Operation of Circuit Breakers: Data and Analysis

Multidisciplinary Journal for Education Social and Technological Sciences http://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/MUSE/ e-ISSN: 2341-2593 Operation of Circuit Breakers: Data and Analysis V.C. Maduemea , M. J. Mbunwea*, T. C. Maduemea , M. Ayaz Ahmadb , C. V. Anghel Drugarinc a Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 410001, Nigeria b Physics Department, Faculty of Science, P.O.Box 741, University of Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia c Department of Electronics and Informatics Engineering, “Eftimie Murgu”, University of Resita, Resita, Romania *Corresponding author: [email protected] & [email protected] Received: 16 January 2021; Accepted: 12 June 2021; Published: October 2021 Abstract An attempt has been made for the analysis on Circuit breakers (CBs) this paper. First, the types and arcing phenomenon of Oil and SF6 Circuit breakers were briefly discussed. However, various CBs were analyzed in terms of certain outage frequencies and reliability indices to ascertain the most reliable CB. This was possible using data collected from the 33kV Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) New Haven, Enugu. After the analysis, Emene Industrial CB had the highest value of availability of 0.9999 and the lowest tripping report while Ezillo had the highest failure rate of 0.1032. Keywords: Circuit breaker; Outage; Failure rate; Availability; Reliability To cite this article: Madueme, V.C., Mbunwe, M.J., Madueme, T.C., Ayaz Ahmad, M., Anghel Drugarin, C.V. (2021). Operation of Circuit Breakers: Data and Analysis. Multidisciplinary Journal for Education, Social and Technological Sciences, 8(2), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.4995/muse.2021.12406 Madueme et al. (2021) Mult. J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. (2021), 8(2), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.4995/muse.2021.12406 60 Multidisciplinary Journal for Education Social and Technological Sciences 1. http://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/MUSE/ e-ISSN: 2341-2593 Introduction Once a power system is established it is necessary to protect it from internal and external faults. So we use some protecting and sensing device like circuit breakers, Relays, Fuses etc (Saxena, Singh, Ali, Gandhi, 2012). Power circuit breaker is one of the most important protection and control apparatus in the power system (Suwanasri, Hlaing and Suwanasri, 2014). A circuit breaker is a switching device that interrupts the abnormal or fault current. It is a mechanical device that disturbs the flow of high magnitude (fault) current and in addition, performs the function of a switch. The circuit breaker is mainly designed for closing or opening of an electrical circuit, thus protects the electrical system from damage. Circuit Breakers represent one of the most critical power apparatus in the power system. They are used to change topology of the power system to accommodate various configurations in routing the load. CBs are also used to isolate faulted parts of the system as a part of the protective relaying operation (Kezunovic, Ren, Latisko, Sevcik, Lucey, Cook, and Koch, 2005). Circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts. These contacts are touching each other and carrying the current under normal conditions when the circuit is closed. When the circuit breaker is closed, the current carrying contacts, called the electrodes, engaged each other under the pressure of a spring. During the normal operating condition, the arms of the circuit breaker can be opened or closed for a switching and maintenance of the system. To open the circuit breaker, only a pressure is required to be applied to a trigger (Circuit globe, 2017). Figure 1: Diagram of an Oil Circuit Breaker (Circuit globe, 2017) Whenever a fault occurs on any part of the system, the trip coil of the breaker gets energized and the moving contacts are getting apart from each other by some mechanism, thus opening the circuit. According to Pinnekamp (2007), Several GVA of power can be tamed by a circuit breaker within fractions of a second. Such is the importance of this single device that tens of billions of dollars have been