhëmb, tooth, Latin, dens, dentis, tooth, Welsh, dant (daint), dannedd, tooth, Italian, dente, tooth, French, dent, tooth, Tocharian, kam, [B keme], tooth, Etruscan, tentu, tento (TENTV)?, or tens?, Tower Georgian, კოშკი, koshk i, tower, Albanian, kullë, tower, Tocharian, kuccatk [B kucatk], tower, kuccatāk [B kucatāk], high house, tower, Tajik, кӯҳ, kūh, mound, Akkadian, kādu, fortified outpost, fee payable by owners of date groves for guard service, Sanskrit, khattah, tower, koṭaḥ, fort, Albanian, kala, castle, Tocharian, kuccatāk [B kucatāk], fort, Finnish-Uralic, kaupunki, city, town, Armenian, գյուղը, gyughy, village, քաղաքը, k’aghak’y, city, town, Tocharian, kuccatāk [B kucatāk], tower, high house, Us Persian, mâ, ‫ ما‬us, Belarusian, нам, nam, to us, Croatian, nama, to us, Polish, nam, us, Tocharian, -(ä)m (pron.), us, you, them, What, That, Who, Which Albanian, kush, who, which, Tocharian, kuse, kus (pron. inter.) [B kuse], who?, what?, Croatian, koji, which, which, Polish, co, what, what, Finnish-Uralic, kuka, who, Scots-Gaelic, cò, who, Tocharian, kuc-ne (conj.), that, since, pron., rel. who, which, Wheel Sanskrit, cakram, wheel, Avestan, chaxra, wheel, Persian, charx, carxe ‫ ﭼـ ـ خ‬wheel, English, chariot [<Lat. carrus-i, a four-wheeled vehicle, Etruscan, carra, Tocharian, cākkär [B cākkär] wheel, Gujarati, ચ , Cakra, wheel, Tajik, чарх, carx, wheel, Note: This issue extracted from the referenced documents (note 1) covers A-Bramble and will be updated. The source documents cover A-Z. Launched: 11.16.2021 Updated: 12.09.2021 Copyright © 2018-2021 Mel Copeland. All rights reserved.