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IMAGE OF THE CITY by Kevin Lynch--Lecture 1

The first lecture of three on spatial behavior, cognitive mapping, and Kevin Lynch's IMAGE OF THE CITY (1961).

Theories of Spatial Behavior Theories of Spatial Behavior 1. Behaviorism. 2. Spatial cognition. Spatial Behavior • Large-scale movements of a person. Theory 1: Behaviorism • Argues spatial behavior is a result of stimulus & response. –Stimulus: an external prompt. –Response: a resulting behavior. Reinforcement • Any response increasing probability that a future stimulus will evoke the same response. • Successful traversal of a route = using that route again. Theory 2: Spatial Cognition • argues spatial behavior is dependent on cognitive processes like thinking, figuring out, & deciding. 2 important concepts 1. Cognitive map: A person’s mental representation of space. 2. Cognitive mapping: the mental process people use to get around in their environment. Key assumption • Cognitive map determines environmental behavior. Kevin Lynch’s Image of the City (1960) • A study of peoples’ cognitive maps of city in which they live. • Legibility: the ease with which the parts of a city can be recognized by its users. Also called imageability. 3 parts of city image 1. Identity: an element in the environment can be distinguished from other elements. 2. Structure: the spatial pattern of the element in relation to other elements. 3. Meaning: the personal significance of the element. Lynch’s aim • To identify qualities of physical environment strengthening peoples’ images of their city. • Most concerned with identity & structure because designer can manipulate these. Lynch’s research method • Studies the urban images of residents in three cities: Boston, Jersey City, NJ, & Los Angeles. • Develops techniques to elicit peoples’ cognitive maps of their city. 5 kinds of image elements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Paths Edges Districts Nodes Landmarks 2. Paths • Channels along which person moves. • Streets, sidewalks, transit lines etc. • For many people, paths are predominant element of urban image. 2. Edges • Linear breaks or barriers in environment • Shorelines, walls, railroad cuts etc. • Not usually as dominant as paths but still important for holding together larger areas of city. 3. Districts • Medium-to-large sections of city perceived as having twodimensional extent • Parks, downtowns, neighborhoods, retail areas etc. • Key: person can mentally enter inside of. 4. Nodes • Points of intersection. • Usually junctions of major paths. • Person has a mental picture of going into and coming out of. 5. Landmarks • External points of reference, usually physical objects. • Buildings, natural features etc. • Use involves singling out one element from many possibilities. Exercise Choose one of the following cities: Manhattan, Topeka, Wichita, Kansas City, or St. Louis. 1. What first comes to mind, what symbolizes for you the city you’ve chosen? 2. Draw a map of the city you’ve chosen. Make it just as if you were sketching a quick description of the city for a stranger. Don’t worry about accuracy—a rough sketch is fine.