spent on its development over the last 100 years. Madueme et al. (2021) Mult. J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. (2021), 8(2), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.4995/muse.2021.12406 61 Multidisciplinary Journal for Education Social and Technological Sciences 2. http://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/MUSE/ e-ISSN: 2341-2593 Types of Circuit Breaker Circuit breakers are mainly classified on the basis of rated voltages. Circuit breakers below rated voltage of 1000V are known as the low voltage circuit breakers and above 1000V are called the high voltage circuit breakers. The most general way of the classification of the circuit breaker is on the basis of the medium of arc extinction. Such types of circuit breakers are as follows :[1] Oil Circuit Breaker a. Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker b. Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker [2] Minimum Circuit Breaker [3] Air Blast Circuit Breaker [4] Sulphur Hexafluoride Circuit Breaker [5] Vacuum Circuit Breaker [6] Air Break Circuit Breaker All high-voltage circuit breakers may be classified under two main categories i.e oil circuit breakers and oil-less circuit breaker (Electrical concepts, Circuit breaker and Arc Phenomenon, 2017). 3. Arc Phenomenon in Circuit Breaker When a short-circuit occurs, a heavy current flows through the contacts of the circuit breaker before they are opened by the protective system. At the instant when the contacts begin to separate the contact area decreases rapidly and large fault current causes increased current density and hence rise in temperature. The heat produced in the medium between contacts (usually the medium is oil or air) is sufficient to ionize the air or vaporize and ionize the oil. The ionized air or vapour, acts as conductor and an arc is struck between the contacts. The potential difference between the contacts is quite small and is just sufficient to maintain the arc. The arc provides a low resistance path and consequently the current in the circuit remains uninterrupted so long as the arc persists. During the arcing period, the current flowing between the contacts depends upon the arc resistance. The greater arc resistance will represent to the smaller the current flow between the contacts. The arc resistance depends upon the following factors: • • Degree of ionization - the arc resistance increases with the decrease in the number of ionized particles between the contacts. Length of the arc - the arc resistance increases with the length of the arc i.e. separation of contacts. Madueme et al. (2021) Mult. J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. (2021), 8(2), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.4995/muse.2021.12406 62 Multidisciplinary Journal for Education Social and Technological Sciences • http://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/MUSE/ e-ISSN: 2341-2593 Cross section of arc - the arc resistance increase with the decrease in the area of cross section of the arc (Electrical Systems, 2017). Figure 2: Diagram of the SF6 Circuit breaker (Electrical Systems, 2017) When the contacts of a circuit breaker are separated under fault conditions, an arc is struck between them. The current is thus able to continue until the discharge ceases. The production of arc not only delays the current interruption process but it also generates enormous heat which may cause damage to the system or to the breaker itself. Therefore, the main problem in a circuit breaker is to extinguish the arc within the shortest possible time so that heat generated by it may not reach a dangerous value (Electrical Systems, 2017). 4. Data and Analysis The data for our analysis was collected from the 33kV Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) located in New Haven, Enugu (TCN, Tripping reports, 2016). It contained data of up to 59 feeders/CBs in Enugu region for the period of three (3) months (April – June 2016). The data contained the outage (tripping) report for the feeders together with the tripping time, restoration time, type of fault, time duration before restoration. As a result of enormity of the data, we tried to group the number of outages per feeder in terms of their outage frequencies such as: i. ii. iii. iv. v. Most Frequent Outages: for outages greater than 100 times. Very Frequent Outages: Outages between 31-99 Less frequent Outages: between 10 -30 Occasional: between 3 -9 Rare: between 1-2 Madueme et al. (2021) Mult. J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. (2021), 8(2), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.4995/muse.2021.12406 63 Multidisciplinary Journal for Education Social and Technological Sciences http://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/MUSE/ e-ISSN: 2341-2593 The tables and their corresponding chart representations are given to further illustrate the frequency of outages of each feeder between April and June 2016. Table 1: Most Frequent Outages (>100) Feeder Outages Ezillo Yahe Itigidi Nnewi Agulu Ehamufu Obosi Barracks Rd. North Bank Umunya 152 140 133 131 127 116 115 104 104 102 Table 2: Very Frequent Outages (31-99) Feeder Outages Achi 76 Nnpc 76 Nicuss 74 Neni 73 Neni 33 70 Atani 70 Amechi 69 Isieke 67 Ankpa 63 New Nnpc 62 Udi 62 Army Barracks 59 Oju 47 Govt House 42 Wukari 40 Katsina-Ala 39 Taraku 36 Emene Ind. Layout 33 Table 3: Less Frequent Outages (10-30) Feeder Outages Enugu-Ukwu 27 Ind.Layout 26 Ituku/Ozalla 25 Yandev 22 Kingsway Line2/9th Mile 20 Asaba 18 Awada Ii 18 Emene 17 Feeder 1 17 Makurdi 16 Water Works 16 Feeder 2 13 Feeder 4 12 Mobtr 10 Table 4: Occasional Outages (3-9) Feeder Outages Afikpo 9 Golden Oil 9 Thinkers Corner 8 Aguleri 7 Unn 7 Feeder 3 6 Kingsway Line 1 5 Ibagwa 4 Nsukka 3 Table 5: Rare Outages (1-2) Feeder Outages Feeder 5 2 Mobtr 2 2 Mob 45 2 Oji 2 Agbor 1 Bcc 1&Ii 1 Emene Industrial 1 Oji Local 1 Madueme et al. (2021) Mult. J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. (2021), 8(2), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.4995/muse.2021.12406 64 Multidisciplinary Journal for Education Social and Technological Sciences http://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/MUSE/ e-ISSN: 2341-2593 Most frequent outages ( >100) UMUNYA NORTH… BARRA… OBOSI EHAMU… AGULU NNEWI ITIGIDI YAHE EZILLO 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Less frequent outages (10-30) ENUGU-UKWU IND. LAYOUT ITUKU/OZALLA YANDEV AWADA II FEEDER 1 EMENE MAKURDI WATER WORKS FEEDER 2 FEEDER 4 MOBSTR 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 (a) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (c) Very frequent outages (31-99) 10 8 6 4 2 0 (b) 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 Occasional outages (3-9) (d) Rare outages (1-2) (e) Madueme et al. (2021) Mult. J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. (2021), 8(2), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.4995/muse.2021.12406 65 Multidisciplinary Journal for Education Social and Technological Sciences http://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/MUSE/ e-ISSN: 2341-2593 Figure 3: Charts showing the various frequency of outage of the CBs (a) most frequent outages (b) very frequent outages (c) less frequent outages (d) occasional outages (e) rare outages 5. Reliability Analysis According to Anyaka B.O. (2012), Some reliability indices were calculated from the data obtained such as: • Mean Time to Repair (MTTR) 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷 (1) 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 • Mean Time between Failures (MTBF) • 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = • 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃𝑂𝑂𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇𝑃𝑃− 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 Failure Rate, λ λ= = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂 𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇𝑂𝑂 (2) 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 1 (3) 𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 Availability, A A= 𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (4) 𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀+𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀 It should be noted that the total period stands for the total time in consideration (i.e. 3 months = 2184 hours). After calculations, the results are shown in Tables and graphs. Table 6 and Figure 4 shows Most Frequent Outages Reliability results. Table 6. Most Frequent Outage Reliability results FEEDER EZILLO YAHE ITIGIDI NNEWI AGULU EHAMUFU OBOSI BARRACKS RD. NORTH BANK UMUNYA Outages 152 140 133 131 127 116 115 Duration 711 544.43 863.12 672.55 487.97 357.3 621.29 MTTR 4.68 3.89 6.49 5.13 3.84 3.08 5.4 MTBF 9.69 11.71 9.93 11.88 13.35 15.75 13.59 Failure rate 0.1032 0.0854 0.101 0.0842 0.075 0.0635 0.0736 Availability 0.6743 0.7506 0.6048 0.6984 0.7766 0.8364 0.7156 104 314.48 3.02 17.98 0.0556 0.8562 104 102 374.64 564.83 3.6 5.54 17.4 15.87 0.0575 0.063 0.8286 0.7412 Madueme et al. (2021) Mult. J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. (2021), 8(2), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.4995/muse.2021.12406 66 Multidisciplinary Journal for Education Social and Technological Sciences http://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/MUSE/ e-ISSN: 2341-2593 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 Availability Failure rate Figure 4: Availability and failure rate characteristic for most frequent outages. Table 7 and Figure 5 show very Frequent Outage Reliability results. Table 7: Very frequent Outage reliability results FEEDER ACHI NNPC NICUSS NENI 33 ATANI AMECHI ISIEKE ANKPA NEW NNPC UDI ARMY BARRACKS OJU GOVT HOUSE WUKARI KATSINAALA TARAKU EMENE IND. LAY. Outages 76 76 74 73 70 70 69 67 63 62 62 Duration 534.68 170.85 328.73 408.04 571.7 207.03 435.48 475.55 175.12 89.29 677.78 MTTR 7.04 2.25 4.44 5.59 8.17 2.96 6.31 7.1 2.78 1.44 10.93 MTBF 21.7 26.49 25.07 24.33 23.03 28.24 25.34 25.5 31.89 33.79 24.29 Failure rate 0.0461 0.0378 0.0399 0.0411 0.0434 0.0354 0.0395 0.0392 0.0314 0.0296 0.0412 Availability 0.755 0.9217 0.8495 0.8132 0.7381 0.9051 0.8006 0.7822 0.9198 0.9591 0.6897 59 47 194.7 247.58 3.3 5.27 33.72 41.2 0.0297 0.0243 0.9109 0.8866 42 40 61.33 232.01 1.46 5.8 50.54 48.8 0.0198 0.0205 0.9719 0.8938 39 36 399.93 254.88 10.25 7.08 45.75 53.59 0.0219 0.0187 0.817 0.8833 33 77.9 2.36 63.82 0.0157 0.9604 Madueme et al. (2021) Mult. J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. (2021), 8(2), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.4995/muse.2021.12406 67 Multidisciplinary Journal for Education Social and Technological Sciences http://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/MUSE/ e-ISSN: 2341-2593 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 Availability 0,2 Failure rate 0 ACHI NNPC NICUSS NENI 33 ATANI AMECHI ISIEKE ANKPA NEW NNPC UDI ARMY BARRACKS OJU GOVT HOUSE WUKARI KATSINA-ALA TARAKU EMENE IND.… 0,4 Figure 5: Availability and failure rate characteristic for very frequent outages Table 8 and Figure 6 show the most Frequent Outages Reliability results. Table 8: Less frequent outage reliability results FEEDER ENUGU-UKWU IND.LAYOUT ITUKU/OZALLA YANDEV KINGSWAY LINE2/9TH MILE ASABA AWADA II EMENE FEEDER 1 MAKURDI WATER WORKS FEEDER 2 FEEDER 4 MOBTR Outages 27 26 25 22 Duration 425.42 44.85 106.53 151.62 MTTR 15.76 1.73 4.26 6.89 MTBF 65.13 82.28 83.1 92.38 Failure rate 0.0154 0.0122 0.012 0.0108 Availability 0.8052 0.9794 0.9512 0.9306 20 18 18 17 17 16 16 13 12 10 38.3 133.1 21.17 67.85 57.1 44.8 187.33 50.9 45.3 6.63 1.92 7.39 1.18 3.99 3.36 2.8 11.71 3.92 3.78 0.66 107.29 113.94 120.16 124.48 125.11 133.7 124.79 164.08 178.23 217.74 0.00932 0.00878 0.00832 0.00803 0.00799 0.00748 0.00801 0.00609 0.00561 0.00459 0.9824 0.9391 0.9903 0.9689 0.9738 0.9795 0.9142 0.9767 0.9792 0.997 Madueme et al. (2021) Mult. J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. (2021), 8(2), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.4995/muse.2021.12406 68 Multidisciplinary Journal for Education Social and Technological Sciences http://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/MUSE/ e-ISSN: 2341-2593 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 Failure rate Availability Figure 6: Availability and failure rate characteristic for less frequent outages Table 9 and Figure 7 show the most Frequent Outages Reliability results. Table 9: Occasional outage reliability results FEEDER AFIKPO GOLDEN OIL THINKERS CORNER AGULERI UNN FEEDER 3 KINGSWAY LINE 1 IBAGWA NSUKKA Outages 9 9 Duration 193.2 45.75 MTTR 21.47 5.08 MTBF 221.2 237.58 Failure rate 0.00452 0.00421 Availability 0.9115 0.9791 8 7 7 6 18.15 357.95 56.95 16.68 2.27 51.13 8.14 2.78 270.73 260.86 303.86 361.22 0.00369 0.0038 0.00329 0.00277 0.9917 0.8361 0.9739 0.9924 5 4 3 3.83 26.2 91.72 0.766 6.55 30.57 436.03 539.45 697.43 0.00229 0.00185 0.00143 0.9982 0.988 0.958 Madueme et al. (2021) Mult. J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. (2021), 8(2), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.4995/muse.2021.12406 69 Multidisciplinary Journal for Education Social and Technological Sciences http://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/MUSE/ e-ISSN: 2341-2593 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 Availability 0,2 Failure rate 0 Figure 7: Availability and failure rate characteristic for Occasional outages Table 10 and Figure 8 show the most Frequent Outages Reliability results. Table 10: Rare outage reliability results FEEDER FEEDER 5 MOBTR 2 MOB 45 OJI AGBOR BCC 1&II EMENE INDUSTRIAL Outages 2 2 2 2 1 1 Duration 100.11 1.07 1.67 3.35 4.75 37.73 MTTR 50.06 0.54 0.84 1.68 4.75 37.73 MTBF 1041.95 1091.47 1091.17 1090.33 2179.25 2146.27 Failure rate 0.00096 0.000916 0.000916 0.000917 0.00046 0.00047 Availability 0.9542 0.9995 0.9992 0.9985 0.9978 0.9827 1 0.12 0.12 2183.88 0.000458 0.9999 OJI LOCAL 1 1.93 1.93 2182.07 0.000458 0.9991 Madueme et al. (2021) Mult. J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. (2021), 8(2), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.4995/muse.2021.12406 70 Multidisciplinary Journal for Education Social and Technological Sciences http://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/MUSE/ e-ISSN: 2341-2593 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 Availability 0,2 Failure rate 0 Figure 8: Availability and failure rate characteristic for rare outages. 6. Observations and Conclusion From the reliability analysis carried out, the following observations are made: • • • • • In the most frequent outage result, we can observe low availabilities at Itigidi and Obosi Feeders with corresponding high failure rates. The very frequent outage result showed low availability values and high failure rates at Achi, 33kV Onitsha and Udi feeders. The Feeder at Enugu-Ukwu has the lowest availability in the less frequent outage results. Aguleri CB has the highest failure rate in the occasional outage results Feeder 5 in Asaba station has the lowest availability in the rare outage results. The availability of a system shows how reliable the system is. From our analysis, the high outages as a result of over-current and earth faults imply that the particular feeder is less reliable. By calculation, Ezillo CB has the lowest availability value (0.6743) and Emene Industrial CB has the highest availability value (0.9999). Hence, Emene Industrial CB has the highest reliability. However, this does not necessary mean that this feeder is the most reliable one because any CB can fail at any time due to some factors such as overloading, malfunction, weather conditions, human errors and so on. The earth-fault and over-current directional and inverse time relays should be employed in the power system to reduce the high outages due to faults on the system. Madueme et al. (2021) Mult. J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. (2021), 8(2), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.4995/muse.2021.12406 71 Multidisciplinary Journal for Education Social and Technological Sciences http://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/MUSE/ e-ISSN: 2341-2593 Compensation should also be done on areas with high loading to improve voltage profile and reactive power and hence increase transmission line load ability. Acknowledgement: The authors are immensely grateful for the financial support from “African Centre of Excellence (ACE-SPED) University of Nigeria, Nsukka” to enable us to achieve the research (Muncho J. Mbunwe et al., 2019-2021). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References Anyaka, B.O. (2012). Reliability and Maintainability of Power System [Lecture Note]. http://engineering.unn.edu.ng Circuit globe, (n.d.). Circuit breaker, Retrieved June 10, 2017, from open source:http://circuitglobe.com/circuit-breaker.html Electrical concepts, Circuit breaker and Arc Phenomenon, (n.d.). 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